A. Pengantar
Pola kalimat pasif adalah :
To be + Verb-3
Bentuk – bentuk yang mungkin digunakan adalah : am, is, are, was, were, be dan been.
B. Pembentukan Kalimat Pasif
1. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk Simple Present tense dan simple Past Tense. Pola : Am Is Are + V-3 Was Were Contoh :
A : Hari kicks the ball over the fence. P : The ball is kicked over the fence.
Bila objeknya berupa objek pronoun, maka dalam kalimat pasifnya harus dikembalikan ke bentuk subjek pronoun (lihat contoh 1).
Contoh :
A : The police asked me continuously. P : I was asked continuously.
Apabila dalam satu kalimat aktif terdapat dua obyek, maka keduanya dapat dijadikan sebagai subyek dalam kalimat pasif.
Contoh :
A : The director tell us a new strategy of marketing. P1 : We are told a new strategy of marketing. P2 : a new strategy of marketing is told us.
2. Kalimat pasif dari pola kalimat continuous. Pola : Am Is Are + being – V3 Was Were Contoh :
A : He is polishing the shoes now. P : The shoes are being polished now.
3. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan modal. Pola :
Modal + be + Verb-3 Contoh :
A : He will paint the doors. P : The doors will be painted.
4. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif bentuk present dan past perfect. Pola :
Have / has / had + been + Verb-3 Contoh :
A : They have finished the job already. P : the job has been finished already.
5. Kalimat pasif dari kalimat yang menggunakan modal + Perfect Pola :
Modal + have + been + Verb-3 Contoh :
A : She should not have scolded him in public. P : he should not have been scolded in public. 6. Kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan (question) a. Yes / No question
Contoh :
1. A : Does he write an article? P : Is an article written (by him)? 2. A : He is writing an article
P : Is an article being written (by him)? 3. A : He can write an article
P : Can an article be written (by him)? 4. A : He has written an article
P : Has an article been written (by him)?
Pola kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan adalah sebagai berikut : Pola I : untuk kalimat yang tidak memiliki modal.
To be + subject + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 1 dan 2)
Pola II : untuk kalimat yang memiliki modal
Modal + subject + be + Verb-3 (lihat contoh 3 dan 4)
b. W-H Question : Contoh :
A : When does he write an article. P : When is an article written (by him)?
Pola dasar kalimat pasif bentuk pertanyaan yang menggunakan kata tanya (W-H Question) dapat dibuat hanya dengan menambahkan kata tanya pada masing-masng pola di atas.
A : Did they kill the famous general in the battle. P : Was the famous general killed in the battle?
Apabila subyek pada kalimat pasifnya tidak disebutkan, karena mungkin ditanyakan, maka to be pada kalimat tersebut langsung diikuti oleh kata kerja bentuk ketiga.(Verb-3).
Contoh :
A : What do they do? P : What is done by them ?
Alternatif penambahan “not” dalam bentuk negatif adalah sebagai berikut : A : she is not washing the dishes.
P : Aren’t the dishes being washed (by her)? 7. Kalimat pasif yang menggunakan impersonal it
Impersonal it digunakan untuk membuat kalimat pasif dari kalimat aktif yang menggunakan subyek berupa : people, everybody dan everyone yang diikuti oleh that clause.
Contoh :
A : People say that Indonesia is a developing country. P : It said that Indonesia is developing country. Atau : Indonesia is said to be a developing country.
Kata kerja yang biasa digunakan dalam bentuk ini adalah acknowledge, claim, find, think, report, believe, consider, know, say.
8. Bentuk gerund yang mengandung arti pasif
Gerund yang diletakkan setalah kata kerja : need, require, want, won’t / wouldn’t, bear mengandung arti pasif.
Contoh :
The garden needs watering = The garden needs to be watering SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. Lessons should ___ more interesting for children. A. be made
B. being made C. make D. makes E. will make
2. The chickens ___ this morning. A. were feed
B. were been feed C. were fed D. were been fed E. was been fed
3. The house ___ by the old gardener. A. will looking after
B. will bw looking after C. will looked after D. will look after E. will be looked after
4. The window ___ by an unseen hand. A. has opened
B. will open C. opened
D. had been opened E. had opened
5. This gun ___ in Birmingham. A. was be made
B. was made C. make
D. was been making E. was being make 6. The book ___ beautifully.
A. is writing B. is being written C. is write
D. being written E. be written
7. This fish ___ very well. A. has been cooked B. has cooked C. be cooked D. cooked
E. has being cooked
8. Some ink ___ on the carpet. A. be spiling
B. being split C. be split
D. have been split E. has been split
9. The student ___ a very difficult question by the teacher. A. has asked
B. asked C. was asked D. ask E. asks
10. I became quite nervous when I knew that my speech ___. A. was being recorded
B. to be recording C. being recorded D. to be recorded E. was to record*
BAB XVI : ADVERB
A. Adverb of frequency (keterangan keseringan)
Kelompok I = always rarely hardly, sometimes Ever, scarcerly never, often Generally, seldom occasionally
Adverb of frequency yang termasuk kelompok I penempatannya dalam kalimat adalah sebelum kata kerja utama.
Contoh :
1. The sun always rises in the east 2. His wife never goes to the shop 3. I can hardly never hear such a song 4. They don’t often go to bed late
5. He is never advised by this mother 6. Do you usually study last night?
8. Does she occasionally arrive at night?
Untuk memberikan jawaban pendek (short responses) bisa diletakkan sebelum to be, to do atau modal. Contoh :
X : Do you ussually go to school on foot? Y : Yes, I usually do
: Yes, I sometimes do : No, I never do Atau : No, never
Adverb of frequency yang mengandung arti negative seperti : never, hardly, rarely, bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat untuk menekankan arti, akan tetapi kalimatnya bersususnan inversi.
Contoh :
1. Never has she met us 2. Rarely do we eat rice there 3 Hardly will he write love letters
Apabila kalimatnya memiliki “have to” (harus), adverb of frequency diletakkan di depan suku kata tersebut. Contoh :
I often have to cook my own breakfast.
Adverb of frequency bisa diletakkan sebelum ‘used to’ atau antaara ‘used dan to’. Contoh :
He always used to help his mother
Kelompok I : every day / week / month / year Once (sekali) a week / month Every other day
Now and then Again and again
Adverb of frequency yang termasuk dalam kelompok II pada akhir kalimat Contoh :
We have English Lessons every week
B. Adverb of degree (keterangan tahapan, tingkatan) : Contoh :
Almost quite nearly only Enough soon fairly also Just (hanya) rather extremely merely Already too
Adverb jenis ini biasa digunakan untuk menerangkan adjective atau yang lain diletakkan di depan kata yang diterangkan.
Contoh :
It was too hot to work.
‘Enough’ diletakkan setelah kata yang diterangkan, kecuali jika sebagai adjective (untuk menerangkan kata benda).
Contoh ;
He didn’t work quickly enough.
Adverb of degree juga bisa digunakan untuk menerangkan kata kerja dan diletakkan sebelum kata kerja utama.
Contoh :
1. You nearly missed the bus 2. Leni still hopes to meet him 3. They soon found what they wanted 4. The students quite understand the lessons 5. We are merely waiting for the bus. 6. H e didn’t only know you.
7. The post have already come.
‘Only’ memiliki posisi yang bervariasi, kata ini diletakkan berdekatan dengan kata yang diterangkan. Contoh :
He only had an apple (not anything else). C. Adverb of manner (keterangan cara)
Pada umumnya adverb of manner dibentuk dari adjective + ly Contoh : Adjective Adverb
Careful carefully Lazy lazily Kecuali :
Ada beberapa adjective yang dijadikan sebagai adverb tanpa harus menambahkan akhiran-ly, yaitu: Deep early much
Far high little Fast low leisurely Hard late near Contoh :
It is a fast train.(adj) The train fast.(adv)
Adverb of manner diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah objek, jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek. Contoh :
He studies hard.
He studies English hard.
D. Adverb of place (keterangan tempat).
Adverb of place diletakkan setelah kata kerja dan setelah obyek langsung jika kalimatnya memiliki obyek. Contoh :
They played there
They played football there.
Keterangan tempat yang spesifik diletakkan sebelum keterangan tempat yang lebih luas. Contoh :
They worked in room 10 in the hotel. E. Adverb of time (keterangan waktu). Contoh :
Then now everyday Still soon at seven Yet last week next week
Pada umumnya adverb of time diletakkan pada akhir kalimat, tetapi jika digunakan untuk menekanakan makna bisa juga pada awal kalimat. Khusus untuk ‘still’ diletakkan sebelum kata kerja atau setelah to be. Contoh :
He will come here tommorow
Tommorow he will come here
Adverb of time yang lebih pendek jangka waktunya diletakkan sebelum adverb of time yang lebih lama. Contoh :
We arrived at five o’clock yesterday. SOAL-SOAL LATIHAN
1. I did not go anywhere last holiday ___. A. I stayed at only home
D. I stayed only at home. E. only I stayed at home
2. The days were short ___ it was December. A. despite
B. in spite C. so that D. for E. unless
3. He seems ___ that his eyes are red. A. such a sad
B. such sad C. such sadly D. so sad E. so sadly
4. Aisyah looks much ___ she really is. A. young as
B. younger than C. as young as D. more young than E. young than
5. She brings her umbrella ___ she goes. A. because
B. so that C. until D. wherever E. where
6. The flower is ___ that I can’t resist smelling it. A. such odour
B. such odorous C. so odorous D. such an odorous E. so an odorous
7. She acts ___ she were the boss of the company. A. whenever
B. in order that C. as if
D. because E. although
8. She doesn’t go to school ___ she is sick. A. whenever
B. so that C. despite D. because of E. although
9. ___ you meet Uni, please give this letter to her. A. Unless
B. Because C. Although D. If
10. he left the house early ___ not to be late. A. as if B. although C. in order D. because E. so that