AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ POLITENESS STRATEGY IN CHARLES DICKEN’S NOVEL
“OLIVER TWIST”
THESIS
By: Duwi Astuti
07360186
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ POLITENESS STRATEGY IN CHARLES DICKEN’S NOVEL
“OLIVER TWIST”
THESIS
This thesis is submitted to meet one of the requirements
to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
By: DUWI ASTUTI
07360186
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION UNIVERSITY OF MUHAMMADIYAH MALANG
iii
This thesis written by Duwi Astuti was approved on August 01st, 2012
By:
Advisor II, Advisor I,
This thesis was defended in front of the examiners of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of University of Muhammadiyah Malang
and eccepted as one of the requirements to achieve Sarjana Degree in English Education
on August 01st, 2012
Approved by:
Faculty of Teacher Training and Education University of Muhammadiyah Malang
Dean,
Dr. M. Syaifuddin, M.M.
Examiners: Signatures:
1. Dra. Erly Wahyuni, M. Si. 1. ………..
2. Santi Prastiyowati, S. Pd. 2. ………..
3. Dra. Thathit Manon Andini, M. Hum. 3. ………..
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MOTTO AND DEDICATION
لن
ترجع
الايام
التي
مضت
DON’T WAIT TILL TOMORROW WHAT YOU CAN DO TODAY
Dedication:
I dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved Father and mother,
My beloved Husband,
My sister and nieces,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
Alhamdulilah, all Praises to Allah, the King of the King, the Most Merciful, and the Most Gracious, who has given her the guidance and blessing in finishing this thesis entitled “Politeness Strategies in Charles Dickens’ novel “Oliver Twist”. Sholawat and Salam are also delivered to Prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought Islam as the Rahmatan Lil Alamiin.
Then, the researcher would like to express her great appreciation and thanks to the people who have helped her in completing this thesis. She thanks to:
1. Her first advisor, Dra. Thathit Manon Andini, M. Hum and her second advisor, DR. Sri Hartiningsih, M. M, for the guidance, suggestion, correction, and comment on this thesis. Without their guidance, this thesis would have never finished.
2. Her beloved parents, Mamak Ponirah and Saamito, who always pray, support, and affection during writing this thesis.
3. Her beloved husband, Jamal Dwi Tunggal, who always give motivation and support during writing this thesis.
4. Her lovely sister and brother (Rusiati and Akhyar Hadi Mustofa) and also her lovely nieces ( Wedari Aris Sejati and Izza Anjani Mustofa) who give motivation.
5. Her great Friends Leonita, Alif, Cicik, Dennis, and many more (her friends in D class “2007”)
Malang, August 01st, 2012
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS’ POLITENESS STRATEGY IN CHARLES DICKEN’S NOVEL
“OLIVER TWIST”
ABSTRACT
Literature gives pleasure to readers. It may become an interesting and advantageous subject because readers can obtain enjoyable and valuable informationwhich are related to their life. Novel is a long work of narrative prose fiction, because its length. By reading a novel, the reader will get many advantages such as messages, new experience and knowledge about human life. This study was conducted to analyze the main characters’ politeness strategy in Charles Dickens’ novel “Oliver Twist”. The analysis was focused on the main characters’ politeness strategy, The way how the politeness strategy is done by the main characters and the occasion of politeness strategy used by the main characters.
This study used descriptive qualitative research design because the researcher describes and interpreted phenomena that existed in the novel without presenting number. The technique used in this research was library research. This study used objective approach because the researcher only studied the content of the novel and did not need study the author’s life. The object of this study was Charles Dickens’ novel “Oliver Twist”. The data were taken from quotations of paragraphs and dialogues that were presented in the novel.
The results of this study showed that (1) there were four kinds of politeness strategy used by the main characters: Oliver Twist, Fagin and Nancy. They used positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, bald on record strategy and off record strategy in several conditions in the story. (2) Then, there were two terms of politeness strategy that are used by the main characters: Oliver Twist, Fagin and Nancy. They used “face threatening and physical gesture” with bent of the body and wink the eyes to show their emotion. (3) The last, positive politeness strategy, negative politeness strategy, bald on record strategy and off record strategy are used by the main characters in the several occassion especially when they take a conversation with the other people, for example when Nancy came to the Oliver Twist’s house to apologize for her mistake.
Keywords: Politeness strategy, Main characters, Oliver Twist.
The Advisor I, The Researcher,
Dra. Thathit Manon Andini, M. Hum Duwi Astuti
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Literature ... 7
2.2 Kinds of Literature ... 7
2.3 Novel ... 8
2.4 Kinds of Novel ... 9
2.5 Elements of Novel ... 11
2.5.1 Character and Characterization ... 11
2.5.2 Characteristic ... 12
2.5.3 Point of View ... 13
2.5.4 Plot ... 14
2.5.5 Conflict ... 15
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Research Finding ... 26
4.1.1 The main characters’ Politeness strategy in Charles Dickens’s Novel “Oliver Twist” ... 26
4.1.1.1 Oliver Twist’ Politeness strategy ... 26
4.1.1.2 Fagin’s Politeness strategy ... 30
4.1.1.3 Nancy’s Politeness strategy ... 34
4.1.2 The main characters’ politeness strategy done in Charles Dickens’ novel “Oliver Twist” in the term of face threatening and physical gestures. ... 36
4.1.2.1 Oliver Twist ... 36
4.1.2.2 Fagin ... 39
4.1.3 The occasion of politeness strategy used by the main characters
in Charles Dickens’s Novel “Oliver Twist” ... 44
4.1.3.1 Oliver Twist ... 44
4.1.3.2 Fagin ... 47
4.1.3.3 Nancy ... 50
4.2. Discussion ... 52
4.3 Lesson ... 55
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 56
5.2 Suggestion ... 62
5.2.1 For the Readers ... 62
5.2.2 For the Next Researchers ... 63
5.2.3 For the literature lecturers ... 63
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TABLE OF APPENDIX
REFFERENCE
Arp, R. Thomas and Greg Johnson. 2006. Perrine’s literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense ( Ninth Edition). United States: Thomson Wadsworth.
Brown, Gillian and George Yule.1983. Discourse Analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P and S.C. Levinson. 1978. Universal in Language Phenomena. In Esther Brown, P. and Levinson, S. 1987, Politeness: Some Universal in Language Usage,
Combridge: Combridge University Press.
Cumming, E.E. 1995. Poetry: Complete Poems. Criticism: A Miscellany, ed. George J.
Fitriyana, Yuli. 2007. Politeness Strategies in John Grisham’s novel the client. Goffman, E.1967.’On facework: an analysis of ritual elements in social
Interaction’, in Jaworski, A.,and Coupland, N. (eds.) The Discourse Reader, London: Routledge, pp. 306-321.
Goody, Esthern.1996. Question and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Griffith, Kelly. 1982. Writing Essays About Literature: A Guide and Style Sheet. USA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
Holmes, Janet. 1992. An Introduction to Sociolinguistik. England: Longman Group UK.
Kennedy, X. J. 1983. Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (Third Edition). Canada: Little Brown & Company.
Koesnosoebroto, SB. 1988. The Anatomy of Prose Fiction. Jakarta: Depdikbud, Dikti, P2LPTK.
Lakoff, R. 1973: “The Logic of Politeness: or minding your P’S and Q’S”. In Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago University Press, 292-305.
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Macmillan. 1984. Appreciating Literature. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Mayer, Michael. 1990. The Bedford Introduction to Literature. New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press.
Mills, S. (forthcoming,a) Michel Foucault, London, Routledge. (forthcoming,b) Third Wave Feminist Linguistics and the Analysis of Sexism, Cambridge University Press.
_______, (2002) ‘Class, gender and politeness’ paper to the Politeness and Power conference, Loughborough University.
N. goody (ed), Question and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, pp.56-289. Cambridge University Press.
Rahmawati. 2008. An Analysis of Politeness Strategies used by The Main Craracter in “Get Rich or Die”. Unpublished Thesis, UIN University of Islamic Malang.
Sudjiman. 1964. Apresiasi Kesusastraan. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama http://www.filmeducation.org/olivertwist/teachercentre).
http://www.innovateus.net/innopedia/what-meaning-protagonist.
http://www.enotes.com/literary-terms/antagonist.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains about: background of study, problem of the study, object of study, significance of the study, scope of the study, and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is a medium of cultural society which has the destiny of human life such as their problem, conflict and struggle of life. It represented the story of reality in human thoughts, feeling, behavior and attitudes originality through the imagination and concrete situation.
According to Berger and Lucman,
"Literature" is at times differentiated from popular and ephemeral classes of writing. Terms such as "literary fiction" and "literary merit" are used to distinguish individual works as art-literature rather than vernacular writing, and some critics exclude works from being "literary", for example, on grounds of weak or faulty style, use of slang, poor characterization and shallow or contrived construction. Others exclude all genres such as romance, crime and mystery, science fiction, horror and fantasy. Pop lyrics, which are not technically a written medium at all, have also been drawn into this controversy (1989:80).
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perceive some one’s mind in wonderfull way of writing and became memorable text. In short, literature is a valuable writting works on a particular subject.
According to Cumming (1995:8) there are many kinds of literary works such as poem, short story, drama, and novel. Novel, as one of literary works, is a literary text that is valued by its culture that used special language and that effects people with emotions that bring them into the imaginary world.
In this research, the researcher would like to analyze the politeness strategy on the novel of “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens. Politeness is an expression of concern for the feelings of others (Janet Holmes, 1995: 45) it means that politeness will be used to refer to behavior which actively expresses positive concern for others. But Mills (2003: 6) has also proposed with definitions of politeness which assume analysts can categorize utterances as affinitive or distancing, questioning "the notion that most people would agree about what constitutes a polite or impolite act" Being polite therefore consists of attempting to save face for another. Politeness theory states that some speech acts threaten others’ face needs. Politeness principles have been considered to have wide descriptive power in respect of language use (Lakoff, 1973).
Politeness strategies are developed in order to formulate messages in order to save the hearer’s face when face threatening acts are inevitable or desired. This means that the speaker avoids embarrassing the listener or making him feels uncomfortable. (http:// www. Free Wikipedia. Politeness.Com)
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smoothly. Brown and Levinson (in Goody, 1996: 2) state that one recognizes what people are doing in verbal exchange (e.g Requesting, offering, criticizing) not so much by what they overtly claim to be doing as in the fine linguistic detail of their utterance. Although, speaking politeness shows the feeling of speakers.
In this research, the researcher analyzes the politeness strategy used by the main of three characters in the novel “Oliver Twist”. The reseacher is interested to analyze this novel because this novel tells about 18 century custom and behavior. The story is about young orphan who lived in workhouse with the house’s owner. Over time, he had certain politeness in every dialogue such as young statement, who at the next meal tremblingly comes forward, bowl in hand, and makes his famous request: "Please, Sir, I want some more.” Several times later, he walked to London and met
some bad person then became a thief. Finally, he was adopted by his grandfather’s friend and lived happily.
In the previous research done by Rahmawati (2008) with the titled “An Analysis of politeness strategies used by the main character in “Get Rich or Die
Trying” Movie shows the strategies are mostly positive politeness such as attend to
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strategy used by the main characters in the novel to have deep understanding about human characteristic especially through dialogues, gestures, face expression and setting of the novel.
Based on the explanation above the researcher analyzed the politeness strategy in the main characters of “Oliver Twist” in Charles Dickens’ novel. They are Nancy, Oliver, and Fagin (the Jewish person). The researcher expects that there is a new impact from the analysis process in order to have a new knowledge in the term of politeness strategy.
1.2 Statement of problem
Based on the background above, the problems of this study are stated as follows:
1. What is the main characters’ politeness strategy in Charles Dickens’s novel “Oliver Twist”?
2. How is the politeness strategy done by the main characters in Charles Dickens’s novel “Oliver Twist”?
3. In what occasion the politeness strategy is used by the main characters in Charles Dickens’s novel “Oliver Twist”?
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Based on the statement of the problem above, the purpose of the study is: 1. To describe the main characters’ politeness strategy in Charles Dickens’s
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2. To analyze the main characters’ politeness strategy that is done in Charles Dickens’s novel “Oliver Twist”
3. To explain the main characters’ occasion of politeness strategy is used in Charles Dickens’s novel “Oliver Twist”
1.4 Significance of Study
The result of this study is expected to be useful for the readers about the story of “Oliver Twist”, thus they may know the causes and the impact of politeness strategy in human life. The researcher also hopes it can give contribution to the further researchers who want to conduct the similar term of study with different topic.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
In this study the researcher focuses on the main characters’ politeness strategy in the “Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens, prominently in the content area of daily conversation and occasion indeed, including the way of gestures and face expression.
1.6 Definition of the key term
In order to avoid misinterpretation among the readers of this research, the writer explains the definition of the key term below according to their meaning and contexts.
1. Analysis is a description about the element that has purpose to comprehend
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2. Politeness strategies are communicative devices for redressing the treats
inherent in verbal and nonverbal utterances (Brown and Levinson. 1978). Politeness strategy is under threat or that there are changing forms of
appropriate behavior as the sense among certain member of the community (Mills, 2003: 6), it means that politeness strategy is threatening utterances to have appropriate sense of characters between human
3. Novel is a long work of narrative prose fiction, because of its length; a novel
can picture life with all of its richness, complexity, and contradiction. (Macmilan, 1987:491)
4. The main character is the major character that specializes plays the most rule
of the story in the novel. They have capacity to run over the story whether it’s good or bad ending.
5. Oliver Twist (main character) is a young mild boy who lived in the orphanage
house for seven years before he started the unforgettable dangerous journey to find his destiny. He is the main character of Dicken’s most popular novel.
