SEBAGAI PERLAKUAN KARANTINA
SEKOLAH PASCASARJANA INSTITUT PERTANIAN BOGOR
BOGOR 2014
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adiarto BK. 2003. Eksplorasi, Identifikasi dan Evaluasi Potensi Musuh-musuh Alami Thrips. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran Lembang.
Ananthakrisnan TN. 1993. Bionomics of thrips. Annual Review Entomology. 38:71-92.
Anderson M, Edmund P, Mellor HE, Walbak MH. 1992. The Role of The Olfactory System of Three Crop Pests : Aphids, Whitefly and Thrips in The Detection of Semichemicals. Briton Crop Protection.
[Balithi] Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias. 2000. Deskripsi Klon-Klon Unggul Krisan Tipe Spray dan Standar. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Hias. Jakarta. [Barantan] Badan Karantina Pertanian. 2013. Keputusan Kepala Badan Karantina
Pertanian Nomor 1645 Tahun 2003 tentang Standar Teknis Fosfin Formulasi Cair. Jakarta (ID) DEPTAN.
Berger D, Walters R, Gotthard K. 2008. What limits insect fecundity, body size and temperature dependent egg maturation and oviposition in a butterfly. Funct Ecol. 22:523-529.
Bond EJ, Robinson JR, Buckland CT. 1969. The toxic action of phosphine. Journal of Stored Product 5: 289-298.
[BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2013. Analisa Komoditi Ekspor 2007-2012 Sektor Pertanian, Industri dan Pembangunan. Jakarta.
Chaudry MQ. 1997. A review of the mechanism involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insect. Pesticide Science. 49: 213-228.
Desmarchelier JM. 1999. Ethyl formate and formic acid : occurance and environmentalfate. Postharvest News. 10: 7-12.
Dibyantoro ALH. 1994. Management of Thrips tabaci Lind with special reference on garlic (A. sativum L.). PhD. 3 rd-Year Report. University of Newcastle. UK. P: 23-25.
Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura. 2007. Standar Operasional Prosedur Budidaya Krisan Potong. Direktorat Budidaya Tanaman Hias. Direktorat Jenderal Hortikultura. Departemen Pertanian. Jakarta (ID)
Deligeogirdis PN, Ipsilandis CG, Vaiopoulou M, Petkou D, Simoupoulus E. 2006. Evaluation of the damage caused by Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Tripidae) on cucumber leaves (Cucumis sativus). Journal Entomology. 3(1):1-8.
Dethier VG. 1982. Mechanism of host plant recognition. Entomologia Experimentalis Applicata. 31:49-56.
Dreistadt SH, Clark JK and Flint ML. 2004. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. Oakland University of California. Agriculture National Research. Publ. 3359.
Hadisoeganda WW. 1997. Peranan pestisida biorasional dalam sistem pertanian berkelanjutan. Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran.
Harein PK, Davis R. 1992. Controlled of Stored Grain Insects. American Associationof Cereal Chemists, Inc., St Paul, Minnesota.
Harry NR. 1994. Usaha Tani Bunga Potong. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Jakarta.
Hasim I, Reza M. 1995. Krisan. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta
Helen ED, Glenys MW. 2009. An improved method for rearing western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Florida Entomologist 92(4).
Hole BD, Bell CH, Mills KA, Goodship G. 1976. The toxicity of phosphin to all developmental stages of thirteen species of stored product beetles. Journal Stored Product Res 12: 235-244.
Horn F, Horn P, Sullivan J. 2005. Current practice in fresh fruit fumigation with phosphine in Chile. In Proceedings of 2005 Annual Research Conference on Methyl Bromide Alternatives and Emission Reductions. San Diego. CA. Karunaratne C, Moore GA, Jones R, Ryan R. 1997. Phosphine and its effect on
some common insects in cut flowers . Postharv. Biol. Technol. 10:255-262. Kendall DM, Capinera JL. 1990. Geographic and temporal variation in the sex
ration of onion thrips. Southwestern Entomol. 15:80-88.
Klose MJ, Sdoodee R, Teakle DS, Milne JR, Greber RS, Walter GH. 1996. Transmission of three strain of Tobacco streak ilarvirus by different thrips species using virus-infected pollen. J. Phytopathology 144:281-284.
Laksanawati HD. 1996. Daya guna mikrobia Beauveria dan Verticilium dalam mengendalikan Thrips tabaci Lind pada bawang putih. Jurnal Hortikultura 6(1): 55-66.
31
Lewis T. 1973. Thrips: Their Biology Economic. and Economic Importance. London: Academic Press.
Liu YB. 2008. Low temperature phosphine fumigation for postharvest control of western flower thrips (Thysanopthera; Thripidae) on lettuce. broccoli. asparagus. and strawberry. Journal of Economic Entomology. Vol. 101. 6: 1786-1791.
Lu FM, Lee HS. 1987. The life history and seasonal occurance of onion Thrips. Journal Agriculture Research China. 36(1):118-124.
Maha M. 1997. Irradiasi sebagai salah satu alternatif untuk perlakuan karantina. Prosiding Seminar Teknik Pangan. Jakarta.
Mound LA, Morison GD, Pitkin BR, Palmer JM. 1976. Thysanopthera : Handbooks for Identification of British Insect. 1(11):79p.
Mound LA, Masumoto M. 2005. The genus Thrips (Thysanoptera. Thripidae) in Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand. Zootaxa 1020: 1-64.
Park MG, Sung BK, Tumambing J. 2012. Effect of PH3 and CO2 mixture as a quarantine fumigant in cut flowers. National Plant Quarantine Service (NPQS). Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries of Korea. South Korea.
Prabaningrum L, Moekasan TK. 2007. Identifikasi status hama pada budidaya paprika (Capsicum annum Var. Grossum) terhadap serangan Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanopthera: Tripidae) di Kabupaten Bandung, Jawa Barat. Jurnal Hortikultura 17(2); 161-167.
Prabaningrum L, Sastrosiswojo S. 1997. Kemampuan pemangsaan predator Amblyseius cucumeris terhadap Thrips parvispinus dan Polyphagotarsonemus latus pada tanaman cabai di laboratorium. Jurnal Hortikultura 7(2): 678-684.
Pracaya. 2011. Hama dan Penyakit Tanaman. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
Pusat Karantina Tumbuhan. 2000. Laporan Pelatihan Fumigasi. Pusat Karantina Tumbuhan Ciawi. Bogor.
Reynaud P. 2010. Thrips (Thysanophtera) Chapter 13.1. BioRisk 4(2):767-791. France.
Salunkhe DK, Bhat NR, Desai BB. 1990. Postharvest Biotechnologhy of Flowers and Ornamental Plants. Springer-Verlag.
Sanjaya L. 1996. Krisan, Bunga Potong dan Tanaman Pot Pertanian. No 3 (15): 55 - 60.
Sartiami D, Mound LA. 2013. Identification of the terebrantian thrips (Insecta, Thysanoptera) associated with cultivated plants in Java, Indonesia. ZooKeys 306: 1–21.
Smith RC. 1989. Plant Resistant To Insect. Departement of Plant. Soil and Entomological Sciences. University of Idoko Moscow. Idoho. 286p.
Song XH, Wang PP, Zhang HY. 2011. Phosphine resistance in Rhyzoperta dominica (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) from different geographical
population in China. Huazhong Agricultural University. Wuhan. People’s
Republic of China.
Suparno SA. 2003. Pedoman Pelaksanaan Fumigasi dengan Menggunakan Methyl Bromida sebagai Tindakan Karantina Tumbuhan. Badan Karantina Pertanian. Jakarta.
Sutherland CA. 2006. Thrips. New Mexico State University.
Tarumingkeng RC. 1992. Insektisida : sifat mekanisme, kerja, dan dampak penggunaannya. Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana. Jakarta.
[TDRI] Tropical Development Research Institute. 1983. Food storage manual. Word Food Programme. FOA & TDRI. England. 263 pp.
Untung K. 1993. Pengantar Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu. Gajah Mada University Press.Yogyakarta.
Valmas N, Zuryn S, Ebert PR. 2008. Mitochondrial uncouplers act synergistically with the fumigant phosphine to disrupt mitochondrial membrane potential and cause cell death. Toxicology vol. 252:33–39.
Wang CL, Lin RT. 1984. Study on the quarantine treatments of insect pestsnon chrysanthemum cut flower fumigation and smoke method. Journal Agriculture Research 33:88-93.
Widyawan R, Prahastuti. 1994. Bunga Potong. LIPI. Jakarta.
Widiastuti L, Tohari, Endang S. 2004. Pengaruh Intensitas Cahaya dan Kadar Dominosida Terhadap Iklim Mikro dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Krisan Dalam Pot . Tersedia pada: http://agrisci.ugm.ac.id/vol11_2/no4_krisan. Wills RBH, McGlasson WB, Graham D, Lee TH, Hall EG. 1989. Postharvest-An
Introduction to The Physiology and Handling of Fruits, and Vegetables. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York.
33
Wirawan IA. 2006. Insektisida Pemukiman Di dalam: Sigit SH dan Hadi UK, editor. Hama Permukiman Indonesia, Pengenalan, Biologi dan Pengendalian. Unit Kajian Pengendalian Hama Permukiman. Fakultas Kedokteran Hewan. IPB. Bogor.
Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu T, Li L, Li T. 2012. Effects of low temperature phosphine
fumigation on post harvest quality of white chrysanthemum ‘Dabaiju’.
Scientia Horticulturae 142: 90-97. Chinnese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine.
36
a
Rata-rata persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus, bKontrol
Lampiran 1 Persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair dengan beberapa lama waktu pemaparan fumigan Perlakuan Ulangan Mortalitas ±SDa Waktu papar (jam) Konsentrasi fosfin cair (ppm) 1 2 3 18 200 100 100 100 100±0.0 250 100 100 100 100±0.0 300 100 100 100 100±0.0 350 100 100 100 100±0.0 Kb 0 0 0 0±0.0 15 200 100 100 100 100±0.0 250 100 100 100 100±0.0 300 100 100 100 100±0.0 350 100 100 100 100±0.0 Kb 0 0 0 0±0.0 12 200 100 100 100 100±0.0 250 100 100 100 100±0.0 300 100 100 100 100±0.0 350 100 100 100 100±0.0 Kb 0 0 0 0±0.0 9 200 100 100 100 100±0.0 250 100 100 100 100±0.0 300 100 100 100 100±0.0 350 100 100 100 100±0.0 Kb 0 0 0 0±0.0 6 200 100 100 100 100±0.0 250 100 100 100 100±0.0 300 100 100 100 100±0.0 350 100 100 100 100±0.0 Kb 0 0 0 0±0.0 3 200 100 100 100 100±0.0 250 100 100 100 100±0.0 300 100 100 100 100±0.0 350 100 100 96 98.7±0.6 Kb 0 0 0 0±0.0 1 200 100 100 100 100±0.0 250 100 100 100 100±0.0 300 100 100 100 100±0.0 350 100 100 100 100±0.0 Kb 0 0 0 0±0.0
One-way ANOVA: mortalitas versus konsentrasi Source DF SS MS F P konsentrasi 4 18190,93 4547,73 710,58 0,000 Error 10 64,00 6,40 Total 14 18254,93 S = 2,530 R-Sq = 99,65% R-Sq(adj) = 99,51%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -+---+---+---+---
0 3 0,00 0,00 (*) 25 3 57,33 2,31 (*) 75 3 68,00 4,00 (*) 125 3 90,67 2,31 (*) 175 3 98,67 2,31 (*) -+---+---+---+--- 0 30 60 90 Pooled StDev = 2,53 Grouping Information Using Tukey Method konsentrasi N Mean Grouping 175 3 98,67 A 125 3 90,67 B 75 3 68,00 C 25 3 57,33 D 0 3 0,00 E Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of konsentrasi Individual confidence level = 99,18% konsentrasi = 0 subtracted from: konsentrasi Lower Center Upper --+---+---+---+----
25 50,54 57,33 64,13 (*-) 75 61,21 68,00 74,79 (-*-) 125 83,87 90,67 97,46 (-*) 175 91,87 98,67 105,46 (-*) --+--- -40 0 40 80
konsentrasi = 25 subtracted from: konsentrasi Lower Center Upper --+---+---+---+---
75 3,87 10,67 17,46 (-*)
125 26,54 33,33 40,13 (*-)
175 34,54 41,33 48,13 (*-)
--+---+---+---+---
-40 0 40 80
konsentrasi = 75 subtracted from: konsentrasi Lower Center Upper --+---+---+---+---
125 15,87 22,67 29,46 (-*)
175 23,87 30,67 37,46 (-*)
--+---+---+---+---
-40 0 40 80
konsentrasi = 125 subtracted from: konsentrasi Lower Center Upper --+---+---+---+---
175 1,21 8,00 14,79 (-*-)
--+---+---+---+---
-40 0 40 80
Lampiran 2 ANOVA persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair dengan waktu papar fumigan 1 Jam
38
One-way ANOVA: Mortalitas versus Konsentrasi Source DF SS MS F P Konsentrasi 8 23700,74 2962,59 326,49 0,000 Error 18 163,33 9,07
Total 26 23864,07
S = 3,012 R-Sq = 99,32% R-Sq(adj) = 99,01%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -+---+---+---+---
0 3 0,00 0,00 (*) 25 3 56,00 0,00 (-*) 50 3 61,33 4,62 (*-) 75 3 70,67 6,11 (-*) 100 3 78,67 2,31 (*) 125 3 91,00 2,65 (*-) 150 3 94,67 2,31 (-*) 175 3 97,33 2,31 (*-) 200 3 100,00 0,00 (*-) -+---+---+---+--- 0 30 60 90 Pooled StDev = 3,01 Grouping Information Using Tukey Method Konsentrasi N Mean Grouping 200 3 100,00 A 175 3 97,33 A B 150 3 94,67 A B 125 3 91,00 B 100 3 78,67 C 75 3 70,67 C 50 3 61,33 D 25 3 56,00 D 0 3 0,00 E Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of Konsentrasi Individual confidence level = 99,75% Konsentrasi = 0 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+----
25 47,37 56,00 64,63 (-*-) 50 52,71 61,33 69,96 (*-) 75 62,04 70,67 79,29 (-*-) 100 70,04 78,67 87,29 (-*) 125 82,37 91,00 99,63 (-*-) 150 86,04 94,67 103,29 (-*-) 175 88,71 97,33 105,96 (*-) 200 91,37 100,00 108,63 (-*-) -+---+---+---+---- -50 0 50 100
Lampiran 3 ANOVA persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair dengan waktu papar fumigan 1 Jam
Konsentrasi = 25 subtracted from:
Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
50 -3,29 5,33 13,96 (-*-) 75 6,04 14,67 23,29 (-*-) 100 14,04 22,67 31,29 (-*) 125 26,37 35,00 43,63 (-*-) 150 30,04 38,67 47,29 (-*) 175 32,71 41,33 49,96 (*-) 200 35,37 44,00 52,63 (-*-) -+---+---+---+---- -50 0 50 100
Konsentrasi = 50 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
75 0,71 9,33 17,96 (-*-) 100 8,71 17,33 25,96 (*-) 125 21,04 29,67 38,29 (-*-) 150 24,71 33,33 41,96 (-*) 175 27,37 36,00 44,63 (-*-) 200 30,04 38,67 47,29 (-*) -+---+---+---+--- -50 0 50 100
Konsentrasi = 75 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
100 -0,63 8,00 16,63 (-*) 125 11,71 20,33 28,96 (-*-) 150 15,37 24,00 32,63 (-*-) 175 18,04 26,67 35,29 (*-) 200 20,71 29,33 37,96 (-*-) -+---+---+---+--- -50 0 50 100
Konsentrasi = 100 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
125 3,71 12,33 20,96 (*-) 150 7,37 16,00 24,63 (-*-) 175 10,04 18,67 27,29 (-*) 200 12,71 21,33 29,96 (*-) -+---+---+---+--- -50 0 50 100
Konsentrasi = 125 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
150 -4,96 3,67 12,29 (-*)
175 -2,29 6,33 14,96 (*-)
200 0,37 9,00 17,63 (-*-)
-+---+---+---+---
-50 0 50 100
Konsentrasi = 150 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
175 -5,96 2,67 11,29 (-*)
200 -3,29 5,33 13,96 (-*-)
-+---+---+---+---
-50 0 50 100
Konsentrasi = 175 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
200 -5,96 2,67 11,29 (-*)
-+---+---+---+---
40
One-way ANOVA: Mortalitas versus Konsentrasi Source DF SS MS F P Konsentrasi 8 23594,67 2949,33 829,50 0,000 Error 18 64,00 3,56
Total 26 23658,67
S = 1,886 R-Sq = 99,73% R-Sq(adj) = 99,61%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -+---+---+---+---
0 3 0,00 0,00 (*) 25 3 66,67 2,31 (*) 50 3 70,67 2,31 (* 75 3 77,33 2,31 (*) 100 3 89,33 2,31 (*) 125 3 92,00 0,00 (* 150 3 97,33 2,31 *) 175 3 98,67 2,31 (*) 200 3 100,00 0,00 *) -+---+---+---+--- 0 30 60 90 Pooled StDev = 1,89 Grouping Information Using Tukey Method Konsentrasi N Mean Grouping 200 3 100,00 A 175 3 98,67 A 150 3 97,33 A B 125 3 92,00 B C 100 3 89,33 C 75 3 77,33 D 50 3 70,67 E 25 3 66,67 E 0 3 0,00 F Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of Konsentrasi Individual confidence level = 99,75% Konsentrasi = 0 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+----
25 61,27 66,67 72,07 (-*) 50 65,27 70,67 76,07 (-*) 75 71,93 77,33 82,73 (*-) 100 83,93 89,33 94,73 (*-) 125 86,60 92,00 97,40 (*) 150 91,93 97,33 102,73 (*-) 175 93,27 98,67 104,07 (-*) 200 94,60 100,00 105,40 (*) +---+---+---+---- -40 0 40 80
Lampiran 4 ANOVA persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair dengan waktu papar fumigan 3 jam
Konsentrasi = 25 subtracted from:
Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+---
50 -1,40 4,00 9,40 (*) 75 5,27 10,67 16,07 (-*) 100 17,27 22,67 28,07 (-*) 125 19,93 25,33 30,73 (*-) 150 25,27 30,67 36,07 (-*) 175 26,60 32,00 37,40 (*) 200 27,93 33,33 38,73 (*-) +---+---+---+--- -40 0 40 80
Konsentrasi = 50 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+---
75 1,27 6,67 12,07 (-*) 100 13,27 18,67 24,07 (-*) 125 15,93 21,33 26,73 (*-) 150 21,27 26,67 32,07 (-*) 175 22,60 28,00 33,40 (*) 200 23,93 29,33 34,73 (*-) +---+---+---+--- -40 0 40 80
Konsentrasi = 75 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+---
100 6,60 12,00 17,40 (*) 125 9,27 14,67 20,07 (-*) 150 14,60 20,00 25,40 (*) 175 15,93 21,33 26,73 (*-) 200 17,27 22,67 28,07 (-*) +---+---+---+--- -40 0 40 80
Konsentrasi = 100 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+---
125 -2,73 2,67 8,07 (-*) 150 2,60 8,00 13,40 (*) 175 3,93 9,33 14,73 (*-) 200 5,27 10,67 16,07 (-*) +---+---+---+--- -40 0 40 80
Konsentrasi = 125 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+---
150 -0,07 5,33 10,73 (*-)
175 1,27 6,67 12,07 (-*)
200 2,60 8,00 13,40 (*)
+---+---+---+---
-40 0 40 80
Konsentrasi = 150 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+---
175 -4,07 1,33 6,73 (*-)
200 -2,73 2,67 8,07 (-*)
+---+---+---+---
-40 0 40 80
Konsentrasi = 175 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper +---+---+---+---
200 -4,07 1,33 6,73 (*-)
+---+---+---+---
42
One-way ANOVA: Mortalitas versus Konsentrasi Source DF SS MS F P Konsentrasi 8 23990,52 2998,81 722,93 0,000 Error 18 74,67 4,15
Total 26 24065,19
S = 2,037 R-Sq = 99,69% R-Sq(adj) = 99,55%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -+---+---+---+---
0 3 0,00 0,00 (*) 25 3 70,67 2,31 (* 50 3 74,67 2,31 (*) 75 3 84,00 4,00 (*) 100 3 92,00 0,00 (* 125 3 93,33 2,31 (*) 150 3 98,67 2,31 (*) 175 3 100,00 0,00 *) 200 3 100,00 0,00 *) -+---+---+---+--- 0 30 60 90 Pooled StDev = 2,04 Grouping Information Using Tukey Method Konsentrasi N Mean Grouping 200 3 100,00 A 175 3 100,00 A 150 3 98,67 A B 125 3 93,33 B C 100 3 92,00 C 75 3 84,00 D 50 3 74,67 E 25 3 70,67 E 0 3 0,00 F Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of Konsentrasi Individual confidence level = 99,75% Konsentrasi = 0 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---
25 64,83 70,67 76,50 (-*) 50 68,83 74,67 80,50 (-*) 75 78,17 84,00 89,83 (*) 100 86,17 92,00 97,83 (*) 125 87,50 93,33 99,17 (*-) 150 92,83 98,67 104,50 (-*) 175 94,17 100,00 105,83 (*) 200 94,17 100,00 105,83 (*) ---+---+---+--- 0 40 80 120
Lampiran 5 ANOVA persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair dengan waktu papar fumigan 6 jam
Konsentrasi = 25 subtracted from:
Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---+
50 -1,83 4,00 9,83 (*) 75 7,50 13,33 19,17 (*-) 100 15,50 21,33 27,17 (*-) 125 16,83 22,67 28,50 (-*) 150 22,17 28,00 33,83 (*) 175 23,50 29,33 35,17 (*-) 200 23,50 29,33 35,17 (*-) ---+---+---+---+ 0 40 80 120
Konsentrasi = 50 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---+
75 3,50 9,33 15,17 (*-) 100 11,50 17,33 23,17 (*-) 125 12,83 18,67 24,50 (-*) 150 18,17 24,00 29,83 (*) 175 19,50 25,33 31,17 (*-) 200 19,50 25,33 31,17 (*-) ---+---+---+---+ 0 40 80 120
Konsentrasi = 75 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---+
100 2,17 8,00 13,83 (*) 125 3,50 9,33 15,17 (*-) 150 8,83 14,67 20,50 (-*) 175 10,17 16,00 21,83 (*) 200 10,17 16,00 21,83 (*) ---+---+---+---+ 0 40 80 120
Konsentrasi = 100 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---+
125 -4,50 1,33 7,17 (*-) 150 0,83 6,67 12,50 (-*) 175 2,17 8,00 13,83 (*) 200 2,17 8,00 13,83 (*) ---+---+---+---+ 0 40 80 120
Konsentrasi = 125 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---+
150 -0,50 5,33 11,17 (*-)
175 0,83 6,67 12,50 (-*)
200 0,83 6,67 12,50 (-*)
---+---+---+---+
0 40 80 120
Konsentrasi = 150 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---+
175 -4,50 1,33 7,17 (*-)
200 -4,50 1,33 7,17 (*-)
---+---+---+---+
0 40 80 120
Konsentrasi = 175 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper ---+---+---+---+
200 -5,83 0,00 5,83 (*)
---+---+---+---+
44
One-way ANOVA: mortalitas versus konsentrasi Source DF SS MS F P
konsentrasi 3 21936,00 7312,00 * * Error 8 0,00 0,00 Total 11 21936,00
S = 0 R-Sq = 100,00% R-Sq(adj) = 100,00%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev +---+---+---+---
0 3 0,000 0,000 * 175 3 96,000 0,000 * 200 3 100,000 0,000 * 250 3 100,000 0,000 * +---+---+---+--- 0 25 50 75 Pooled StDev = 0,000 Grouping Information Using Tukey Method konsentrasi N Mean Grouping 250 3 100,000 A 200 3 100,000 B 175 3 96,000 C 0 3 0,000 D Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of konsentrasi Individual confidence level = 98,74% konsentrasi = 0 subtracted from: konsentrasi Lower Center Upper 175 96,000 96,000 96,000 200 100,000 100,000 100,000 250 100,000 100,000 100,000 konsentrasi -+---+---+---+--- 175 * 200 * 250 * -+---+---+---+--- 0 30 60 90
konsentrasi = 175 subtracted from: konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
200 4,000 4,000 4,000 *
250 4,000 4,000 4,000 *
-+---+---+---+---
0 30 60 90
konsentrasi = 200 subtracted from: konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
250 0,000 0,000 0,000 * -+---+---+---+---
0 30 60 90
Lampiran 6 ANOVA persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair pada bunga krisan dengan waktu papar fumigan 1 jam
One-way ANOVA: Mortalitas versus Konsentrasi Source DF SS MS F P Konsentrasi 3 22304,00 7434,67 5576,00 0,000 Error 8 10,67 1,33 Total 11 22314,67 S = 1,155 R-Sq = 99,95% R-Sq(adj) = 99,93%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -+---+---+---+---
0 3 0,00 0,00 (*) 175 3 98,67 2,31 (* 200 3 100,00 0,00 *) 250 3 100,00 0,00 *) -+---+---+---+--- 0 30 60 90 Pooled StDev = 1,15 Grouping Information Using Tukey Method Konsentrasi N Mean Grouping 250 3 100,00 A 200 3 100,00 A 175 3 98,67 A 0 3 0,00 B Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of Konsentrasi Individual confidence level = 98,74% Konsentrasi = 0 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
175 95,65 98,67 101,69 (*)
200 96,98 100,00 103,02 (*)
250 96,98 100,00 103,02 (*)
-+---+---+---+---
0 30 60 90
Konsentrasi = 175 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
200 -1,69 1,33 4,35 (*) 250 -1,69 1,33 4,35 (*) -+---+---+---+---
0 30 60 90
Konsentrasi = 200 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
250 -3,02 0,00 3,02 (*) -+---+---+---+---
0 30 60 90
Lampiran 7 ANOVA persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair pada bunga krisan dengan waktu papar fumigan 3 jam
46
One-way ANOVA: Mortalitas versus Konsentrasi Source DF SS MS F P Konsentrasi 3 22304,00 7434,67 5576,00 0,000 Error 8 10,67 1,33
Total 11 22314,67
S = 1,155 R-Sq = 99,95% R-Sq(adj) = 99,93%
Individual 95% CIs For Mean Based on Pooled StDev
Level N Mean StDev -+---+---+---+---
0 3 0,00 0,00 (*) 175 3 98,67 2,31 (* 200 3 100,00 0,00 *) 250 3 100,00 0,00 *) -+---+---+---+--- 0 30 60 90 Pooled StDev = 1,15 Grouping Information Using Tukey Method Konsentrasi N Mean Grouping 250 3 100,00 A 200 3 100,00 A 175 3 98,67 A 0 3 0,00 B Means that do not share a letter are significantly different. Tukey 95% Simultaneous Confidence Intervals All Pairwise Comparisons among Levels of Konsentrasi Individual confidence level = 98,74% Konsentrasi = 0 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---
---+---+---+---175 95,65 98,67 101,69 (*)
200 96,98 100,00 103,02 (*)
250 96,98 100,00 103,02 (*)
-+---
0 30 60 90
Konsentrasi = 175 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
200 -1,69 1,33 4,35 (*) 250 -1,69 1,33 4,35 (*) -+---+---+---+---
0 30 60 90
Konsentrasi = 200 subtracted from: Konsentrasi Lower Center Upper -+---+---+---+---
250 -3,02 0,00 3,02 (*) -+---+---+---+---
0 30 60 90
Lampiran 8 ANOVA persentase mortalitas T. parvispinus pada perlakuan beberapa konsentrasi fosfin cair pada bunga krisan dengan waktu papar fumigan 6 jam
RINGKASAN
TAUFAN TANTO SETYAWAN. Aplikasi Fosfin Formulasi Cair untuk Pengendalian Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) pada Bunga Potong Krisan sebagai Perlakuan Karantina. Dibimbing oleh IDHAM SAKTI
HARAHAP dan DADANG.
Bunga krisan (Chrysanthemum indicum) merupakan komoditas hortikultura yang mempunyai prospek baik sebagai sumber devisa negara. Volume ekspor bunga krisan Indonesia masih relatif rendah dibandingkan dengan negara lain. Salah satu penyebabnya adalah terbawanya organisme pengganggu tumbuhan (OPT) pada bunga yang diekspor. OPT yang sering menyerang bunga krisan di antaranya adalah Thrips parvispinus Karny. Salah satu tindakan yang dilakukan untuk mengendalikan hama ini adalah perlakuan fumigasi. Alternatif fumigan yang memiliki keefektifan yang baik adalah fosfin formulasi cair. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan konsentrasi dan lama waktu papar aplikasi fosfin formulasi cair yang efektif terhadap T. parvispinus pada bunga krisan dan mengevaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas bunga potong krisan.
Penelitian dilaksanakan dalam 5 tahap, yaitu: (1) Koleksi dan identifikasi serangga uji; (2) Perbanyakan (rearing) T. parvispinus; (3) Uji pendahuluan dengan 2 tahap untuk menentukan batasan kisaran waktu dan konsentrasi yang diperlukan dalam fumigasi; (4) Uji lanjut aplikasi fosfin cair dengan beberapa konsentrasi dan waktu papar tertentu terhadap T. parvispinus; dan (5) Uji validasi konsentrasi dan waktu papar yang paling efektif dan pengaruhnya terhadap kualitas bunga potong krisan.
Uji pendahuluan tahap pertama menunjukkan bahwa pada seluruh perlakuan semua serangga uji mengalami kematian sebesar 100% pada konsentrasi 200, 250, 300, dan 350 ppm dengan kombinasi waktu papar 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, dan 18 jam. Uji pendahuluan tahap kedua pada lama waktu papar 1 jam dengan konsentrasi lebih rendah dari 200 ppm, mortalitas tertinggi ditunjukkan pada konsentrasi 175 ppm dengan persentase mortalitas sebesar 98.7% dan persentase mortalitas terendah pada 25 ppm dengan mortalitas sebesar 57.3%. Pada uji lanjut yang menggunakan konsentrasi antara 25 – 200 ppm, persentase mortalitas sebesar 100% terjadi pada konsentrasi 200 ppm dengan lama waktu papar 1, 3, dan 6 jam dan juga pada konsentrasi 175 ppm dengan lama waktu papar 6 jam, sementara itu nilai LC50 dan LC95 terendah ditunjukkan pada waktu papar 6 jam dengan nilai 17.323 ppm dan 120.69 ppm.
Aplikasi fosfin cair terhadap T. parvispinus pada bunga potong krisan efektif pada perlakuan 1 jam dengan konsentrasi 200 ppm yang menyebabkan mortalitas sebesar 100%. Pada konsentrasi tersebut tidak terjadi penurunan kualitas bunga potong krisan.
SUMMARY
TAUFAN TANTO SETYAWAN. Liquified Formulation of Phosphine Application to Control Thrips parvispinus Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Cut Flower Chrysanthemum as a Quarantine Treatment. Supervised by IDHAM
SAKTI HARAHAP and DADANG.
Chrysanthemum flower (Chrysanthemum indicum) is a horticultural commodity that has good prospects as a source of country revenue. Compared to other countries, export volume of this commodity from Indonesia is relatively low. High intensity of plant pest and disease infestation on chrysanthemum in this country is one of the reason for that situation. One pest of insects that often attacks chrysanthemum cut flower is Thrips parvispinus. One of the measures taken to control this insect is fumigation treatment. Alternative fumigant that has good effectiveness is liquified formulations of phosphine. The objectives of this study were to determine the concentration level and time of liquified phosphine formulation application against T. parvispinus on the chrysanthemum cut flower and to evaluate the quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers.
The experiment was conducted in five stages: (1) Collection and identification of test insect, (2) Rearing of T. parvispinus, (3) Preliminary test in 2 stages to determine a level time and concentration for liquified phosphine application to T. parvispinus, (4) Application of liquified phosphine concentration level and time to T. parvispinus, and (5). Validation test of effective concentration and time level and evaluate their effects on quality of chrysanthemum cut flowers. The first stage of preliminary test showed in all treatments about test insect mortality of 100% at concentration 200, 250, 300, and 350 ppm with time level combination of 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 hours. The second stage of a preliminary test with 1 hour time level at a concentration lower than 200 ppm, the highest mortality was shown at a concentration of 175 ppm with percentage mortality 98.7% and the lowest percentage of mortality at 25 ppm with a mortality 57.3%. In a further test that uses a concentration between 25-200 ppm, the percentage of 100% mortality occurred at a concentration of 200 ppm with time level 1, 3 and 6 hours and also at a concentration of 175 ppm with the time level of 6 hours, while the lowest of LC50 and LC95 values indicated at the time 6 hours with 17.323 ppm and 120.69 ppm.
Applications of liquified phosphine to T. parvispinus on chrysanthemum cut flower are effective within 1 hour treatment at 200 ppm concentrations that cause mortality of 100%. Treatment at these concentration did not decrease the quality of cut chrysanthemum flowers.