BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN
B. Saran
1. Perlu dilakukan optimasi penambahan gliserol sebagai plasticizer.
2. Perlu dilakukan uji hispatologi sel kulit untuk mengetahui ada tidaknya efek inflamasi dan mengamati proses penyembuhan luka secara mikroskopis.
3. Perlu dilakukan uji dengan membandingkan efek penyembuhan luka selulosa kitosan gliserol dengan selulosa bakteri.
4. Pemotongan kulit tikus dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode yang lebih baik untuk mendapatkan diameter luka awal yang sama, serta metode pengamatan yang lebih baik.
5. Perlu dilakukan uji penyembuhan luka dengan lama pemberian hingga luka sembuh 100%.
6. Perlu dilakukan uji terhadap residu klor yang terdapat dalam selulosa. 7. Perlu dilakukan uji karakteristik lebih lanjut menggunakan GPC,
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LAMPIRAN
Lampiran 1. Perbedaan bahan komposisi pembentukan selulosa per 200 mL limbah Gula Urea Gliserol Kitosan
Membran selulosa tanpa gliserol 20g 1g - -
Membran selulosa ditambah gliserol 20g 1g 0,5 gram - Membran selulosa kitosan 20g 1g 0,5 gram 2 g
Membran kitosan - - 0,5 gram 2 g
Lampiran 2. Perbandingan berat basah selulosa dengan berat kering selulosa Berat basah (gram) Berat kering (gram)
Kontrol non gliserol 132,25 7,26
SD 11,74 0,36
Kontrol gliserol 140,86 7,48
SD 20,25 1,04
Kitosan + gliserol 122,40 4,58
SD 25,68 0,72
Lampiran 3. Perhitungan % yield yang didapatkan masing-masing selulosa 1. Selulosa bakteri
% Yield basah % Yield kering
2. Selulosa bakteri gliserol
% Yield basah % Yield kering
3. Selulosa bakteri gliserol kitosan
% Yield basah % Yield kering
Lampiran 4. Hasil uji tensile strength dan elongasi kontrol selulosa bakteri tanpa penambahan gliserol Series n=5 a0 mm b0 mm Lc mm Fmax Tensile strength (Mpa) Strain at Fmax % x 0.16 5 50 18.59866 22.4802 22.1818 s 0.01414 0 0 1.2231 2.34257 2.1427 v 8,84 0 0 6.58 10.42 20.34
Lampiran 5. Hasil uji tensile strength dan elongasi kontrol selulosa bakteri dengan penambahan gliserol Series n=5 a0 mm mm b0 Lc mm Fmax Tensile strength (Mpa) Strain at Fmax % x 0.216 5 50 16.36958 15.6065 28.11778 s 0.03507 0 0 1.46094 3.68305 6.51478 v 16.24 0 0 8.92 23.60 23.17
Lampiran 6. Hasil uji tensile strength dan elongasi selulosa bakteri dengan penambahan gliserol dan kitosan
Series n=5 a0 mm mm b0 Lc mm Fmax Tensile strength (Mpa) Strain at Fmax % x 0.152 5 50 13.1473 17.0129 8.00636 s 0.0295 0 0 4.00631 2.53226 3.7091 v 19,41 0 0 30,47 14,88 46,33
Lampiran 7. Uji statistik karakteristik polimer dengan SPSS
a. Uji normalitas
Tests of Normality Kelomp
ok
Kolmolorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sil. Statistic df Sil.
Tensile strength S .226 5 .200* .949 5 .728 SG .196 5 .200* .928 5 .581 SGK .162 5 .200* .994 5 .991 Elonlasi S .254 5 .200* .940 5 .663 SG .229 5 .200* .908 5 .456 SGK .271 5 .200* .945 5 .703
a. Lilliefors Silnificance Correction
*. This is a lower bocnd of the trce silnificance.
Sig > 0,05 = distribusi normal b. Levene test
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sil.
Tensile strength .937 2 12 .419
Elonlasi 1.374 2 12 .290
c. Anova Test Dependent Variable (I) Kelomp ok (J) Kelomp
ok Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sil.
Tensile strength S SG 6.87378* 1.84264 .003 SGK 5.46736* 1.84264 .012 SG S -6.87378* 1.84264 .003 SGK -1.40642 1.84264 .460 SGK S -5.46736* 1.84264 .012 SG 1.40642 1.84264 .460 Elonlasi S SG -5.93620 3.19508 .088 SGK 14.17544* 3.19508 .001 SG S 5.93620 3.19508 .088 SGK 20.11164* 3.19508 .000 SGK S -14.17544* 3.19508 .001 SG -20.11164* 3.19508 .000
Sig < 0,05 berbeda bermakna
d. Kesimpulan
Parameter tensile strength
S - BB BB SG BB - BTB SGK BB BTB - S SG SGK Parameter elongasi S - BTB BB SG BTB - BB SGK BB BB - S SG SGK Keterangan: BB : Berbeda Bermakna BTB: Berbeda Tidak Bermakna
e. Grafik batang tensile strength dan elongasi
Lampiran 8. Perhitungan persentase kristalinitas menggunakan XRD
% Kristalinitas = Luas kristalin / Luas kristalin + luas amorf
Parameter Kontrol Perlakuan
Luas Area Total 1613,16 1709,02
Luas Amorf
+Kristalin 380,06 216,80
Luas Kristalin 279,92 108,73
Lampiran 9. Perhitungan derajat deasetilasikitosan
(A1660cm-1/ A3450cm-1) x 100
DD = 100 -
1,33 Keterangan:
DD = Derajat deasetilasi kitosan
A1660cm-1 = Absorbansi –NH2 pada bilangan gelombang sekitar 1660 cm-1
A3450cm-1 = Absorbansi –OH pada bilangan gelombang sekitar 3450 cm-1
Bilangan gelombang 1660 cm-1 I = 23,97 Io = 28,07 Absorbansi = 0,068 Bilangan gelombang 3400 cm-1 I = 10,24 Io = 16,05 Absorbansi = 0,19 DD=100 – [( 0,068 / 0,195) x 100/ 1,33] = 73,78 %
Lampiran 10. Perhitungan Intensitas IR a. Bilangan Gelombang 3400
Selulosa :
Io = 13,655 I = 5,956
Intensitas = Log Io/I = log 2,292 = 0,360 Selulosa Gliserol:
Io = 14,630 I = 6,993
Intensitas = Log Io/I = log 2,092 = 0,320 Selulosa Gliserol Kitosan:
Io=9,858 I = 4,624
Intensitas = Log Io/I = log 2,132 = 0,329
b. Bilangan Gelombang 1600
Selulosa Gliserol Kitosan: Io= 9,518 I = 7,289
Lampiran 11. Perbandingan kenaikan temperatur dengan persentase massa tersisa
Temperature % Massa tersisa
(S) %Massa tersisa (SG) %Massa tersisa (SGK)
30 100 100 100 50 99,96 98,67 98,00 75 90,89 95,33 85,11 100 85,23 92,89 71,78 125 82,73 89,78 68,22 150 81,37 88,67 66,67 175 80,92 87,78 65,33 200 80,47 86,67 64,44 225 77,07 83,11 62,89 250 68,00 72,00 59,56 275 60,07 64,89 55,11 300 53,04 58,89 50,22 325 50,09 54,89 43,78 375 49,19 53,33 40,22 400 47,83 53,11 39,56
Lampiran 12. Pengaruh pemberian biomaterial terhadap penutupan luka terbuka
Kelompok Periode Kelembaban Keropeng darna SGK
1 Basah Tidak ada Merah
3 Kering Ada Kuning kecoklatan
5 Kering Ada Coklat
7 Kering Ada Coklat
K
1 Basah Tidak Ada Merah
3 Kering Ada Kuning
5 Kering Ada Coklat
7 Kering Ada Coklat
O
1 Basah Tidak Merah
3 Basah Tidak Kuning terbentuk pus
5 Kering Ada Kuning kecoklatan
Lampiran 13. Uji statistik pengaruh pemberian biomaterial Penutupan luka dengan SPSS a. Tes normalitas Tests of Normality Kel Kolmolorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sil. Statistic df Sil.
Lcas3 Y .274 5 .200* .819 5 .114 K .227 5 .200* .910 5 .470 O .258 5 .200* .880 5 .310 Lcas5 Y .202 5 .200* .957 5 .785 K .178 5 .200* .965 5 .842 O .196 5 .200* .955 5 .771 Lcas7 Y .248 5 .200* .960 5 .808 K .230 5 .200* .937 5 .648 O .205 5 .200* .974 5 .902
a. Lilliefors Silnificance Correction
*. This is a lower bocnd of the trce silnificance.
Sig > 0,05 = distribusi normal b. Levene test
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sil.
Lcas3 13.398 2 12 .001
Lcas5 .796 2 12 .474
Lcas7 .129 2 12 .880
Sig > 0,05 = variasi sama
c. Kruskal dallis test luas hari ke 3
Test Statisticsa,b Lcas3
Chi-Sqcare 9.420
df 2
Asymp. Sil. .009
a. Krcskal Wallis Test b. Grocpinl Variable: Kel
d. Uji Mean-dhitney luas hari ke 3
Kelompok perlakuan terhadap kontrol positif
Test Statisticsa,b Lcas3
Chi-Sqcare 9.420
df 2
Asymp. Sil. .009
a. Krcskal Wallis Test b. Grocpinl Variable: Kel
Kelompok perlakuan terhadap kontol negatif
Test Statisticsa,b Lcas3
Chi-Sqcare 9.420
df 2
Asymp. Sil. .009
a. Krcskal Wallis Test b. Grocpinl Variable: Kel
Kelompok kontrol positif terhadap kontol negatif
Test Statisticsa,b Lcas3
Chi-Sqcare 9.420
df 2
Asymp. Sil. .009
a. Krcskal Wallis Test b. Grocpinl Variable: Kel
e. One Way Anova luas hari 5 dan hari 7
Multiple Comparisons LSD
Depende nt
Variable (I) Kel (J) Kel Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sil.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bocnd Upper Bocnd
Lcas5 Y K -15.57949 7.44914 .058 -31.8098 .6508 O -1.69021 7.44914 .824 -17.9205 14.5401 K Y 15.57949 7.44914 .058 -.6508 31.8098 O 13.88928 7.44914 .087 -2.3410 30.1196 O Y 1.69021 7.44914 .824 -14.5401 17.9205 K -13.88928 7.44914 .087 -30.1196 2.3410 Lcas7 Y K -7.62348 7.97127 .358 -24.9914 9.7444 O -17.15357 7.97127 .052 -34.5215 .2143 K Y 7.62348 7.97127 .358 -9.7444 24.9914 O -9.53008 7.97127 .255 -26.8980 7.8378 O Y 17.15357 7.97127 .052 -.2143 34.5215 K 9.53008 7.97127 .255 -7.8378 26.8980
Sig < 0,05 berbeda bermakna
f. Kesimpulan pengaruh pemberian biomaterial terhadap penurunan luas luka Hari 3 SGK - BTB BB K BTB - BB O BB BB - SGK K O Hari 5 SGK - BTB BTB K BTB - BTB O BTB BTB - SGK K O Hari 7 SGK - BTB BTB K BTB - BTB O BTB BTB - SGK K O
Lampiran 14. Persentase penurunan diameter luka tikus galur Wistar jantan
a. Perlakuan (SGK) rerata 5 replikasi Hari 3
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,136 ± 0,17 1,2905 ± 0,41 1,0137 ± 0,32
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,902 ± 0,12 0,234 ± 0,12 0,8136 ± 0,21 0,639 ± 0,16 35,721± 13,30 Hari 5
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,136 ± 0,18 1,2905 ± 0,43 1,0137 ± 0,33
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,854 ± 0,09 0,282 ± 0,12 0,7293 ± 0,15 0,5728 ± 0,12 42,269 ± 10,46 Hari 7
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,12 ± 0,05 1,2544 ± 0,1 0,9852 ± 0,08
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,79 ± 0,12 0,275 ± 0,09 0,6241 ± 0,20 0,4902 ± 0,15 49,844 ± 12,58
b. Kontrol Positif rerata 5 replikasi Hari 3
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,084 ± 0,05 1,1751 ± 0,11 0,9229 ± 0,09
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,878 ± 0,04 0,206 ± 0,04 0,7709 ± 0,08 0,6055 ± 0,06 34,29 ± 4,74 Hari 5
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,04 ± 0,09 1,0816 ± 0,2 0,8495 ± 0,15
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,658 ± 0,08 0,382 ± 0,16 0,433 ± 0,1 0,34 ± 0,08 57,849 ± 14,91 Hari 7
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,122 ± 0,08 1,2589 ± 0,18 0,9887 ± 0,14
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,724 ± 0,11 0,398 ± 0,12 0,5242 ± 0,17 0,4117 ± 0,13 57,467 ± 12,72
c. Kontrol negatif rerata 5 replikasi Hari 3
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,054 ± 0,11 1,1109 ± 0,22 0,8725 ± 0,17
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,954 ± 0,08 0,1 ± 0,03 0,9101 ± 0,14 0,7148 ± 0,11 17,734 ± 4,24 Hari 5
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,09 ± 0,1 1,1881 ± 0,21 0,9331± 0,17
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,814 ± 0,11 0,276 ± 0,07 0,6626 ± 0,18 0,5204 ± 0,14 43,536 ± 9,19 Hari 7
Diameter awal Diameter
kuadrat Luas area 1,06 ± 0,06 1,1578 ± 0,13 0,9093 ± 0,1
Diameter hari 5 Selisih
diameter Diameter kuadrat Luas Area penurunan luas Persentase luka 0,606 ± 0,12 0,47 ± 0,14 0,3672 ± 0,15 0,2884 ± 0,11 66,997 ± 12,51
Lampiran 15. Uji statistik pengaruh pemberian biomaterial penutupan luka antar hari masing-masing kelompok dengan SPSS
a. Kelompok perlakuan (SGK) 1. Uji normalitas
Tests of Normality Kel
Kolmolorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sil. Statistic df Sil.
Lcas Y3 .274 5 .200* .819 5 .114
Y5 .202 5 .200* .957 5 .785
Y7 .248 5 .200* .960 5 .808
a. Lilliefors Silnificance Correction
*. This is a lower bocnd of the trce silnificance.
Sig > 0,05 = distribusi normal 2. Levene test
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Lcas
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sil.
.547 2 12 .593
Sig > 0,05 = variansi sama 3. One Way Anova
Multiple Comparisons Lcas
LSD
(I) Kel (J) Kel Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sil.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bocnd Upper Bocnd
Y3 Y5 -6.54856 7.69819 .412 -23.3215 10.2244 Y7 -14.12276 7.69819 .091 -30.8957 2.6502 Y5 Y3 6.54856 7.69819 .412 -10.2244 23.3215 Y7 -7.57420 7.69819 .345 -24.3471 9.1987 Y7 Y3 14.12276 7.69819 .091 -2.6502 30.8957 Y5 7.57420 7.69819 .345 -9.1987 24.3471 4. Kesimpulan Y3 - BTB BTB Y5 BTB - BTB Y7 BTB BTB - Y3 Y5 Y7
b. Kelompok kontrol positif (K) 1. Uji normalitas
Tests of Normality Kel
Kolmolorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sil. Statistic df Sil.
Lcas K3 .227 5 .200* .910 5 .470
K5 .178 5 .200* .965 5 .842
K7 .230 5 .200* .937 5 .648
a. Lilliefors Silnificance Correction
*. This is a lower bocnd of the trce silnificance.
Sig > 0,05 = distribusi normal 2. Levene test
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Lcas
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sil.
3.276 2 12 .073
Sig > 0,05 = variansi sama 3. One Way Anova
Multiple Comparisons Lcas
LSD
(I) Kel (J) Kel Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sil.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bocnd Upper Bocnd
K3 K5 -23.55877* 7.36130 .008 -39.5977 -7.5199 K7 -23.17697* 7.36130 .008 -39.2159 -7.1381 K5 K3 23.55877* 7.36130 .008 7.5199 39.5977 K7 .38180 7.36130 .959 -15.6571 16.4207 K7 K3 23.17697* 7.36130 .008 7.1381 39.2159 K5 -.38180 7.36130 .959 -16.4207 15.6571
*. The mean difference is silnificant at the 0.05 level.
4. Kesimpulan
K3 - BB BB
K5 BB - BTB
K7 BB BTB -
c. Kelompok kontrol negatif (O) 1. Uji normalitas
Tests of Normality Kel
Kolmolorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sil. Statistic df Sil.
Lcas O3 .258 5 .200* .880 5 .310
O5 .196 5 .200* .955 5 .771
O7 .205 5 .200* .974 5 .902
a. Lilliefors Silnificance Correction
*. This is a lower bocnd of the trce silnificance.
Sig > 0,05 = distribusi normal 2. Levene test
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Lcas
Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sil.
1.322 2 12 .303
Sig > 0,05 = variansi sama 3. One Way Anova
Multiple Comparisons Lcas
LSD
(I) Kel (J) Kel Mean Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sil.
95% Confidence Interval
Lower Bocnd Upper Bocnd
O3 O5 -26.22511* 5.87721 .001 -39.0304 -13.4198 O7 -49.26267* 5.87721 .000 -62.0680 -36.4573 O5 O3 26.22511* 5.87721 .001 13.4198 39.0304 O7 -23.03756* 5.87721 .002 -35.8429 -10.2322 O7 O3 49.26267* 5.87721 .000 36.4573 62.0680 O5 23.03756* 5.87721 .002 10.2322 35.8429
*. The mean difference is silnificant at the 0.05 level.
4. Kesimpulan
O3 - BB BB
O5 BB - BB
O7 BB BB -
Lampiran 16. Gambar pembuatan membran selulosa
Limbah cucian air beras Selulosa hasil fermentasi
S yang telah dikeringkan SG yang telah dikeringkan SGK yang telah dikeringkan
Membran kitosan yang telah dikeringkan
Lampiran 17.Gambar alat yang digunakan dalam analisis karakteristik
polimer
a. Alat untuk analisis tensile strength dan elongasi
c. Alat untuk analisis XRD
d. Alat untuk analisis TGA/DTA
Lampiran 18. Gambar spektra IR selulosa, selulosa gliserol, dan selulosa gliserol kitosan
Spektrogram selulosa gliserol
Lampiran 19. Termogram TGA selulosa, selulosa gliserol, dan selulosa gliserol kitosan
Termogram TGA selulosa non gliserol
Termogram TGA selulosa kitosan gliserol
Lampiran 20. Termogram DTA selulosa, selulosa gliserol, dan selulosa gliserol kitosan
Termogram DTA selulosa gliserol
Lampiran 21. Difraktogram XRD selulosa dan selulosa gliserol kitosan
Difraktogram XRD Selulosa
Lampiran 22. Foto pengamatan makroskopis luka eksisi
a) b) c) d)
Pengamatan makroskopis luka kontrol negatif (a). 1 hari (b). 3 hari (c). 5hari (d). 7 hari
a) b) c) d)
Pengamatan makroskopis luka kontrol positif (a). 1 hari (b). 3 hari (c). 5hari (d). 7 hari
Pengamatan makroskopis luka perlakuan selulosa kitosan gliserol (a). 1 hari (b). 3 hari (c). 5hari (d). 7 hari
BIOGRAFI PENULIS
David Chandra Putra, lahir di Yogyakarta pada tanggal 14 November 1990 dari ayah yang bernama Tjandra Gunawan dan ibu bernama dong Christine. Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan Sekolah Dasar di SD Tarakanita Bumijo Yogyakarta pada tahun 1997 dan lulus tahun 2003. Kemudian penulis melanjutkan pendidikan di SMP Stella Duce I Yogyakarta dan lulus tahun 2006. Penulis melanjutkan pendidikannya di SMA Kolese John De Britto Yogyakarta dan lulus tahun 2009. Setelah tamat, penulis diterima di Fakultas Farmasi Universitas Sanata Dharma Yogyakarta. Penulis mengikuti kegiatan organisasi mahasiswa seperti Pharmacy Performance, Pharmacy Competition, dan mentor dalam
Pharmacy Days. Di samping itu penulis juga mendalami bahasa Inggris dengan mengikuti International Centre for English Excellence. Selama kuliah, penulis pernah menjadi salah satu peserta dalam Pekan Ilmiah Mahasiswa Nasional XXIV di Makassar.
