Use of Voice Recognition of "Cake” Android-Based
difficult for students to pronounce. They have difficulty in pronouncing some vowels and consonants. In vowel form, such as diphthong (sight, mouse, toy); central vowel (earth, teacher, nut);
tense vowel (palm, thought, nurse, goose, fleece). Meanwhile, in consonant form, such as the -ed ending of verbs (stopped, liked, robbed, saved, wanted, hated); consonant combinations (accent, chain, bridge, science, scissors, share); with silent letter (doubt, debt, knife, wrap, wreck, wrong); letter in the suffix (nation, patient, measure, pleasure) [5]. Moreover, several teacher admitted that affective factor such as low of self-confidence contribute to the students’ pronunciation error. The researcher concluded that most of the teachers found same problems among their students. Teaching pronunciation in an old-fashioned way affect their motivation in learning English pronunciation.
The researcher conducted a survey to determine the causes of students’ poor pronunciation. There were 42 students involved from SMA Negeri 9 Wajo, 26 students from X grade and 26 students from XI grade. Based on the survey results, 64.4% of students agreed that they became less enthusiastic about learning English pronunciation because of the media used by the teacher is not interesting, so the students were unable to pronounce English words or sentences correctly. In order to solve the problem, the researcher will involve an Android-based application. Cake is an Android based application with ASR features that famously used by the EFL digital users. Besides presenting learning English with fun, this application has also become their virtual assistant in learning languages that can be used every time and everywhere. This application is a sophisticated ASR that has been downloaded by 50 million users through Play Store and 11 million users through the App Store. It offers various features that can be used by all English learners [7].
Focusing on real English learning through video, this application presents an audio visual interface that will make it easier for students to listen and watch various English videos and record their voices to practice pronouncing the sentences that are heard in the video. The main problem that has been described in the previous section is that the final grades of students do not meet the standards of expected learning outcomes, especially on material that emphasizes mastery of good English pronunciation [11]. Likewise, the limitations of learning applications when teaching pronunciation are used by teachers, so that in the end it makes pronunciation learning look boring and unattractive to students. Therefore, the researcher attempted to answer the question as to how are students' perceptions of AI Speech Recognition “Cake” Android-based applications in
improving their pronunciation skills at SMAN 9 Wajo? This is very important to mention so that students can be helped in good pronunciation in English [2].
Findings
How are the students' perceptions about AI speech recognition Cake Android-based application boosting their pronunciation ability in SMAN 9 Wajo ? The researcher distributed questionnaire to know students’ perception toward Cake Android-based application in boosting students’ pronunciation ability. The data was analyzed by using Likert Scale.
a. Cake app helps students pronounce the letters correctly
Most of the students agree that this application help them to pronounce letters correctly. There were 30% students strongly agree, 65% students agree, and 5% students undecided.
Figure 2. Cake helps students pronounce the letters correctly b. Cake application helps students pronounce consonant correctly
In this statement, there were only 3 statements answered by the students; strongly agree, agree, and undecided. There are 10%
students answered strongly agree, 85% students answered agree, and the rest of students, 5% answered undecided.
Figure 3. Cake helps students pronounce the consonants correctly
30%
65%
5%
Strongly Agree Agree
10%
85%
5%
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided
c. Cake application helps students pronounce vowel sounds correctly.
All the students agreed that this application helps them to pronounce vowel (single vowel sound) correctly. There were 35%
students strongly agree and 65% students agree.
Figure 4. Cake helps students pronounce the vowel correctlyd d. The cake application helps students pronounce the diphthong
sounds correctly.
There were 30% students strongly agree, 60% students agree, 5% students undecided, and 5% students disagree.
Figure 5. Cake helps students pronounce diphthong sounds correctly
e. Cake application helps students pronounce sentences correctly.
Almost all the students agreed that this application helps them to pronounce sentences correctly. There were 25% students strongly agree, 70% students agree, and 5% students undecided
65% 35% Strongly Agree
Agree
30%
60%
5%5% Strongly Agree
Agree Undecided Disagree
25%
70%
5% Strongly Agree
Agree Undecided
Figure 6. Cake helps students pronounce sentences correctly f. Cake application helps students reduce first language accent.
First language accent is not easy to reduce because it formed by habituation by its speaker. Relating to this, there were 55%
students agree, 20% students undecided, and 25% students disagree
Figure 7. Cake helps students reduce their first language accent g. Cake application helps students reduce nervousness when
pronouncing words/sentences in English.
Most of the students agree that this application can reduce their nervousness. There were 5% students answered strongly agree, 90% students answered agree, and 5% students answered undecided.
Figure 8. Cake application helps students reduce nervousness h. Android-based Cake application helps me reduce anxiety when
pronouncing words/sentences in English.
All of the students agree that this application can reduce their nervousness. There were 10% students answered strongly agree, 90% students answered agree.
20% 55%
25%
Agree Undecided Disagree
5%
90%
5%
Strongly Agree Agree
Undecided
Figure 9. Cake application helps students reduce anxiety i. Cake application helps students to increase confidence when
pronouncing words/sentences in English.
Most of the students agree that this application can increase confidence when pronouncing words/sentences in English. There were 10% students answered strongly agree, 75% students answered agree, and 15% students undecided.
Figure 10. Cake application increase students’ confidence J. Cake application is an easy application to learn pronunciation.
Most of students agree that this application is an easy application to learn pronunciation. There were 50% students answered strongly agree, 40% students answered agree, and 10% students answered undecided.
90%
10%
Agree Undecided
10%
75%
15%
Strongly Agree Agree Undecided
Figure 11. Cake application is an easy application
k. Cake application has complete features to use for learning English pronunciation.
Most of students agree that this application has complete features to use for learning English pronunciation. There were 20%
students answered strongly agree, 75% students answered agree, and 5% students answered undecided.
Figure 12. Cake application has complete features Discussion of Research Results
The researcher measured the students’ perception by distributing questionnaire to the students. There are 11 questions in total related to the use of Cake Android-based application. The first until five questions asked about how this application improve students’ pronunciation ability when pronouncing letters, consonants sounds, vowels sounds, diphthong sounds, and sentences. The result of questionnaire showed that more than a half of students agreed that Cake Android based-application solved their pronunciation problems related to the aspect mentioned above. In line with this, according to [10] students often made errors in vowels, consonants, and diphthongs. These kinds of errors commonly found when students practice their pronunciation ability but by the existence of great features of Cake, students can decrease more their pronunciation
40% 50%
10% Strongly Agree
Agree Undecided
20%
75%
5% Strongly Agree
Agree Undecided
errors. Cake serves hundreds of channel that consist of English video with the pronunciation of native speaker. Students watched and repeated more the videos and followed its correct pronunciation [6].
In the question number six, 55% students agreed that this application helped them to reduce their first language (L1) accent when pronouncing English word/sentences. This could be happened because Cake provides pronunciation of native speakers in their key features, for instance, students can watch English videos with the native speaker’ pronunciation (American pronunciation) and repeat it many times, so it will affect and reduce their L1 accent [13].
Meanwhile, question number seven to nine asked about how the students feel when using the application. There were 90%
students agreed that this application get rid their nervousness when pronouncing English word/sentences, 90% students agreed that using this application reduce their anxiety when pronouncing English word/sentences, and 75% agreed that this application make them feeling confidence when pronouncing English word/sentences. In line with this, Cake application used by [15] in teaching speaking to Senior High School students by using qualitative method. All the key features of Cake is created to collect enjoyment and comfort from the EFL users by visualizing the features with fun and interesting visual. The students feel that they do not learn pronunciation like the way they learn conventionally in the classroom, but they feel that using Cake make them enjoy and feeling like playing games while learning pronunciation, so students can reduce their anxiety and nervousness, and make them feel more confidence when pronouncing word or sentences. However [12] investigated factors contributing to the students’ pronunciation errors. It was categorized into internal factors, external factors, and interlingual factors. The internal factors include less preparation and practicing on performing speech and anxiety of performing the speech. External factors cover lack of time and opportunity to use English in daily lives, whereas interlingual factor is the interference from the mother tongue. Students own some factors that contributing to their pronunciation ability, but the good and enjoyable features of Cake make the students can get rid some of the factors, especially internal and interlingual factors [14].
Moreover, question number ten asked about the effectiveness of the application. There were 50% students answered that this application is easy to use. Cake application can be used in many languages, so students could change it into their first language (L1) if it makes them easier to understand the instruction of the application.
Moreover, each feature of Cake has easy instruction to use because it is similar settings and instruction with other commonly used
application such as Youtube, Facebook, and any other learning application of Android [8].
In question number eleven, there were 75% students agreed that this application has complete features that can help students to improve their pronunciation ability. The all key features of Cake is very helpful to boost their pronunciation ability. Students can get direct correction of their pronunciation after their voice is processed by the application. Beside of that, students get their personal assistant of pronunciation that can help them to practice their pronunciation anytime anywhere. This feature made by a form of conversation of daily life, so the students get easier to engage and understand the conversation. These kind example of Cake features, there are many more features that help students to improve their pronunciation ability [9].
Conclusion
Based on the analysis of questionnaire, there are some perceptions of students toward the Cake Android-based application.
Most of students agree that this application help them to pronounce letter, consonant, vowel, diphthong, and sentences correctly, reduce students’ first language accent, nervousness, and anxiety, increase students’ confidence. Besides that, this application also easy to use for the students and has complete features to learn pronunciation. In conclusion, based on the explanation above, the researcher concluded that students give positive perceptions toward the Cake Android-based application which means they are feeling very helpful with the involving of the application in order to boost their pronunciation ability.
References
[1] Azkia, N. S (2021, June 18). Cake app Reviews. Retrieved from
Google Play:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.mycake&hl
=en_US&showAllReviews=true
[2] Fraser, H., & Perth, H. F. (1999). ESL pronunciation teaching:
Could it be more effective. Australian Language Matters, 7(4), 7-8 [3] Gavran, S. (2013). The Importance of English Language Learning
and Teaching in South Korea.
[4] Gerber, C. (1995). A general approach to speech recognition.
In Proceedings of the Final Workshop on Multimedia Information Retrieval (Miro'95) (pp. 1-12).
[5] Gilbert, J. B. (2008). Teaching pronunciation: Using the prosody pyramid. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
[6] Jaya, H., Sabran, Idris, M. M., Djawad, Y. A., Ilham, A., & Ahmar, A.
S. (2018). Kecerdasan Buatan. In Fakultas MIPA Universitas Negeri Makassar.
[7] Kamendakal, A (2021, July 02). Cake app Reviews. Retrieved
from Google Play:
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=me.mycake&hl
=en_US&showAllReviews=true
[8] Kim, I. S. (2006). Automatic speech recognition: Reliability and pedagogical implications for teaching pronunciation. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 9(1), 322-334
[9] Lawrence, R., & Juang, B. H. (1993). Fundamental of Speech Recognition Prentice-hall International.
[10] Lestari, D. D., Suryani, F. B., & Nuraeningsih, N. (2020).
Pronunciation Errors Made by EFL Student Teachers in Speech Performance. Prominent, 3(2).
[11] Moreno, A. I., & Vermeulen, A. (2015). Using VISP (Videos for Speaking), a mobile App based on Audio Description, to promote English Language Learning among Spanish Students: a case study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 178, 132-138.
[12] Silalahi, R. M. P. (2017). Pronunciation problems of Indonesian EFL learners: An error analysis. Journal of English Language and Culture, 6(2).
[13] Sugiyono, D. (2008). Metode penelitian bisnis. Bandung: Pusat Bahasa Depdiknas.
[14] Tsai, P. H. (2006). Bridging pedagogy and technology: User evaluation of pronunciation oriented CALL software. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 22(3).
[15] Yanthi, W. (2021). The Use of Cake Application in Teaching Speaking to Senior High School’s Students. In Bogor English Student and Teacher (BEST) Conference (Vol. 2, pp. 165-170).
Combination of Curcumin and Honey as Supporting Therapy for Typhoid Fever in Children
Ami Febriza9 Introduction
Typhoid fever is one of the most common diseases in children.
The prevalence of typhoid disease in the world reaches 21 million cases, with a figure of deaths reaching 128,000-161,000 [1]. The highest cases occur in Asian countries, especially developing countries. That is because developing countries tend to have poor sanitation. Meanwhile, the number of cases of typhoid fever in Indonesia is estimated to reach 900,000 per year [2].
Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by the bacteria Salmonella typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella paratyphi (S. Paratyphi)[3].
Some of the symptoms that can arise, include fever that rises periodically, headache, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, relative bradycardia, hepatosplenomegaly, and leukopenia [2]. When our body is infected with S. Typhi, our body will hold out in response to the innate immunity response. A special marker molecule of a Gram-negative bacterium is lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is immediately recognize by protein receptors on the host, which is the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) receptor, TLR-4 binds to LPS [4].
The primary treatment for typhoid fever in children is using antibiotics. Antibiotics work by inhibiting growth of bacteria.
However, long-term use of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance.
S. Typhi was reported to be resistant to antibiotics known as Multiple Drug Resistant (MDR), which occurred first in 1974 [5], [6]. In view the high morbidity of typhoid fever, an increasing number of relapses, and cases of MDR S. Typhi bacteria, attempts to combine the antimicrobial agent and herbal remedies have attracted great interest.
Curcumin and honey are compounds that have been proven to have antibacterial effects. There is a body of evidence that suggest that curcumin can induce the expression of antimicrobial peptide, Cathelicidin, through a vitamin D receptor-independent pathway [7].
9 University of Muhammadiyah Makassar, [email protected]
Evidence from other studies suggest that curcumin works by denaturing or destroying bacterial cell membrane so that the cell metabolism process in bacteria is disrupted and effect bacterial death [8], [9]. A recent study conclude that there was evidence to support that honey also had antimicrobial effect. Honey has antibacterial properties, especially against multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. Typhi [10].
Discussions Typhoid Fever
S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi are bacteria that spread through the fecal-oral route. These bacteria will enter the human body through the mouth along with food or drink. After the bacteria enter the mouth, the bacteria will go to the stomach. However, not all bacteria can pass through the stomach, some bacteria will die when exposed to stomach acid, which is the body's barrier or immune system, and the remaining bacteria will continue to the small intestine. Bacteria will return to the circulatory system, cause bacteremia. The bacteria will travel to the spleen, stomach, and bile, causing several effects. In the stomach, bacteria will cause stomach acid to increase. While in the spleen and bile will cause pain. This causes nausea and vomiting, which results in decreased appetite so that nutrition is not balanced. Bacteria will enter the small intestine, proliferate, and release endotoxins that cause inflammation of the body. This inflammation triggers the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center to increase the temperature.
An increase in temperature causes symptoms of hyperthermia or fever [11].
Typhoid fever has an incubation period of 10-14 days. Acute typhoid fever has systemic symptoms in the form of fever, both gradually and continuously. Other symptoms that dominate are fever for more than a week and fluctuating (30-100%). Fever will increase at night and decrease in the morning. This is due to the activity of Salmonella typhi bacteria (S. Typhi) being more active at night.
Furthermore, headache (43%-90%), gastrointestinal symptoms in the form of abdominal pain; nausea and vomiting; and constipation or diarrhea (30%). Other non-specific symptoms include chills, muscle aches, dizziness, coughing, weakness, sore throat, and anorexia.
Typhoid fever also causes Gastrointestinal disorders such as halitosis (bad breath), cracked and dry lips, and meteorismus [12], [13].
Typhoid fever often occurs in children aged 5-9 years and also infants. School-age children have a higher risk of developing typhoid fever. This is because school-age children tend to choose snacks indiscriminately with poor hygiene. Typhoid fever is also more
common in men than women. This is because the presence of the X chromosome will provide immunity against infection [14].
Typhoid fever in children is influenced by two factors, namely internal and external factors and external. Internal factors come from a person's habits and cleanliness, such as snacking carelessly and washing hands before eating. Snacks indiscriminately have a higher chance of contamination by Salmonella bacteria. Furthermore, external factors can be caused by an unsanitary lifestyle, such as inadequate clean water supply, dirty or polluted water, latrines that do not meet standards, and littering that facilitates the spread of bacteria. Another external factor is economic problems. The low economy causes the quality of food, shelter, and other facilities to below to increase the spread of the bacteria[15].
Treatment of typhoid fever is focused on stopping the growth of S. Typhi. The most common treatment in Indonesia currently with antibiotics. Antibiotics that are often given are ciprofloxacin because the antibiotic can penetrate macrophages and strains that are resistant to many drugs. Other often used antibiotics are chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, fluoroquinolone, and cephalosporin [3].
Figure 1. Diagram showing target sites of antimicrobial agents Antibiotic resistance has been around as long as antibiotics are applied to treat infection. This may have been addressed by previous studies that explain the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance for S. Typhi infection. Bacteria can resist the effects of antibiotics by inactivation of the antimicrobial agent, efflux or transport of the antimicrobial agent, modification of the antimicrobial
site and decreased permeability of the antimicrobial agent [3]. These resistance properties cause bacteria to will not work if given antibiotics with the same dose continuously so that its effectiveness decreases.
Curcumin
Curcumin is a compound found in the turmeric plant. This plant is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. Turmeric is a plant with anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties[16]. Curcumin works by denaturing or destroying bacterial cell membrane so that bacteria's cell metabolism process is disrupted and affects bacterial death [8]. The results of the study adds to the growing body of evidence that curcumin had antimicrobial activity [9], [17]. Curcumin can also bind to vitamin D receptors and stimulate the expression of an antibacterial protein called Cathelicidin [7]. This clearly demonstrated the consistency with other study that given curcumin with dose 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg can promote and induced expression of Cathelidicin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) mRNA gene [18].
Figure 2. Chemical structure of Curcumin [19]
The mechanism of curcumin as an antimicrobial begins with curcumin binding to the Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) as a potential ligand. In addition after binding with VDR, curcumin will induce the mRNA expression of CAMP. This binding causes formation and an increasing the level of Cathelicidin in the tissues [18].
Honey
Honey is a natural product formed from nectar of flowers by bees and has been used for several countries [20]. There are numerous evidences in the literature regarding the effects of honey as antioxidant [21], antibacterial [22], inflammatory, anti-diabetic[23], and protective effect for system digestive health [24].
The highest honey content is carbohydrates which consist of 95-97%. The fructose and glucose content can draw water from the
lumen of the digestive tract to return to the bloodstream, increasing the rate of absorption. As the rate of absorption increases, the waste of fluids and electrolytes can be prevented, thereby reducing the symptoms of diarrhea caused by S. Typhi. In addition, honey contains other major compounds, such as proteins, vitamins, amino acids, minerals, and organic acids [25].
Figure 3. Composition of average amount per 100 gram honey Honey has benefits as an antibacterial, especially against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi. MDR is resistant to all types of antibiotics. The pro-inflammatory properties of honey can suppress the production of free radicals in the body so that S. Typhi can be killed. The decrease in the number of free radicals causes fever due to inflammation to decrease [10].
Conclusions
As discussed in the previous section, we concluded that the combination of curcumin and honey could possibly as adjuvant for treating typhoid fever caused by S. Typhi. The combination of the two agents is expected to be able to treat the symptoms of typhoid fever more effectively in children because it is easy to consume.
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