Determination of Anatomical Morphology in Turkey spp. (Meleagris gallopavo) for postmortem diagnosis with histomorphological features of liver. The study aimed to investigate the anatomical (body weight, proventriculus, proventriculus-gizzard junction, liver and cecum) and histological (liver) characteristics of the turkey to identify the gross and hismorphological characteristics for postmortem diagnosis of disease. These prominent anatomical and histological features of various internal organs of turkey will be effective for postmortem diagnosis and treatment of turkey and it will help to differentiate in diagnosis between infectious diseases of turkey.
Turkey meat can be one of the best options for alternative protein source in Bangladesh. But turkey production has not been fully exploited in Bangladesh including other developing countries despite its huge potential over other poultry species due to lack of some anatomical knowledge useful for turkey disease diagnosis by post mortem analysis. Lots of vets regularly diagnose chicken, duck and pigeon disease based on post mortem analysis. Therefore the number of their industry is increasing day by day by getting proper treatment.
This information helps in post-mortem diagnosis of diseased birds and appropriate treatment. Although all data are important for distinguishing normal organ morphology from pathological conditions, no such information is available for turkey spp. However, few studies have been done before on the anatomy of turkeys worldwide, but it is very important to know some of the anatomy of visceral organs for post-mortem turkeys spp. regarding the diagnosis of diseases such as chickens, ducks, pigeons and other common types of poultry.
The aim of the study is to determine the anatomical morphology of some important visceral organs (Proventriculus, proventriculus-gastric junction, cecum and liver) in turkey species.
Study area and study population
Pre-examination of the turkey before slaughtering
Collection of sample
Required Instruments
Required Media and reagents
Methods for studying Gross anatomy of the visceral organs
Collection of specimen
Processing of tissue
- Killing
- Fixation of Specimen
- Tagging of Specimen
- Washing of fixed tissue
- Dehydration
- Cleaning
- Infiltration
- Embedding
- Sectioning
- Floating of Section in Water Bath
- Attaching of Section on Glass slide
- Drying
Tissue segments were immersed in Bouin's solution for a period of 1 h for pre-fixation, and then large pieces of tissue were trimmed to a smaller size. It was then immersed in neutral buffered formalin for 72 h to complete fixation. Individual segments were marked with marking paper using thread and a needle, indicating their name.
The label paper was previously made and paraffinized for less destruction on contact with alcohol and water. This was done to avoid any unexpected interference with subsequent processes, as it helps to remove excess fixative from tissue samples. To remove water content from tissue samples, dehydration was performed through the tissue sample in successively increasing alcohol concentration (Photo).
After completion of dehydration, the tissue specimens were subjected to successive changes of xylene until the alcohol was replaced from the tissue. After completion of infiltration, the tissue samples were placed between two L-shaped corners and filled with molten paraffin to create a paraffin block. The paraffin block was then mounted on the specimen holder, cleared of excess paraffin and clamped into the block holder on the microtome, adjusting the knife clamp towards the paraffin block and slowly starting the sectioning.
The paraffin block with tissue was cut at a thickness of 6 μm using a sliding microtome machine using a disposable carbon knife. After cutting, the ribbon-like sections were floated into a lukewarm water bath to be stretched below the melting temperature (60°C) of paraffin. The well-spread ribbons containing sections from the water bath were transferred to slides labeled as labeled with a diamond pencil.
The slides are then dried in a warmer machine for a few minutes and then allowed to air dry for 12 hours before staining. After staining the tissue sections with the slide, they were protected with a thin coverslip mounted on the slide with "Canada Balsam" as mounting medium.
Histomorphology
On the other hand, the highest proventriculus width in women was 2 cm and the lowest was 1.7 cm. It was also found that the mean diameter of proventriculus in men and women was cm and cm respectively according to the table. The highest diameter of the proventriculus in men was 3.7 cm and the lowest value was 3.5 cm.
These results show that both the width and diameter of the proventriculus in men were longer than those in women. In men, the highest length, width, and diameter of the junction between the proventriculus and the gizzard were 2 cm, 1 cm, and 2.5 cm, while the lowest were 1.7 cm, 0.7 cm, and 2.1 cm. On the other hand, in women, the highest length, width and diameter of the junction between the proventriculus and the gizzard in women were 2 cm, 1.1 cm and 3.5 cm, while the lowest length, width and diameter of the junction between the proventriculus and the gizzard were 1 cm, 0.6 cm. and 3 cm respectively.
It represents that the length, width and diameter of the proventriculus stomach in men were greater than that of women. The cranial ends of the lobes were very close to the heart. The left lobe was prism-shaped and smaller than the right lobe. The lumen of each cecum was usually wider than in other parts of the intestinal tract.
The wall of each cecum was thinner than in other parts of the intestinal tract. Previous research has shown that most of the inner surface of the turkey proventriculus was reddish in color and contained longitudinally arranged multi-row carter-like holes containing a deep gland in the proventriculus mucosa (Malewitz and Calhoun, 1958; McLelland, 1990). . 23 | P a g e digestive system (McLeod, 1939; Gowthaman et al., 2013), but none of them mentioned the length, width and diameter of the junction between the proventriculus and the gizzard.
In terms of size and weight, it can be said that the length, width and diameter of the proventriculus-stomach junction will be smaller in domestic chickens than in turkeys. There were no papillae and folds in the mucosa of the preventricular and gastric junction, but it was more pronounced in the mucosa of the preventricular. The microscopic result of this study, especially the pattern of distribution of different cells in the liver, was the same as in other domesticated chickens (Malewitz and Calhoun, 1958; Dellmann and Brown, 1976; Samuelson, 2007).
Ultimately, turkey farming will be more popular and profitable than broiler and layer chicken farming, filling the country's protein demand and improving the country's economy. Finally, we can say that the findings of this study can be useful for post-mortem diagnosis, differentiation between infectious diseases of turkey, for effective treatment and finally for the economy of the country. Age-related changes in the microscopic anatomy of the digestive system of Japanese quail (Coutrnix japonica).
Gross and microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract, spleen, kidneys, lungs and heart of the turkey.
