ASAS PERLINDUNGAN NASABAH DEBITUR
BERDASARKAN SITEM BANK SYARI’AH
T E S I S
0 l e h
M U L H A D I
992105120
ASAS PERUNDUNGAN NASABAH DEBITUR
Secara eksplisit sulit ditemukan ketentuan mengenai perlindungan nasabah debitur dalam UU Perbankan No.10 tahun 1998, sebagian besar pasal-pasalnya hanya terkonsentrasi pada aspek kepentingan bank, sehingga kedudukan nasabah debitur sangat lemah bila ditinjau dari hubungan kontraktual dengan bank. Dalam perjanjian kredit misalnya, tidak jarang nasabah debitur ditempatkan pada posisi yang sangat dilematis. Perjanjian kredit yang biasanya standard contract, senantiasa membebani nasabah debitur dengan berbagai macam kewajiban hingga tanggung jawab atas resiko yang ditimbulkan selama perjanjian berlangsung ditimpakan kepada nasabah, akhirnya memunculkan tanggung jawab minus dari pihak bank:Padahal beban bunga yang tinggi sudah cukup membebani nasabah debitur.
Bunga sebagai ciri khas dalam praktek perbankan konvensional lebih memberikan kepastian keuntungan bagi bank, jumlah bunga yang harus dibayar debitur kepada bank ditentukan di muka dan sudah pasti jumlah persentasenya. Kehadiran bank syari'ah yang dimotori berdirinya Bank Muamalat Indonesia (13/VI) pada bulan Mei 1992 dengan sistem bagi hasil, telah memberikan angin segar bagi dunia perbankan Indonesia, apalagi sambutan masyarakat khususnya umat Islam yang lebih dari 1/3 jumlahnya masih enggan melakukan hubungan dengan bank konvensional karena bunga dipandang tidak adil dan hukumnya haram. Dukungan ini wajar mengingat sasaran bank Islam dengan sistem non-bunganya tidak hanya golongan ekonomi mapan, tetapi terutama ingin meningkatkan taraf hidup dan kemapanan ekonomi golongan ekonomi menengah ke bawah. Bagaimana mungkin Islam akan mentolerir praktek bunga/riba sedangkan pada sisi lain Islam memerintahkan untuk berlaku adil dan tolong-menolong dalam meringankan beban antara sesama umat khususnya sesama muslim.
Penelitian ini berjudul “Asas Perlindungan Nasabah Debitur Berdasarkan Sistem Bank Syari'ah”, dengan tiga pokok permasalahan yakni, (a). asas-asas apa saja
* Fakultas Hukum Universitas Sumatera Utara
yang terdapat dalam ketentuan perbankan syari'ah (yang bersumber pada Al-Qur'an dan Hadits) berkaitan dengan perlindungan nasabah debitur: (b). apa landasan filosofis pentingnya perlindungan bagi nasabah debitur bank syari'ah; serta (c). bagaimana penerapan asas tersebut dalam setiap perjanjian kredit bank syari'ah. Permasalahan ini diharapkan dapat di jawab dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif.
Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui penelusuran literatur/dokumen (library research).
kemudian datanya di analisis dengan menggunakan teknik analisis interpretatif kualitatif induktif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa asas (dalam Al-qur'an dan Hadits) yang dianggap dan bisa dikonkretisasi sebagai asas perlindungan bagi nasabah debitur. Asas-asas tersebut antara lain; (a). Asas-asas pelarangan bunga/bagi hasil; (b). Asas-asas itikad baik (c).Asas-asas kesepakatan; (d). asas keseimbangan/keadilan; (e). asas kebersamaan/kemitraan; serta (f). asas persaudaraan dan tolong-menolong. Asas-asas tersebut juga ditemukan dalam Peraturan Perbankan saat ini, misalnya, (a). asas kesepakatan; (b). asas kehati-hatian; (c). asas non-diskriminasi serta; (d). asas k e t e r b u k a a n . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , a s a s p e l a r a n g a n b u n g a / b a g i h a s i l , keseimbangan/keadilan, kemitraan/kebersamaan, serta asas persaudaraan dan tolong, menolong merupakan beberapa asas yang, khusus dimiliki oleh bank berdasarkan prinsip syari'ah, yang tidak ditemukan pada bank dengan sistem bunga. Sementara itu, yang dijadikan landasan filosofis pentingnya perlindungan nasabah debitur adalah segala ketentuan yang berintikan pada pengayoman/keberpihakan serta perlindungan terhadap kaum lemah, dan ketentuan ini sangat terkait dengan konsep persaudaraan dan tolong-menolong dalam Islam. Walaupun akad/perjanjian kredit bank-bank syari'ah di kota Medan pencantuman klausula eksonerasi masih ada, di dalamnva juga ditemukan beberapa asas perlindungan kepada nasabah debitur. Asas-asas tersebut antara lain: (a). asas pelarangan bunga/bagi basil; (b). asas itikad baik; (c). asas kesepakatan; serta (d). asas kemitraan/kebersamaan.
Kata-kata kunci: Asas
P R I N C I P L E S O F D E B T O R C U S T O M E R P R O T E C T I O N
Explicitly it is difficult to find provision on debtor client protection in Banking Act No.10 of 1998. Most of provision in that act focused only in the aspect of the bank interest; therefore debtor customer’s position is weak on the perspective on contractual relationship on with the bank. For instance, in credit contract, 'debtor customer is always placed in position dilemma. Credit contract, which is in fowl of standard contract, was always burdened debtor customer with various obligations and also with responsibilities for risk raised in the period of the contract. This situation, eventually, resulting in minus responsibilities upon the bank. Whereas, responsibility of high interest has gave enough burden to debtor customers. Interest as special feature in conventional banking practice gives more certainty in profit to bank. Amount of interest, which must be paid by debtor to bank, is determined previously and have definite percentage. The present of shariah bank, which is initiated by establishment of Bank Muamalat Indonesia on May 1992, with its production sharing system has gave fine opportunity to Indonesian Banking. Moreover, there are good peoples respond, especially Moslem community, which is more than 1/3 are reluctant to have any connection with conventional bank due to interest is considered as unfair and forbidden based on Islamic Law. This support is proper if we consider that target of Islamic bank, with its non-interest system, is not only strong economic group, but also want to raise the standard of living and economic ability of low and middle economic group. How could Islam tolerate interest practice whereas in other side Islam give order to its follower to act fairly and give mutual aid in order to lighten other people's burden especially amongst the Moslem.
This research has title of “Principles of Debtor Customer Protection Based on Shariah Bank System”, with three main problem, which are : (a) what principles that contain in provision of shariah banking system (which based on al-Qur'an and Hadits)
* Faculty of Law, University of North Sumatera
in connection to debtor customer protection; (b) what this philosophy based on the e s s e n t i a l o f s h a r i a h b a n k d e b t o r c u s t o m e r p r o t e c t i o n - , a n d ( c ) h o w i s t h e implementation of that principles in every shariah bank credit contract. That problem expected to be answered by using normative juridicial approach. Data was collected t h r o u g h l i b r a r y r e s e a r c h , t h e n w a s a n a l y s e d b y u s i n g i n d u c t i v e - q u a l i t a t i v e interpretative-analytic technique.
Result of research shows that there are some principles (in al-Qur'an and Hadits) that are considered and could be actualized as principles of protection to debtor customer. Those principles are (a) principle if interest prohibition; (b) principle of good faith; (c) principle of agreement; (d) principle of equality/justice; (e) principle of partnership/collective and (f) principle of brotherhood and mutual aid. Those principles are also could be found in recent Banking Regulation, for example: ( a) p r i n c i p l e o f a g r e e me n t ; ( b ) p r i n ci p l e o f c a r e f u ln es s ; ( c ) p ri n c ipl e o f n on -discrimination, and (d) principle of disclosure. For those reasons, principle of interest prohibition; principle of equality/justice; principle of partnership/collective; and principle of brotherhood and mutual aid are some principles especially existing in shariah bank. Those principles can not be found in interest system banks. Meanwhile, what to become philosophic base in the necessity for debtor customer protection was every principles abstracted of guardianship, partiality and protection to the lower classes. Those principles have strong connection with Islamic conception of brotherhood and mutual aid. Although in the loan agreement of shariah bank in city of Medan still have exoneration clauses, but we can also found some principles which gave protection to debtor customer. Those principles are (a) principle of interest provision; (b) principle of good faith; (c) principle of agreement; and (d) principle of partnership/collective.
Keys words : Principles
