A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND KARONESE
A THESIS
BY
SARTIKA PASARIBU REG. NO: 110721006
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH
A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCE
BETWEEN ENGLISH AND KARONESE
A THESIS
SARTIKA PASARIBU REG. NO : 110721006
SUPERVISOR CO – SUPERVISOR
Dr. Matius CA. Sembiring, MA Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, MA NIP. 195211126 198112 1 001 NIP. 19610703198601 1 001
Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana in English Literature
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES
Approved by the English Department Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as Thesis for the Sarjana Examination.
Head Secretary
Accepted by the Board Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.
The examination is held in the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on July 19, 2013.
The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara
Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA NIP. 19511013 197603 1 001
Board of Examiners
Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS ………
Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum ………
Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, MA.Ph.D ………
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION
I am Sartika Pasaribu declares that I am the sole author of this thesis except where reference is made in text of this thesis. This thesis contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole. Or in part from a thesis by which I have qualified for awarded another degree. No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgment in the main text of this thesis. This thesis has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.
SIGNED : ………..
COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
NAME : SARTIKA PASARIBU
TITLE OF THESIS :A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF
IMPERATIVE SENTENCE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND KARONESE
QUALIFICATION : S1 / SARJANA SASTRA DEPARTMENT : ENGLISH
I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR REPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON UNDERSTANDING THAT USERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR OBLIGATION UNDER THE LAW OF REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.
SIGNED : ………..
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Syalom
First, I would like to thank my God for His blessing because I am still alive until this day and time. All my life absolutely on His wish and I am proud to be Your child.
On this occasion, I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies, Dr. H. Syahron Lubis, MA, The Head of English Department Dr. H. Muhizar Muchtar, MS and Secretary of English Department Dr. Hj. Nurlela, M. Hum thanks for all your guidance and knowledge that you have given to me during my studies the faculty. Then, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Matius CA. Sembiring, MA and my So-Supervisor Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, MA. Thank you for your kindness and care who have taught and guided me in finishing my thesis. I believe God will compersate your kindness and care.
For my family especially my father and mother, I also want to thank you for your support and advice everyday and everytime especially in finishing my study in The University of Sumatera Utara. Besides support and advice, you also taught me to be always patient and brave for everything including to finish the thesis.
Also, I would like to thank to my sisters and brothers, Risnawaty, Hernita, Fernando, Elvan, Ramin, Esra ; wherever you are, I want to thank you for your attention and care given to me. You always teach me that life must go on and you said to me that you should be better than us, and it is a great support to finish my thesis.
I also would like to thank my friends, Lenni Simanjuntak, AMd, Eva Tambunan, Catherine Haloho, Desri Pasaribu who gave me support and spirit to finish my thesis. Thank you very much to all people who cannot be mentioned here one by one.
Finally, I realize that my thesis is still far from being perfect, therefore, I hope this thesis will be useful for all the readers. Thank you all.
May God bless us, Amen.
Medan
The writer
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
AUTHOR’S DECLARATION COPYRIGHT DECLARATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... i
ABSTRACT………. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS……… vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study………... 1
1.2 Problem of the Study……….. 4
1.3 Objective of the Study……… 4
1.4 Scope of the Study……….. 4
1.5 Significance of the Study……… 4
1.6 Method of the Study……….5
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Contrastive Analysis Theory... 7
2.2 Types of Sentence……….……….8
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY 3.1 Research Method……….... 13
3.2 Data and Data Source………. 13
3.3 Location……….. 13
3.4 Data Collecting Method………. 14
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Imperative sentence in Karonese……….……… 17
4.1.1 Types of Imperative Sentence in Karonese…….17
4.1.2 Function of Imperative Sentence in Karonese….20 4.1.2.1 Command……….…………... 20
4.1.2.2 Request………...…………. 21
4.1.2.3 Invitation………..…………22
4.1.2.4 Suggestion………...….24
4.1.2.5 Expectation………..…………25
4.1.2.6 Prohibition………..…… 27
4.1.3 Marker of Imperative Sentence In Karonese……… 28
4.1.3.1 Request………..……… 28
4.1.3.2 Invitation……… 29
4.1.3.3 Suggestion……….. 30
4.1.3.4 Advice……… 30
4.1.3.5 Prohibition……….………. 31
4.1.3.6 Compulsion……… 32
4.1.3.7 Warning……….………. 33
4.2 Imperative Sentence in English………. 33
4.2.1 Types of Sentence in English……….. 33
4.2.2.2 Request……….…………. 38
4.2.2.3 Invitation……….……….. 39
4.2.2.4 Suggestion……….… 40
4.2.2.5 Advice……….. 41
4.2.2.6 Prohibition ……….42
4.1.3.1 Compulsion……….….. 43
4.2.3 Marker of Imperative Sentence In English……….……….. 43
4.2.3.1 Request………43
4.2.3.2 Invitation……… 46
4.2.3.3 Suggestion……….………..47
4.2.3.4 Prohibition……….…………..48
4.3 Findings………..50
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions………. 51
5.2 Suggestions………. 52
ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of the Study
Language is an important thing which is very close to human life since language is used by human to communicate in their daily activities. Language can express everything in people mind by using it. If people live in society without knowing their language, a lot of difficulties in communication my appear because of dissimilarity aspect of culture and behavior.
In other word, language can not be separated from the life of human being. We use language to express our desire, option, emotion, intentions, and ideas to other people. Everyone needs to interact and to communicate with each other. They need language as a tool of communication, verbal or unverbal.
Language is studied in Linguistics. Linguistic is the study of language as a system of human communication. Although studies of language phenomena have been carried out for centuries, it is only fairly recently that linguistic has been accepted as an dependent discipline.
Sapir (1921:8) says,” language is a purely human and non instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols”.
In my opinion this means that the language is non instinctive of communicating ideas, emotions, and desires.
Kentjono (2005:285) says, “Syntax is the studies how words combine to form sentence”. So syntax only studies about how words combine to form sentence.
Chomsky (1968) says, “Theory linguistics is concerned primarily with an ideal speaker listener in completely homogenous speech community, who knows its languages perfectly and is unaffected by such grammatically irrelevant conditions as memory limitations, distractions, shift attentions and interests and errors (randoms or characteristic) in applying his knowledge of the language in actual performance. To study a ctual linguistic performance we must consider the interaction of a variety of factors, of which the underlying competence is only one.
Frank (1972:220) states, “Sentence is the largest units of grammatical organization with which part of speech (example: nouns, verbs, adverbs) and grammatical clauses (example: word, phrase, and clause) are said to function”. Sentences can be divided into four, namely interrogative sentence, declarative sentence, exclamatory sentence, imperative sentence”.
Jackson (1986:98) says, “Sentence is a grammatical structure composed of one or more clauses and minimally of subject and verb, but may also contain object compliment and adverbial; conventionally written with an initial capital letter and final full stop or other terminator”.
Hall (1981:59) says, “Imperative sentence – commands – and request – use the simple form of the verb without any stated subjects”.
Imperative Sentence is a type of that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a
The main purpose of this study is to analyse the sentences in Karonese especially in Imperative sentences. Imperative sentences are used when there is a different power between speaker and listener and the speaker has an authority to command the listener to do something. Imperative sentences in Karonese there have subject as the direct address. Imperative sentences in Karonese and used to give command, request, permission, advice, invitation, prohibition, compulsion, and warning.
Based on explanation above, the writers is interested in anliyzing Imperative Sentence in Karonese. In this study, the writers wants to improve her knowledge about imperative sentence in Karonese and hopefully this study will be very useful for others who study Karonese.
1.2Problem of the Study
Based on the background of the study above, the problems in this study are as the follows:
2) What are the differences between English and Karonese dealing with the imperative sentence?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are :
1) To find out types, functions, and markers of imperative sentence in English and Karonese
2) To find out imperative sentence in English and Karo Batak Language
1.4 Scope of the Study
Karonese like the other world languages has some different types of sentences. This study will discusses the functions and markers of the imperative sentence in Karo Batak Language.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The readers of this thesis will be able to see the differences between English and Karonese regarding Imperative Sentence and the types of the sentences
.
1.6Method of the Study
In writing this Thesis, the writer applies two methods of research. They are
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Contrastive Analysis Theory
Ridwan (1998:8) says that, contrastive analysis is a method of linguistic which tries to describe, prove and analyze the differences and similarities between two languages compared. Relating to this case, Naibaho (2005:23) defines contrastive analysis is used to compare two or more languages to find out the similarities and differences. Contrastive is a term used in linguistics to seek differences between units, especially one which serves to distinguish meaning in a language.
However, the term similar and dissimilar is a simple way in describing the whole process and achievement of the study because the two terms refer to circumstances in which the aspect being compared have to be absolutely the same or different. Comparative linguistic intends to know the correspondence and non- correspondences of the languages being compared in the two languages. But the correspondences are not so important. The correspondences are regarded as a general one.Then we conclude that contrastive analysis is the comparison of the two language systems, for example, the phonological and grammatical system. Contrastive analysis was developed and practiced in 1950s and 1960s as the linguistic application in the teaching language.
arranging the classification and can be applied for all the languages. The use of the structural linguistics in identifying the differences of the languages is sometimes doubtful. How to make the comparison effectively if in each language does not consist of category in general. Ideally, contrastive analysis is based on category equipment. The difference is only stated on the realization of a language to another one.
The theory of general language assumes that all the languages have the similarities, at least in theory. The sameness in theory can be used as the foundation of comparing languages. If it can be made, so the comparison of languages structure can be used by the same way. Though we have realized the lackness of structural grammar mode is consider better. The grammatical mode dominates the contrastive analysis.
There are still some linguists who give other definitions of contrastive analysis. Few of them are as follows:
•Seaton (1982:115) states, “Contrastive Linguistic is the scientific description of the similarities and differences between two or more languages and the speaker of one language will have in learning another”
•Hartman and Stark (1972:43) state, “Comparative and Contrastive have similarity that is they compare two or more languages”. It means that the comparative and contrastive linguistics are the branch of linguistics which compare two ormore languages are made explicitly.
2.2 The Types of Sentences
Frank (1972:220) divided sentences into: interrogative sentence, and exclamatory sentence. The types of the sentences above are based on the function of the sentence.
In a short it can concluded systematic definition of the sentence as:
• A unit of grammar of one or more words • Having its basic parts; the subject and predicate • Consisting of phrases or clauses
• Expressing an assertion, a question, a command, a wish or an exclamation.
The sentences have many types in terms of meaning. The next discussion will talk about the types of sentences.
a) Declarative Sentences
In a declarative sentence, the subject and predicate has a normal word order beginning with a capital ending with a period in writing.
For example:
1. Mary is here
2. The race will start at three o’clock 3. I’m a Batak
A declarative sentence makes an assertion, either by starting a fact or by expressing an option. The assertion may be negative. The sentence ends with a period in writing and drop in pitch in speech.
For examples:
1. I do not seem a nice person 2. I can not see something 3. I can not do it.
b) Interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentence has direct question. In an interrogative sentence the subject and auxiliary verbs are often reversing. The sentence ends with a question mark (interrogative points) in writing. While in speech, an interrogative sentences begins with a fall intonation; yes-no question ends with a rising intonation.
For examples:
1. Where are my keys? 2. What you have got there? 3. Did the game start on time? 4. What is your name?
5. Do the birds lay eggs? c) Imperative Sentences
something. Imperative sentences are generally terminated with an exclamation mark instead of period.
For examples:
1. Wait here!
2. Do not touch anything! 3. Help Yourselves! d) Exclamatory Sentences
An exclamatory sentence expresses strong and instance emotion. Exclamatory sentences have initial phrase (exclamatory phrase) introduced by “how” or “what” followed by the subject and the balance of the predicate.
For examples:
1. What a beautiful day! 2. How stupid!
3. How funny the program was! 4. My God!
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
3.1 Research Method
This thesis is using the descriptive qualitative method. Descriptive qualitative method refers to the meanings, concepts, definitions and description of things.The method has more attention on the process than the results of the research. According to Bogdan and Biklen in their book entitled Qualitative Research for Education: an Introduction to Theory and Method(1992: 3), Qualitative research may be used either as the primary strategy for data collection, or in conjunction with observation, document analysis or other techniques.
3.2 Data
Data play an important part in presenting a thesis for they are the most essential points of which conclusion may be drawn. Therefore, this thesis is certainly imposible to be drawn without data. In this thesis, the writer chose the sentences structure as the main data, where sentence structure could be classified into some groups, such as positive sencence, negative sentence, declarative sentence, interrogative sentence, imperative sentence, and exclamatory sentence. In completing a thesis, one could use many kinds of data. The data included the definition of terms, the theories of some expert, etc.
3.3Location
might be determined first. This study applied and library research. Field research is done by interviewing native speakers in Karonese who live in Medan and carrying out library research in UMI library and USU library.
3.4 Data Collecting Method
In the process of analyzing the Imperative Sentence, the first step that the writer did was collecting the data from many written literatures that talk about Imperative Sentence process. Therefore, the writer did the library research to collect the data then the data are classified based on form, distribution, function and meaning. This means that in classifing the data, practically the descriptive qualitative method is applied.
3.5 Data Analyzing Method
In dealing with method of analysis, the writers will describe contrastive imperative sentence between English and Karonese especially functions, markers, and types, using descriptive method, too. During the process of analysis, I uses grammar book in English and Karo Batak to describe explicitly the imperative sentence process whether they have differences and similarities.
In descriptive qualitative method, there are a few recommended steps to be followed in analyzing the data, namely: data reduction, data display, conclusion drawingor verification (Nasution, 1996: 129).
1. Data reduction
2. Display data
After data reduction, the next step is to display the data. In qualitative research, presentation of data can be done in the form of brief descriptions and connections between categories. By displaying the data, it will be easy to understand what is happening, and then to plan further work based on what has been understood.
3. Conclusion drawing or verification
The last step is conclusion drawing or verification. Preliminary conclusion presented is still tentative and if a strong evidence is not found to support the next phrase of data collection. But if the data conclusions presented in the early stages supported by re-valid evidence and consistent when the researchers returned to collect the data, so the conclusions that is mentioned is credible. Conclusions expected in qualitative research is a new finding that has not been there.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS OF THE DATA AND FINDINGS
4.1 Imperative Sentence in Karonese
4.1.1 The Type of Imperative Sentences in Karonese
a. Positive Imperative Sentences
Positive imperative sentences includ command, request, invitation, suggestion, advice, compulsion, and warning whether formally and informally. Positive imperative sentences are directed at addressee(s) and the second person is not normally expressed because has already understood.
For examples:
1. Buat piring / pinggan!
Take the plate! (good sentence) Take plate that
2.
return (par) comb that Ulihken/Taruhken lah suri e!
Return that comb! (good sentence)
For examples:
Come (par)you to house our Reh min kam kurumah kami
Please come to our house!(good sentence)
Commonly the second person (you) can be used to emphasize or express the anger and impatience.
For examples:
1.
Quiet you Sinikkam!
Be quiet!(good sentence)
2.
To another side you Ku jah lah kam nteh!
Go away!(Good sentence)
In positive imperative sentence,the adjective and adverb can be used to give the addressee(s) to do something. Commonly, the adjective proceeded by prefix pa-and followed by the particle ma.
For examples:
1.
patient (par) sabar saja kam !
2. Pedekah dekah ndu lah ije
Stay longs you there (par) !
Stay there longs ! (good sentence)
b. Negative Imperative Sentence
Negative imperative sentence is a prohibition of doing something usebythe speaker to the addressee(s). The negative imperative sentence is always signaled by the prohibition marker “ula”,“pantang/ la mehuli”,“ula la ”,and“ ula nai”.
For example:
1.
forbiddent name parents
Pantang / lamehuli gelari orang tua!
Forbiddent to name / call parents names !(good sentence)
2.
Don’t friend her/him Ula temanindu ia!
Don’t make friend with her/him !(good sentence)
3.
Do not lose you ring me Ula lah bene ken ndu cincin ku e!
Do not lose my ring!(good sentence)
4.
Do not (par) go you there Ula nai lawes kujah!
The adjective and adverb are possibly used to prohibit someone.
For examples:
1. Ula padah mbiar kam Don’t afraid you! !
Don’t be afraid!(good sentence)
2. Ula ku
Don’t here you jei kam!
Don’t so there!(good sentence)
4.1.2 Functions of Imperative Sentences in Karo Batak Language 4.1.2.1 Imperative Sentences as Command
1. Buat min lebe pinggan !
Words analysis:
V N Det buat pinggan ena!
Pharase analysis: Buat pinggan ena VP NP
!
Sentence analysis : Buat pinggan ena P O
!
2. Sinik kam!
Word analysis :
V Pronoun sinik kam!
Sentence analysis :
P O Sinik kam!
4.1.2.2 Impreative Sentences as Request
1. Banci ku pinjam cangkul ndu ena bulang!
Words analysis: Banci pinjam cangkul ndu ena bulang Interj V N O
!
Phrase analysis: banci pinjam cangkul ndu ena bulang Interj VP NP
!
Sentence analysis: banci pinjam cangkul ndu ena bulang Interj P O
!
2. Buat lebe isap ena!
Words analysis: buat lebe isap V Prep N Det
Ena
Phrase analysis: buat lebe isap ena VP NP
!
Sentence analysis: buat
P O lebe isap ena!
4.1.2.3Imperative Sentences as Invitation
1. Ota kita ku Berastagi!
Words analysis:
Phrase analysis: ota kita ku Berastagi Interj NP PP
!
Sentence analysis: ota kita ku Berastagi Interj S P
!
4.1.2.4 Imperative Sentences as Sunggestion 1. Lampas lah kam medak pagi pagi
Words analysis: lampas lah Medak kam pagi pagi N det V o adv.time !
Phrase analysis: lampas lah medak kam pagi pagi NP VP PP
!
Sentence analysis: lampas lah medak kam S P C
pagi pagi!
4.1.2.5 Imperative Sentences as Expectation 1. Mbera-mbera bapak jadi reh berngi enda
Words analysis : Mbera-mbera bapak jadi reh berngi enda Adv N V Adv.place Det .
Phrase analysis : Mbera-mbera bapak jadi reh berngi enda Adv P NP VP
.
Sentence analysis : Mbera-mbera bapak jadi reh berngi enda Adv of manner S P C
2. Mbera-mbera aku Dat Beasiswa.
Words analysis : Mbera-mbera aku dat beasiswa Adv N V N
.
Phrase analysis : Mbera-mbera aku dat beasiswa Adv NP VP
.
Sentence analysis :
Adv of manner S P C Mbera-mbera aku dat beasiswa.
4.1.2.6Imperative Sentences as Prohibition 1. Ula Benneken Cincin ku ena!
Words analysis : Ula benneken cincin ku ena Adv V N Pronoun
!
Phrase analysis : Ula beneken cincin ku ena VP NP
!
Sentence analysis : Ula benneken cincin ku ena P O
!
2. Ula tangko sen nande!
Words analysis :
Adv V N N Ula tangko sen nande!
Phrase analysis :
VP NP Ula tangko sen nande
Sentence analysis : Ula tangko sen nande P O
!
Do not steal money mother your
Word analysis :
Aux Adv V N N N Do not steal you mother’s money!
Pharase analysis :
VP NP
Do not steal your mother’s money !
Phrase analysis : Do not steal your mother’s money ! P C
4.1.3.Markers of imperative sentences in Karo Batak Language
There are various markers of adverbial performatif in imperative sentence.
4.1.3.1.The Imperative Markers in Request
The imperative sentence in request always proceed by the particle “ma” or “ma jolo”.The particle supposed more formal and more polite.
For examples:
Buat lebe tas ku ena
Take (par) bag my !
Take my bag please!(good sentence)
Sorry, pass (par) me Sentabi, mentas lebe aku!
4.1.3.2 The Imperative Markers in Invitation
It is used to show the invitation of the speaker when asking the addesses to do something together.
For examples:
1. Mare /Eta kita man Let’s we meal
!
Let’s eat or let’s have a meal ! (good sentence)
2.
Let’s clean (par) kitchen! Iah sipesikap lebe dapurta e!
Let’s clean our kitchen! (good sentence)
4.1.3.3 The Imperative Markers in suggestion
This marker shows a suggestion which is addressed by the speaker to the addressee (s), so that she/he does something.The imperative markers in suggestion are signaled by particleda,ate.
For examples:
1.
Remember you call aunt your (par) Ula kam lupa nelpon nande uda ndu!
2.
Eat (par) medicine this (par) Pan ndu lah tambar e!
(you should) take this medicine!(good sentence)
4.1.3.4 The Imperative Markers in Advice
The marker in imperative advice, the predicate is usually adjective to show a characteristic or condition.
For examples:
1.
Wise (par) you answer them (par) Terbeluhen kam ngaloi cakapna ndai ya!
Be wise to face them! (good sentence)
2.
Quick you walk (par) Metir kena erdalan ya!
Be quick! (good sentence)
3.
Par patient par Tabah saja km ya!
4.1.3.5. The Imperative Markers in Prohibition
The markers which commonly used at prohibition are “pantang” / “la mejile”, “ula lalap”, “ula” , and “ula nai”, and it is placed before the sentence
For examples:
1. Pantang/ La mejile tawa tawa tengah berngi Don’t laugh midnight
!
Don’t laugh in midnight!(good sentence)
2. Ula lalap iganggui ndu
Don’t annoy you sister your agi ndu ena
Don’t annoy your sister! (good sentence)
3. Ula lupa kam naruhken
Don’t forget you send rice this beras e
Do not forget to send out this rice!(good sentence)
4. Ula nai kam nangko Do not you steal par
ya!
Don’t steal!(good sentence)
The markers are “harus”, and “ula la”. These markers show a must that the listener must do.
For examples :
1. Harus ijumpai ndu
Must visit you (par) teacher your guru mu ena
You must visit your teacher please! (good sentence)
2. Ula la ipeseh ndu surat ena Don’t give you this letter
!
You must give these letter! (good sentence)
4.1.3.7 The Imperative Markers in Warning
The marker “Awas”means”beware of..”used to warn the listener. It is placed in the beginning off the sentence.
For examples :
1.
Beware snake Awas nipe ena
Be ware of the snake !( good sentence)
2. Awas medalit dalan e
Beware street slippery (par) !
4.2Imperative Sentence in English
4.2.1 Types of Imperative Sentence in English a. Positive Imperative Sentence
Hornby (1976:193) states that’ positive imperative sentences can be expressed in various ways, the verbs command, invite, request, suggest, giving advice to the address”. Commonly in imperative sentence , it is unnecessary to indicate the subject because the second person of the address is directly understood.
For example :
1. Come here ! 2. Go away ! 3. Be careful ! 4. Get out ! 5. Have a seat!
However, the second person subject (you) both in singular and plural can be produced, but they are rarely used.
For examples for singular subject :
1. Your, turn on the light! 2. You, come here!
3. You, keep that window closed! 4. You, get out of here!
For example of plural subject :
2. Come in, everybody!
Moreover, the "be” may be used for giving advice to the addressee. The copula “be” is used at the beginning of a sentence. The ”be” is always followed by adjective, adverbs, or noun.
For examples:
1. Be careful! 2. Be on time! 3. Be responsible! 4. Be patient! 5. Be quit!
Positive imperative sentence in both transitive verbs can be used. Transitive verbs has the direct object and the intransitive verbs is direct object.
b. Negative Imperative Sentence
Negative imperative sentences are imperative sentences provide a request or suggestion not to do something or prohibition by the speaker to addressee. It is always signaled by the markers don’t be before an imperative sentences (Drummand, 1972:23)
For examples:
1. Don’t make a noise! 2. Don’’t be stupid!
4. Don’t go there! 5. Don’t say that!
When the subject (you) is used for the marker, don’t may be used as emphasis.
For examples:
1. Don’t you go there again! 2. Don’t you forget it! 3. Don’t you love her again!
Further more the marker “don’t be” should be followed by adjective, adverb, and noun.
For examples:
1. Don’t be lazy! 2. Don’t be there! 3. Don’t be a thief! 4. Don’t be a lie!
The negative imperative as prohibitions are often indicated by means of brief announcement with “no + gerund”.
For examples:
In speak English, the marker “must not” is the usual vverb for prohibition and order (Hornby, 1976: 193)
For examples:
1. You must not do that!
2. Cars must not be parked in front of the entrance!
Moreover, Frank (1972:23) explains that in negative imperative sentence, one way used the first person plural “let’s not”. It is used as the suggestion not to do something.
For examples:
1. Let’s not to be late for the game! 2. Let’s not waste the time!
4.2.2 The Function of Imperative Sentence in English 4.2.2.1The Imperative Sentence as Commands
The command is given when there is a different power between speaker and listener, the speaker has an authority to command the listener to do something.
For Example
1. Take plate that Take that plate!
Words analysis :
Phrase analysis :
VP NP Take that plate!
Setence analysis :
P O Take that plate! 2. Queit you!
Be quiet!
Word analysis:
V Adj Be quiet!
Phrase analysis:
VP Adj Be quiet!
Sentence analysis : Be quiet ! There is no predicate and object
4.2.2.2 The Imperative Sentences as Request
Actually imperative sentences is a request the same as the command, but it is more polite. A request is an intention of the speaker, so that the listener does something.
In request, the hortatory words (please, do) or question tags (will you?,. won’t you?, would you?, could you?, can you?,etc) or “modal + you” (can you, will you, would you, and would you mind) are often used.
For examples:
Words analysis: Please,
Interj V Det N Prep Pronoun give this hoe to her/him!
Phrase analysis: Please give this hoe to
Interj VP NP PP her/him
Sentence analysis: Please, give this hoe to her/him Interj P O
!
2. Please, take cigarrette that Please, take that cigarette !
Words analysis: Please, take that cigarrette Interj V Det N
!
Phrase analysis: Please, take that cigarette Interj VP NP
!
Sentence analysis: Please, take that cigarette Interj P O
!
4.2.2.3 The Imperative Sentences as Invitation
In invitation, the use of question tags “won’t you” commonly used to invite the listener.
For examples:
1. I go to (particle) Bandung, let’s (particle) Let’s go to Bandung!
Phrase analysis: Let’s go to Bandung Interj VP adv.place P
!
Sentence analysis: Let’s go to Bandung Interj P C
!
Moreover, “would you like” commonly is also used as invitation:
Would you like + to – inventive
Would like to come to my birthday party? Would you like + noun
Would you like a cup of coffee?
The response to an invitation varies greatly, especially in the case of acceptance such as:
Thank you
Yes, thank you Yes, please Yes, I would No, thanks
For examples:
1. A : would you like to carry out this suitcase? B : Yes, I would
4.2.2.4 The Imperative Sentences as Suggestion
In suggestion “let’s” indicates that the speaker is making a suggestion includes himself and people he is addressing. We may notice “don’t”,”let’s” instead of “let’s not”
For examples:
1. Let’s us not discuss economic but discuss politic
Words analysis : let us not discuss economic but discuss politic N O V N CONJ V N
!
Phrase analysis : Let us not discuss economic but discuss politic NP VP NP VP NP
!
Sentence analysis : Let us
S P
not discuss economic but discuss politic 2. Let us drink wine
Words analysis :
N O V N let us drink wine
Phrase analysis : Let us drink NP VP NP
wine
Sentence analysis : Let us S P C
drink wine
4.2.2.5 The Imperative Sentences in Advice
For examples:
Polite you to parents Be polite to your parents !
Words analysis : Be polite to your N adj n o
parents
Phrase analysis : Be polite NP AdjP NP
to your parents
Sentence analysis : Be polite S P C
to your parents
4.2.2.6 The Imperative Sentences as prohibition
In prohibition, the speaker for bids the listener to do something. It is concerned with the negative imperative. The prohibition always uses the marker “don’t” before the sentences.
For examples:
1. Do not stand eat!
Don’t stand while eating (good sentence) 2. Do not burn paper !
Usually, the prohibition is often indicated by means of brief announcement with “no + gerund”.
1. No parking 2. No smoking
4.2.2.7 The Imperative Sentence as Compulsoin
Compulsion requires the addresse(s) to do something for the speaker. In this case, if the addressee(s) do not do what speaker wants, it will have a sanction. Compulsion usually uses the word “harus” means as must and pharase “ula la” in the beginning of the sentence.
For examples :
1. Do not (par) come you You must come! (good sentence)
4.2.3 The Marker of Imperation Sentences in English
A marker in imperative sentence is an important element of effective meaning. An imperative is characterized by the presence of the imperative markers such as politeness,encouragement,and so on.
4.2.3.1 The Imperative Markers in Request
1. Please
It is used to show the politeness of the speaker to the listener(s) and most asspciated with polite request. The word “please” is often placed before and after the sentence.
For examples:
1. Please turn on the light! 2. Move a while, please!
2. Do
Do is an emphatic marker which is used in polite requests and apologize. This marker is always preceding the verb/copula.
For examples:
1. Do louder your voice? 2. Do be patient?
3. Di sit down?
3. Will you
Commonly, it indicates that the speaker request the addressee(s) politely. It is used at the beginning or the ending of the sentences.
For examples:
4. Would you
This is also to show the polite request. The marker “would you” is more common and it is often considered more polite than “will you”. It is placed at the beginning of the sentences.
For examples:
1. Would you like to come earlier 2. Would you able to finish to shis soon
5. Would you mind
This marker must be followed by a gerund (V-ing) and this is also shows a polite request.
For examples:
1. Would you mind lending me your book? 2. Would you mind giving me your money?
6. Could you
This marker is used to make an informal request, similarly this shows no polite request.
For xamples:
1. Could you buy me a cigarette? 2. Could you bring me a glass of tea?
This marker is also used informally to request, especially if the speaker is talking someone he or she knows fairly well, but it is usually not considered as polite as marker “could you” or “would you”.
For examples:
1. Can you listen to me?
2. Can you understand what I said?
4.2.3.2 The Imperative Markers in Invitation
1. Won’t you
It is used it show the invitation of the speaker. This marker indicates the politeness. The marker “won’t you” can be placed before and after the sentence.
For examples:
1. Won’t you come in? 2. Follow us, won’t you?
2. Would you
This marker also used to show invitation. The common patterns for invitation are: would you like + to-infinitive
would you like + noun
For examples:
4.3.2.3 The Imperative Markers in suggestion
1. Let’s
This marker indicates that the speaker is making suggestion that include himself and all the people he is addressing.
For examples:
1. Let’s have a rest! 2. Let’s to the park! 3. Let’s go for a walk!
2. Let’s not
This marker shows the suggestion not to do something.
For examples:
1. Let’s not argue 2. Let’s not wait here!
3. Shall
Shall in a question from indicates that the speaker is making a suggestion.
For examples:
1. Shall I close the window? Yes, please do
4. You had better
This marker shows the suggestion which is addressed by the speaker to the addressee, so that she/he does something.
For examples:
1. You had better visit your lecture! 2. You had better see your uncle!
5. Why don’t you
The marker also shows the suggestion to the addressee.
For examples:
1. Why don’t you tell me before? 2 Why don’t you do it after she is dead?
4.2.3.4 The Imperative Markers in Prohibition
1. Don’t/Don’t be
This marker is the most commonly used at prohibition and it places before the sentence.
For examples:
1. Don’t do mistake 2. Don’t scratch the wall 3. Don’t eat the meal
It is often indicated by means of a brief strong prohibition and the marker must be followed by gerund.
For examples:
1. No parking 2. No smoking
4.2.3.5 The Imperative Markers in advice
1. Don’t/Don’t be
For examples:
1. Don’t be stupid! 2. Don’t be noisy
2. Be
For examples:
1. Be polite!
4.3Findings
From the data above, the writer founds some findings, but the writer would like to mention the findings one by one based on the foundations and markers of
imperatife sentences in both English and Karonese:
1. Based on the data above, we can see that the structure in imperative sentences in English and Karonese is predicate put at the beginning of sentences.
Sometimes it has also become ( you as subject) + P + O/C commonly followed by mark (!)
2. Based on the data above, we can see that there are eight functions of imperative sentences in English and six imperative sentences in Karonese. Imperative sentences as command, request, invitation, suggestion, advice, prohibilition, compulsion, and warning are correspondence in both languages. There is one function of imperative sentence in Karonese that does not exist in English, that is imperative sentence as expectation.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
After having analyzed the data in both languages, the writer would like to conclude several points as follows:
Having gone through a careful analysis, the researcher is now able to come to this final chapter, that is the conclusions of this study.
It can be seen in earlier chapters that Karonese and English have similirities and differences based on the functions, types and the markers.
1. For imperative sentences in English and Karonese, the predicate is put at the beginning of a sentence.
P + O/C + commonly followed by marks (!)
Sometimes it has also become (You as Subject) + P +O/C + commonly followed by marks (!)
3. The markers of imperative sentences in English are commonly signaled by the presence of some certain words,question tag, and modals.While in Karonese, they are comomonly signaled by the presence of some certain words and some parcitles such as parcitle ya/kel/,i/.
5.2 Suggestions
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APPENDIX
The Biography of informants :
1. Nama : Firman Bangun
Age : 56
Sex : Male
Job : employee
Mother Tongue : Karonese, Indonesian
Address : Jln. Jamin Ginting Padang Bulan Medan
2. Nama : Atur Br Karo
Age : 45
Sex : Female
Job : Teacher
Mother Tongue : Karonese, Indonesian
Address : Penampen
3. Nama : Srihandayani
Age : 23
Sex : Female
Job : Student
Mother Tongue : Karonese, Indonesian
4. Nama : Pola Sembiring
Age : 48
Sex : Male
Job : entrepreneur
Mother Tongue : Karonese, Indonesian Address : Bandar Purba
5. Nama : Ramin Sinulingga
Age : 25
Sex : female
Job : Farmer
Mother Tongue : Karonese, Indonesian Address : Mardingding
6. Nama : Lely Br Ujung
Age : 22
Sex : female
Job : student
Mother Tongue : Karonese, Indonesian
