ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Bismillahirrahmanirrahim
The writer would like to express her deep devotion and thanks to the almighty Allah SWT, for everything that has given to the writer in completing her academic studies and this thesis. Shalawat and Salam to Prophet Muhammad Shallallahualaihiwasallam as the messenger that he has brought the humans from the darkness to the lightness.
In the process of completing this thesis, there are many people who have assisted her with advice and suggestions, it would be impossible to name all at some deserve the honor to be noted.
Firstly, the writer would like to express her gratitude to Professor. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd., as her first adviser for the guidance, assistant, encouragement and valuable suggestions and critics from these great heroes in education, in the process of writing this thesis.
Secondly, the writer would like to express her gratitude to Professor. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS, as her second adviser for his available spent time for consultation, great supervision and full support in shaping this thesis.
The writer would also like to express her gratitude to the head of English Applied Linguistics Program, Dr. Rahmad Husein, M.Ed., and his secretary Professor. Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS and Farid Ma’ruf who has assisted her in the process of administration requirement during the process of her study in the postgraduate program.
Study Program UNIMED Medan, who have shared their knowledge and experience during her studies.
The writer’s special appreciate go to her beloved parents H. Damsyik Siregar and Hj. Arnita Maslen Nasution, her beloved sister Zulaika Siregar, Hermaiyah Siregar,Muthmainnah Siregar and my little sister Mawaddah Siregar for their great prayers, love and support. A special thank to her beloved boyfriend, Irfan Yusuf Dalimunthe, for his great attention, love,and support.
The writer also appreciate a thankfulness for all her colleagues especially in class A of English Applied Linguistics in take XXIII,and the other friends who gave thought, support in order to completing this thesis.
Medan, March 2016
Syarifah Siregar
i ABSTRACT
Siregar. Syarifah. Code Mixing in Cross-Cultural Communication of Junior High School Students of Al Kautsar. Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan (UNIMED). 2016
ii ABSTRAK
Siregar. Syarifah. Code Mixing in Cross-Cultural Communication of Junior High School Students of Al Kautsar. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana. Universitas Negeri Medan (UNIMED). 2016
v
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1Background of Study ... 1
1.2 Problems of Study ... 6
1.3 The objectives of the Study ... 7
1.4 The Scope of the Study ... 7
1.5 The Significance of the Study ... 8
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 9
2.1.1 Theoretical Framework ... 9
2.1.2 Bilingualism ... 9
2.1.3 Code Mixing ... 11
2.1.4 Types of Code Mixing ... 12
2.1.5 Functions of Code Mixing ... 14
2.1.6 The types of Socio-Cultural Meaning ... 16
2.1.6.1 Sign of Positive Self Esteem ... 17
2.1.6.2 Sign of Low self Esteem ... 18
2.1.7 The reasons of Using Code Mixing ... 19
2.1.8 Cross-cultural Communication ... 22
2.1.9 Junior high school students of Alkautsar ... 23
vi
2.1.10.1 Aceh language ... 24
2.1.10.2 Batak language ... 24
2.2. Relevant studies ... 26
2.3 Conceptual framework ... 29
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 34
3.1 Research Design... 34
3.2 Subjectse of the study ... 35
3.3 Instrument of Collecting Data ... 35
3.4 Procedures of Collecting Data ... 35
3.4 Technique of Analyzing Data ... 36
3.5 Trustworthiness ... 38
CHAPTER IV. DATA ANALYSIS, RESEARCH FINDING,AND DISCUSSION ... 40
4.1Data Analysis ... 40
4.1.1 The Types of Code Mixing in Cross-Cultural Communication... 42
4.1.1.1Students’ Utterances of Word Insertion ... 42
4.1.1.1Students’ Utterances of Phrase Insertion ... 43
4.1.1.2Students’ Utterances of Clause Insertion ... 43
4.1.1.3Students’ Utterances of tag mixing ... 43
4.1.2 The Function of Using Code-Mixing in Cross-Cultural Communication ... 45
4.1.2.1Communication Strategy ... 45
4.1.2.2Expression of personality or community ... 46
4.1.2.3Style ... 47
4.1.3 The types of Socio-Cultural Meaning in cross-cultural communication ... 47
4.1.3.1 A unique Group solidarity ... 47
4.1.3.2 A Special Register... 48
4.1.3.3 Self-Esteem ... 48
vii
4.2 Findings... 50
4.3 Discussion ... 51
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 55
5.1 Conclusion ... 55
5.2 Suggestion ... 56
REFERENCES ... 57
viii
LIST OF TABLE
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 The Utterances of Junior High School Students of Al Kautsar ... 60
Appendix 2 Types of Code Mixing ... 66
Appendix 3 Types of Socio-cultural Meaning ... 73
Appendix 4 Questionnaire ... 81
Appendix 5 Interview ... 82
Appendix 5 List of Students’ Identities ... 83
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1The Background of Study
Language is human phenomena, because language is the basic thing to
communicate one to other. Language also builds one culture in a specific
areas, it means that one area has their own language to interact each other as
one society. For instance, every area in Indonesia has its own language. Such
as; Jakarta uses Betawi language, Yogyakarta uses Java language, Bandung
uses Sunda language, Medan uses Batak language, and Banda Aceh uses Aceh
language. According to Holmes (2002) every language represents the temple
in which speaker’s soul is his/her devotee. It seems that everything related to
human life in the society involves language because through the language the
interaction among tribes, ethnic groups, and religions can happen.
The term intercultural may also refer to communication between two
people from different ethnic, social, gendered cultures within the boundaries
of the same national language. Conversations involving culturally different
speakers are more likely to go wrong than those involving people who share
the same cultural. Hence, code mixing may occur in cross cultural
communication.So, here The writer takes a preliminary data of Al Kautsar
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Acehnese : Balqiz minjam bukumu dulu yoh. (tag mixing) (Balqiz,may I borrow your book?)
Bataknese : Buku apa yang mau kau pinjam? ( What book do you want?)
Acehnese : Dah teh minjam buku Bahasa Indonesia. (tag mixing) ( Well, just give me the book of Bahasa Indonesia?) Bataknese: Itupun nadong. (Word insertion)
(I don’t have it)
based on their region. For example, Acehnese said that “Yoh” it words means
“Lah” in Bahasa and its function as ‘identity marking’. And Bataknese said”
nadong” it word means “ tidak ada” and its also as ‘identity marking’. Here,
each etnics mixed their language in their daily conversation because their
assume that the interlucator understand what the speaker means. Hence, one of
the factor of they mix their language are the speaker partner and the situation.
In the example above, the words of yoh, teh, is an example of inner code
mixing which is also usually used by the Acehnese in the daily conversation. And
the word of boh is also an example of inner code mixing which is usually used by
the Bataknese in the daily conversation.
In the sociolinguistics, the phenomenon of mixing language to another
language is called as code-mixing. There are two kinds of code-mixing, namely;
(a). Inner code-mixing that means as a mixing from the original language with all
the variants (standard-nonstandard or formal-informal)or it can be a mixing of
3
as a mixing occurs from another language (foreign language). In Indonesia, the
two kinds of mixing occcur, people sometimes insert the grammatical units in
traditional language into bahasa Indonesia. Besides that, they also inserted
grammatical unit of foreign language into bahasa Indonesia. In some cases, the
mixing between standard and nonstandard or formal and informal also occurs.
Some linguists have given their definitions of code-mixing. According to
Sridhar and Sridhar Code-mixing is the transition from using linguistics units
(words,phrases,clauses,etc.) of one language to using those of another within a
single sentence. Thus, words,phrases, or clauses of one language are inserted into
another language. Then, Wardhaugh (1986:104) argues that code mixing occurs
when conversant uses both languages together to the extent that they change from
one language to the other in the course of a single utterance. A single utterance
here can be a word or phrase. Kachru (1982:39) stated that there are some types
that are involved in code-mixing. Namely; Unit insertion, Unit Hybridization,
Sentence insertion, Idiom and Collocation insertion and Reduplication.
Alkhresheh (2015) studies about Code Switching and Mixing of English
and Arabic amongst Arab Students at Aligarh Muslim University in India. The
findings of the research show that the majority of Arab students at AMU do code
switch/ mix to English in their daily conversations. The students at AMU are
mostly bilingual and they tend to code switch/mix towards English and Urdu in
their speech., and the reasons of Arab students at AMU do code switch and mix to
4
Sumarsih, et al (2014) study the phenomenon of Code Switching and Code
Mixing in Indonesia: Study in Sociolinguistics. Her research shows that in the
province of North Sumatera are code switching and code mixing in the three
levels of language and the most numerous is the “word level” which reached
57.3% of the overall data. Later in the second position is occupied by phrases
levels is equal to 40.4% of the overall data. Then the least is at the level of the
sentence with a frequency 17.3%.
Kia (2011) discussed about Code-Mixing of English in the Entertainment
News of Chinese Newspaper In Malaysia. And he found from 1000 sentences
applied in the entertainment news of the Chinese newspaper in Malaysia. Those
data show that 281 various English Words were mixed into the sentences in
Chinese. The most commonly used parts of speech in the sentences are 99
common nouns,72 proper nouns,47 adjactives,38 verbs,and 19 abbreviations.
Claros & Isharyanti (2009) study about Code Switching and Code Mixing
in Internet Chatting: between ‘yes’, ‘ya’, and ‘si’ a Case Study. They found that
Indonesian participants shifted code more often than Spanish participants. While
Spanish speakers switched code 116 times, Indonesians switched code 174 times.
The function of the language that triggered the most code switching occurences is
confirming (21%). The confirming, the top-three topics and functions of the
language that triggered the most code switching and code mixing occurrences are:
farewell (11%), computer related terms (10%), academics (9%), and sports (6%)
regardless of language background. While Spanish-speaking participants tended
5
(14%) took place as well as when saying goodbye (9%), Indonesians shifted code
when functions of the language such as saying goodbye (23%) and topics such as
sports (19%), feelings, and computer-related terms (13%) were triggered. And
both Indonesian and Spanish participants used more insertion than alternation or
congruent lexicalization.
Dongoran (2004) discussed about Face in Interethnic Communication and
he found there are several problems in interethnic communication cannot be
solved by the obvious but too simple solution that each group learns the other’s
code. Since multiple groups and multiple codes are typical, solutions must be
sought at a level higher than that of communication between two groups. 1).
gatekeeping encounters 2). Communicative style as discourse. Here are Five
aspects of discourse namely; 1)Distribution of talk, turn exchange. 2) Topic
control. 3) Information structure. 4) Frames, schemata, scripts. 5)The presentation
of self.
The previous study shows that there are some findings of different
researcher,namely;1) Alkhresheh’s finding show that the reasons of Arab students
at AMU do code switch and mix to English refer to the lack of knowledge in
English. 2) Osoba& Osoba’s findings that code mixing is not an evidence of
internal mental confusion, or the inability to separate two languages, but a kind of
style brought about by modernization, westernization and globalization. The
major reasons are ‘ to carry their targeted audience along’, to make their written
plays relevant in this new millennium both thematically and stylistically and to
6
3) Sumarsih’s findings shows that in the province of North Sumatera are code
switching and code mixing in the three levels of language and the most numerous
is the “word level”. Later in the second position is occupied by phrases level Then
the least is at the level of the sentence.4) Kia’s findings from 1000 sentences
applied in the entertainment news of the Chinese newspaper in Malaysia. Those
data show that 281 various English Words were mixed into the sentences in
Chinese. The most commonly used parts of speech in the sentences are 99
common nouns,72 proper nouns,47 adjactives,38 verbs,and 19 abbreviations.
Based on the writer preliminary data shows that there are 4 tag mixing and
1 word. While, the function of code-mixing as identity marking and the factors are
speaker partner and situation. Based on these five findings there is some
difference.Hence, the researcher is interested to find out what types of
code-mixing occur in cross-cultural communication. Besides, the researcher also
investigated the function, types of socio-cultural meaning in cross-cultural
communication and why they mix their region language in cross-cultural
communication.
1.2The Problem of the Study
Based on the previous explanation,the problem of the study can be formulated
in the following questions:
1) What types of code-mixing used in cross-cultural communication?
2) What function of code mixing used in cross-cultural communication?
3) What types of socio-cultural meaning occured in cross-cultural
7
4) Why do the students mix their vernacular language in cross-cultural
communication?
1.3The Objective of the Study
Based on the formulation of the research problem above, the research
objectives can stated as follows:
1. To identify types of code-mixing that used in cross-cultural
communication.
2. To find out the function of code-mixing used in cross-cultural
communication.
3. To identify types of socio-cultural menaing that occured in cross-cultural
communication.
4. To explain the main reasons of code-mixing used in cross-cultural
communication.
1.4The Scope of the Study
This study is limited on the utterances of Acehnese and Bataknese of
Junior High School students of Al Kautsar. The communication of Acehnese
and Bataknese can be observed and calculated by analyzing all that utterances
by several students. The utterances are the data communication will find in
8
1.5The Significance of the Study
This research is expected to have both theoretical and practical significance
for the readers.
A. Theoretically:
1. The findings of this research are expected to provide new
contribution to the theory of code-mixing in cross cultural
communication.
2. An inspiration for the other researcher to conduct further research
related to code-mixing in cross cultural communication.
3. Guiding information for the university students who are interested
in studying code-mixing.
4. Provide the researcher and the reader with some knowledge about
code-mixing of cross-cultural communication.
B. Practically:
1. Students of language and culture in communication field, the study
can be used as a reference to enhance their cross-cultural
communication.
2. English teacher in language and culture specifically in
communication field, the study is as information to enhance in
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
1.1Conclusion
After analyzing and drawing all types of code mixing of students’
utterances in different ethnic. The researcher draws the conclusion as
follow:
1. There are several types of code mixing ( word insertion 68 , tag mixing
9, phrase insertion 6, and clause insertion 2 ) found in students’
utterances in different ethnic and word insertion was used dominantly
by the students from several different ethnic.
2. There are some functions of code mixing (communication strategy,
expression personality or community, and style.) found in
cross-cultural communication of junior high school students of A Kautsar..
3. The reasons of using code mixing in cross-cultural communication
namely; 1) being emphatic something (express solidarity. 2)
interjection. 3) expressing group identity 4) To soften or strengthen
request or command and All of these reasons in line with the theory,
but the researcher found new reasons that occured in cross-cultual
comunication namely; habit of using their region language.
4. And there were some types of socio-cultural meaning in cross-cultural
communication, they are; 1) a unique group solidarity, 2) a special
56
cohesion : integrating group members of ethnic group, and delienate
social distance.
1.2Suggestion
After see the result of the study, the researcher would like to offer some
suggestions as follow:
1. It is advisable for the students to use their vernacular language in daily
conversation although with different ethnic in order to make or share
their languages each other.
2. It is also suggested to the school environment (teacher, parent) to
support cross-cultural communication in order each ethnic can receive
and understand each other that will make them closer.
3. It is suggested to the next researcher and the students of English
Applied Linguistics to do further research about the code mixing in
cross-cultural communication between genders and age groups or the
phonology in cross-cultural communication under the code mixing
theory or supported by the other linguistics theories. It is needed to
better understand these phenomena in synchronous forms of
communication.
4. And also to the next researcher and the students of English Apllied
Linguistics to do further research about socio-cultural meaning
57
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