GENDER ROLES' PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN ACHIEVING FAMILY WELL-BEING

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GENDER ROLES' PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN

ACHIEVING FAMILY WELLBEING

Herien Puspitawati

1 °)

10epartm ent of Fe m il,l enc C onsumer Sciences , Faculty of Human Eco1ngy Bt::_c ＺＺＧＬｾ､｣＠ Itural Unive rsityI nd one sia

DISAMPAIKAN PADA

IINTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON FAMILY AND CONSUMER

SCIENCES

IPS Internatiuonal 'Convention Center

.

Sogor, 29 Oktober 2013

Departemen Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen

Fakultas Ekologi Manusia

Institut Pertanian Bogor

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=

Ol ES'

PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN

ACHIEVING FAMILY WEll-BEING

Herien Puspitawati

1 ')

= ::::atment of Famil y and Consumer Scien ses, Facult y of Human Ecology Bogar Agricult ural UniversityIndonesia

DISAMPAIKAN PADA

-ERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON FAMILY AND CONSUMER

SCIENCES

IPB Internatiuonal Convention Center

Bogor, 29 Oktober 2013

Departemen IImu Keluarga dan Konsumen

Fakultas Ekologi Manusia

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....E S ' PA RT ERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN

A C HI EVING FAMILY WELLBEING

Herien Puspitawati1')

0 ; :: am ily and Consumer Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology Bogor Agricultural UniversityIndonesia

OJ Ema il: henen_puspilawati@email.com

Abstract

［［］ＺｊｾｾＭ［＠ ' J [ e targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the role of gender in

_ ::c 'a ily becomes very important and vital to all global development goals . Therefore , it is

［ｾ＠ＭＺＧＳＭ ", .,d family are cross cutting issues with placing gender as substance problems and

....:: ... ｾ＠ＺＧｏＭｾ＠ :,,' I. as a media that must be optimized function as the smallest unit in society. The

ＮＭＭＭＭＮＮＬ］ｾ｟＠Ｚ＠ .5 ｾ｡ｰ･ｲ＠ are to: (1) Describe the concepts of gender roles and gender partnership within

ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾＺＭ］ＭＮ＠ ine research findings on gender partnership in relation to family wellbeing , (3) Propose

ｾＺ［ＧＺＺ］Ｚ［［ｲｾＺ＠ｾ＠Ｍｾ＠ ' uture . In co nclusion, it is found that there was some of degree of gender partnership in

_ _._ .:: ＺＺｾ＠Ｚ［＠ among farmer families . There was a dominating role of the husband's access to, and

=_.:

.::edit , technology and farming institutions . Furthermore there was a division of roles in the

ｾＡＡｩｾＺＺＺ＠ ='. : " • : ｾｳＮ＠ Activities associated with planting and maintenance, and finance was dominated by

= ;' c: ities related to technolQgical applications ranging from soil preparati on, watering,

ｾ＠ :: ::. ｾ＠ I,'/i th insecticides and laundering the results of agricultural produ ction were dominated by

ＭＭｾ＠ : "' ? ::;f an approach that combine between gender and family studies through a practical

" " : : " S",, ; thening families through gender harmonious partnerships is very relevant to be discussed

INTRODUCTION:

= __

=;

:;ES OF FAMILY AND GENDER

:: _:: =5 I ｾ＠ THE IVIILLENNIUM ERA

_ ,snnium era, both men . and ==:ter legal protection at the

ｾｳＭＭＢ＠ ional levels than in previous

.= 0 ｾ＠ :: : : , Ｒｾｹｯｮ･＠ has guaranteed equal

__ _ _ "d equality (participation,

tc:e::;::::: ::

control and benefits) to state :0rmation. Referring to the _ .' snnium Development Goals

.: : :: 3 ; GENDER in institution such =2 :';: 2 3 very important and vital to "= : :: :: '::':: 9 t goals . Therefore, it is

. _{ｾ＠ＺＺ＠}

:: =

_{family are cross cutting}

: ::: ;] GENDER as substance : : ｾＭＳ＠ :::: S= .: :: l S, and FAMILY as a media

. _ｾｾ＠［ＬＺｾ＠ =:: ized function as the smallest

== ..::::

_{:: ....}

_:::

_.

.. .

:: :: :::; "2 cs ｜ＧＮＧｉｾｨ＠ agricultural potential in

:, E

hd onesian family experienced 2' QE5 In the millennium era that will _ 3:2 :Jilil y of food production, natural

disasters, and the availability of clean water. Referring to the map layout of Indonesia, Indonesia is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. Various natural problems affect the lives of families and communities .

Challenges faced by 21 st century's families are more complex and more difficult compared to previous centuries. One of the challenges is the impact of technological development and information as well as changes in the globalizatio n economy that affects family life both positively and negatively. Indonesia has faced a variety of negative social and economic issues such as poverty, economic hardship for the family , trafficking , juvenile delinquency, terrorism, domestic violence, divorce, and street children. All of these challenges require the importance of family and gender studies in tackling the impact of climate change and the negative impact of technological developments as well as the globalization and. millennium era as mentioned before.

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based

u the

'c : us of great Usually, ih e fa mily 'heory in the of the

appropriate to the 21st : ondi tions of family very uniq ue and

Especially

｣ｯｮｯｭｩ｣＠ problems

the 21st using a

change . of it is family and millennium This paper

achieving

ｾ＠ＮＺＭ s

':: ::_31

ｾ＠

='::

=:

ｾＭＮＺＺ＠

of

;,2

"': =ｾ＠］＠ aatiarchy

ｾ｟ｾＬ｟ＮｾＭ ;: : 'am ll y structure in

_

5 : _::' Jfe in

ｾＭＮＺＺ＠ｾ］Ｍ

_:

S

_ ;: :: : ... 2tions of the family

.:: ':: :'3' ier era

: ｟＠ｾ＠ ::. ｾ

:.::. : ;:;Iems in

3. :::al e when

= . _

.:: ::ork of the family in

=.:: : ry family problems

' :=

= .;

］ｾ＠ of climate

c - ] development

=: : n That is why, ::. =.:: : 2 study of

_-.._

: =

］ｾＲ＠ in the new

= ; : : .::: Iization era.

T •• ortance of gender roles' : ｾ＠ｾ＠ _fal families in

OBJECTIVES

;;;.::

］ｾＭ . 7 :: :::; : :his paper are to :

=:

ｾＺＺＧ｟＠

= =

ｾ＠ＭＮＺＺ＠ con cepts of gender roles and

ｾ］Ｍ := ＮＺＺＮＬＬＭＭｾＭｳｨｩｰ＠ within family

= _ :

=

',:: s23rch findings on gender

ｾ＠ _ .::. ' 2'3tion to family wellbeing.

_.:: := ,,

; i;1g for the future .

::::: S OF GENDER ROLES AND

ｾ］Ｚ＠

==q

PARTNERSHIP

..::._ _ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠Ｍ

ＮＺＺ［ＺＮＺＺＮＺＺＺｾｓＺＺＡｾｾ＠

:: ::

e '"' d Partn e rs hip s

" ,, = s or partnership is the

Ｚ＠ :: : :.::ation between men and

ｾ＠

=

ales that each run on a =': ｾ＠ ..::: nd structures (poor/ rich, _ __ intacUsingle family, families, families at , - .

-

_ Ie cycle and farmer/

per mits women and men = -.=. - _{3n rights, socially valued}

goods, opportunities, resources and the benefits from development results.

Gender Equit/

Gender Equity is the process of being fair to women and men . To ensure fairne ss, measures must be available to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that prevent women and men from operating on a level playing field Gender equity strategies are used to eventually gain gender equality Equity is the means; equality is the rr:: sult.

The Expression of Gender Equality and Equity within Family

Access is he capacity to use the resources necessary to be a fully active and productive (socially, economically and politically) participant in society, including acCess to resources , services, labor and employment, information and benefits" 4b Participation is "Who does \vhat?,,4a Control is "Who has what?,,4a Benefit is utilized for both men and women

Role 6

1. The pattern of masculine or feminine behavior of an individual that is defined by a

particu!ar culture.

2. The actions and activities assigned to or required or expected of a person or group 3. A normal or customary activity of a person in

a particular social setting; "what is your role on the team.

4. A set of connected behaviors, rights and obligations as conceptualized by actors in a social sit uation . It is an expected behavior in a given individual social status and social position

5. A position , or status , within a social structure that is shaped by relatively precise behavioral expectations (norms). A role has been described as the active component of status . 6. Identifies a function performed by an

individual or organization .

7. The relation one has with another node in a social network. A loving and affective relationship is the role of being a spouse 8. Represent a logical business partner, system

component or user within the process definition

9. A role indicates a person 's tasks, responsibilities, qualifications, or expectations in some context. ｾ＠

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.::=

ｾ＠Ｚｾ［［］ＭＭ _s ..ally

ｾ｟ＧＢ＠ OJ S ::'=: L S ;

a

:" c' :' c c c: soci al

in a particular

li S expectation

ｾＭ］＠

:= ;

,= c to perform for

:',e

duties of the

: " ｣ｾｬｲｩ｢ｵｴ･､＠ to males or

__

_; .e

gro up or society. For

::: ::

ｾ］＠

: ; ::.:. :: 2

=: _ ; :.=: =: '='

_

ＺＺＮ

ｾ＠

==--''"""='-=_ ｾＺＺＺＭＺＺＺ＠ｾ＠ :2 3

ＭｾＭ］ＧＺＮ＠ＺＺ＠

= ;c

｟ｾＲＺＺ＠ in

'=:: :: __

ｾ＠ｾｾ＠ a" 2d

__ = ::."

:c

_ =

_ _c-'l4 ;:; : : :

_os

:'" _

ＭＮＺＮ］Ｚ＠

3 _J ,'!i:h trucks, girls play with d clean, men work , men d women did the gathering.

:c"Slon

of attitudes that indicate

::2;; ree of your maleness or

ｾＮ＠ gender role is the pu blic

J ' gender identity".

; :.=: ,der roles means to go to the like North and South. If a ' 2 cooking and her husband .:: ening and house repairs, of gender roles . It can be

the social sciences and denote a set of behavioral :.=::: company a given gendered a gendered identity) in a or system. Gender is one gender/sex system, which

::

0

c:

cf arrangements by which a biological sexuality into

ｾ＠ activity, and in which these ==::'s are satisfied" (Reiter 1975

.: ...ｾ＠ society has a gender/sex the components and _ s:,stem vary widely from

. .. experienced by an _ compatible behavior, :: ::: ' ;;ations are associated

= :0 :::::"" :: tension that may arise

: . =: ＺＭｾＭＺ＠ＭＮＺＮ］ＺＭＺＭ］＠ :: i

a

role .

;:: = . = :

en has been identified : _ : I male role expectations, :;;It of these expectations,

and their negative consequences One posited cause of gender role strain is the early gender role socialization process that occurs often within the family context

2. Fathers' InfluencE::3 on the gender role socialization of boys seem to be greater than that of mothers.

Role Conflict 8

1. Emotional conflict arising when competing demands are made on an individual in the fulfillment of his or her multiple socia l roles. 2. A situation in which a person is expected to

play two incompatible roles.

3. Lack of compatibility between different expectations from a job or position

Gender Role Conflict 7

Sons' gender role conf1ict and stress were negatively related to paternal attachment Also, men who with lower levels of gender role conflict and who perceive their fathers to experience lower levels of gender role stress perceive less psychological separation from their fathers and mothers . Both sons' gender role conflict and stress were related to estimates of fathers , gender role conflict and stress.

Gender Role and Activities Based on Harvard and Moser Models

1. Productive activities are the activities of the members of the family in order to earn a living . This activity is also called economic activities because these activities generate direct money or goods that can be assessed equal money Examples of this activity are to work as laborers , farmers, craftsmen, and so on.

2. Reproductive activities are activities that are closely related to the maintenance and development of human resources as well as ensure continuity and are usually done in the family This activity does not generate money directly and usually performed in conjunction with domestic or social responsibilities and in some references called social reproduction . Examples of reproductive role are the maintenance and child care , home maintenance, domestic chores, and reproductive labor for the present and future (e .g. , cook, clean the house) .

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- - -- -

-ｾ＠ｾＭＺＺＭＭ su ch as water/ irrigation, schools and

::: _::.2:

::l . local government and other

::-" .

Ｚｾｳ＠ This activity could be making

: :: , ::; j not making money

］ＭｾＭ

: ,', _.

Be ing

= ::

s;on s of family wellbeing are very

: _::::: :;:; : ::,p le x The dimensions are not only :: : ｟＠Ｎｾ＠ : ' :1 2 visible (physical and health) but ::: =::: ,not be seen (spiritual) Therefore,

;; :: ::;: ? 5:, e terms that are used to analyze

_ ｾ＠ :0: ＺＺＺｾ＠ '::: mily wellbeing as follows

=: :: , 'c wellbeing Indicator used is

::2

(GNP , GOP , income per capita per .:: : t e value of assets)

= : : :::1

,'/ellbeing Indicators used including

= .:::"

o f education, the status and type of

ＭｾＮ＠

=

:0: :::

wellbeing : Indicator used is the

_. : ::: 1status , health status, morbidity and

r : : : . rate .

ｾ＠ : :] ical/mental spiritual wellbeing

_=:"

used are mentally ill, stress levels, : : ::: ::: [es, divorce rates, abortion rates,

:c :

? :: vel of crime (rape , burglary/robbery,

ｾ＠ _::: ' d er, drug used, and destructiorr)

_ j ective WellBeing or Quality of

: _;:; s: ated that the wellbeing of the family :::::: :: s:: be measured through a "Quality of

_

ｾＭ］＠

.., :: .

is measured by the need for one's

ｾ＠ＮＭＭ ...

-: ' L'e ( QOl ) is described as follows

:::: s.!rement measuring something

ｾ＠ ":::= :: ::: erson's eligibility happiness,

=

c::: :: ｾ＠ requirement conditions are

:, ough not sufficient) to = = = :: " happ iness (McCall , S: 1975 , : _ ::: . Social Indicators Research

_ ＺｾＭ : ::: ::2 :lned as subjective

well-ｾ＠ :: _ :;: scts the difference, the =.::: =::: s expectations and what " =_ '=" = ＺＺＺｾ｡ｹ＠ Human adaptation

:=:::2

cy is usually adjusted ne realism perceived _::: ssen Quality of Life

_ _ ｾ［＠ = _ ::

. =.

2ception of meaning .

ｾ＠ == ::: : ｾＮＺＮＺ＠ _: 2 eaning of the center

=.. ; =::: : : on that is associated

=: ｾｾ＠

c::_

Ｚ＠｟ｾＧ＠ e meaning of what is

:::::: ::: =: :

_s:2d or left as a legacy

(VE Farnkl. 'Man's search for meaning. 'New York Pocket Books , 1963)

d. QOl attributes consist of skills, adaptability , appreciation, basic needs , ownership, control, demands and responsibilities, stress , diversity, increase , freedom, fulfillment. gaps, gender, happiness, health, hope , identity , repairs, inclusiveness, integnty , isolation, judgment, knowledge, lack , living conditions , needs that are not appropriate, related QOl domains of existencp , physical, psychology , religion, security, satisfaction , comfort , spiritual , status, welfare , and employment conditions e. In the study of quality of life is often

distinguished between , subjective and objective quality of life. Subjective quality of life is about feeling good and satisfied in general . Quality of life is the objective of meeting the demand of society and culture associated with material wealth , social status and physical wellbeing (QOl Research Center, Denmark) .

f. Measurement of quality of life derived from the position of a number of life domains . Each domain contributes to the overall assessment of the quality of life . Domains including family and friends, work , rreighbors (residence for shelter) , community, cultural, demographic characteristics , socio economic characteristics , health, education and spiritual (QOl The University of Oklahoma School of Social Work)

g City of Vancouver measure QOl using indicators Community capacity size, measure the quality of workers , the quality measure, measure of community health, community social infrastructure, human capital size, the size of the stress, the size of the public safety, and size of community participation (QOl Website of the City of Vancouver Canada) .

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-

--

::: :: ::: is based on the exchange rate PPP

=_

: 'las ing Parity Power) _

=.=

ｾＱ＠ of life is the degree to which a

Ｚｾ＠ｾＺＭ 2'ljOyS the important possibilities of _ 'e . Possibilities result from the . :. .:. _ ｾ＠ :ies and limitations each person has 5= r life and reflect the interaction of

.::; =. ::

and environmental factors (Quality

_ ,;__ ==(e search Unit, University of Toronto

ＭＭｾ＠ 2J ality of Life Profi le was developed to

.:.. :2 a measure that considers both the

: : : : ents and determinants of health and

=

::; slng It draws upon a conceptual model

,, ;5

consistent with recent definitions of

,;,, :10 and health promotion as provided by · 2 '; orld Health Organization . The profile

2 :::

::::!zes individuals' physical,

:. : ＺＺＺＭＺＺ［Ｇｾｧｩ｣｡ｬＬ＠ and spiritual functioning; their

:. : 2=: ons with their environments; and

:: : :.; ties for ma intaining and enhancing : .:: _ ersity of Toronto 2003)20

• 0

_= _ ;;'

life includes domains of human life

_ ｾＧｾ＠ｾ｟Ｇ＠ of Toronto, 2003)2 namely :

_ =:: '"

domain (domain associated with the

:. :; :: :f the body or creature)

• ＺＺＧＭｾＮｳｩ｣｡ｬ＠ Being (Being physically able

Ｚｾ＠ get around, nutrition and the food Jlysical health , personal hygiene,

utrition, exercise, grooming and ::Iothi ng and general physical 2:Jpearance) ( Physical Wellbeing = :Ity is physically unable to move, _:;llon and food eaten, physical '; :: :1 personal hygienic , nutrition,

2 ' ",:ss state of dress and physical ":: ::::: ::1ce in general).

.= : : :. ; ical Being (Being free of

:: :: : stress, psychological health

2: :::

. 3:

ent, cognition, feelings,

: . 2S:", , self concept and self -:::sj'chological Wellbeing ;. :. :: ; : 1 th e worry and stress ,

perceived mood,

_: :; :2

eal th and adjustment,

::: == ｾｧｳＬ＠ selfesteem,

self-ｾ＠ ,: ｾＧＢ＠ : ::::ntrol).

3 ing hope for the va lues, personal _ _: : ::. : ＺＺＭＺＡｾ｣ｴＬ＠ spiritual beliefs) :: : : ;] : have hope for

_ _ _ : ＺＺＭｾＺＺＺ＠ 2 1 values, personal :: ehavior, spiri tual

=:

=

= :_

..=.

s :: ｾ｡ｩｮｳ＠ related to

Ｍｾ＠

1) Physical Belonging (home, workplace/school , neighborhood , and community; physical treasure : house or apartment dwelling, residential dwelling, home, place of work/school, neighbors, and community)

2) Social Belonging (Being close to people in my family. having a spouse or special person intimate others, family , friends coworkers , neighborhood and commun ity : soc ial treasure to be close to fami ly members , has a privileged partner, close with others . family friends, colleagues , neighbors and community)

3) Community Belonging (Being able to get professional services . having enough money, adequate income, employment , educational programs , recreational programs , community events and activities Treasure society : Got a professional serv ices such as medical and socia l having enough money , enough income, employment , educationa l programs, recreational programs, e'Jents and community activities)

RESEARCH FINDINGS

Case 1: Analysis of Gender Division of Labor ' F F ' I 10

In armer ami y

The study was conducted in the vi ll age of Hambaro and Sukaluyu , Nanggung Sub District, Bogor District The study used crosssectional study design and carried out from April to August 2008 Examples of the study were selected by simple random sampling of 110 farmer families who did not have children under five. Respondents in this study were wives .

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:=

ｾＺｦｬ｢ｵｴｩｯｮ＠ of Gender Roles in Family Table 2 The division of domestic roles in the : : :' ,Iities (n=11 0) family survival strategies (n=110)

Activities Done Activities Activities Activities

Activities Done By Both

By Both Dominated Dom inated By Dominated

,,:ed By Wife H usband & Wife Equally

Husband & By Wife By Husband

Wife Equally Hu sband

; : 'aen ily Looking for None

solving the

Ｍｾ＠ ; : ' :amily family's financial

'; =

spend problems

= ; expenses ,, c es ; ': ' a loan from

> ｾＮＺＮ［＠ : aily care for ' c :: " re nting )

Ｚｾ＠ ; .. cl achildis

_ ｾＺＺ＠ＭＬ＠ｾｷｨ･ｮ＠

_= ;:

Ｎｾ＠ school

: c Ｚｾｬｉ､ｲ･ｮＺ＠

.; Ｍｾ＠ ouse :::; ; ; : mopping

--; ::: .- 2S ,

. :=.

s oppi ng

Ｚ［ｾＭｾ＠ ; ｾＺ＠ｾｳ･ｨｯｬ､＠

_

ｾ＠Ｎ］＠

;,

'"l en it is analyzed in regard to

ana gement; it turned out the in the family survival shift to more equali ty

,,d

wife roles (Table 2). The 2 5 were shown by a variety man agement activities, ily finances related to

:""'03 family, buy items that

: , " • e, a strategy of cutting

:

co::

vi ies related to health

=_'su ng a strategy of ; : : : ; additio nal work . The _ role of financial

:= :

9 of family finance

ＭＺｯＺ］ｾ＠ the activities such

=::==2 th e food needs of

Ｍ］ｾ＠ 2 j kitchen furniture

dominant :=;::;=: :; : activ ities re lated to

ｾ＠

: ___==

.:..:. ＭｾｾＺＺＺ＠ roles a ::.:.:= ::. ＭｾＭＺ＠ＺＺＧ＠ :

::: .:.' 'c :':' ':'00 :: :

_.:.

=---=-"':;:0. __

ＭＺ［［ＺＺＺＺＺｾｾｴｩＺ＠

==

::

:

Ｍ

• Managing • Making a finan cial plan None financial with disciptine

expenses Controlling the family in • Holding carrying out financial

famity activities

finance s • Evalu ate family • Determine members for the acl10ns

food that have been done

expenditure • Creating a priority need • Having ideas • Eating outside the home

to reduce • Determine the child's the need for school or not food _{• Choosing a child 's} • Reduci ng ed ucati on

food _{• Set spending on}

consumption _education

• Set daily • Red ucing th e cost of fo od needs education (schoo l • Set menu dropou ts/absentee ism)

meals at Determini ng

hom e _{expenditures for health}

• Buying a purposes

family casual _{• Determining the place of}

wear treatm en t

• Buyi ng • Having ideas to kitchen _{su spend treatment if a} appliances famil y member gets sick

• Reducing health ca re costs

• Reducin g tran spo rt costs by riding a bike. • Buying fu rnitu re livi ng

room • Buying jewelry • Selling something to

pawn shop

• Selling/mortgaged goods • Selling ass et s

• Borrowing/debt money Finding additiona l employment

• Asking child to support work

• A sk ing wife to work Dete rmi ning where to sa ve money • Determining taking

savings

Division of Gender Roles within Family on Public Role of Productive Activities.

[image:8.598.343.573.68.587.2]

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.:: .::

ｾ

ｾｾＮＭ

: : Jsband and wife as stipulated by

Ｚｾ＠ＺＭｾ＠ distribution division of roles to

: ::: ::: ,ce of a system.

;: ｾｾ＠ o f Gender Roles within Family in

ｳ＠ Control and Beneficiaries from ; ,\ctivities (n=110).

uctlve activities are

: ｾｾｾＭ that there is a division

::.=

==

ｾ＠ｾ｡Ｇｩｯｮ＠ activity. Activities : 7 ; and maintenance, and

::::,,0

by women While

_ ':;:: "1 nological applications .: ::: :::a:ion, watering, fertilizing , o..=_ .::

c"s

and laundering the [image:9.595.76.320.76.803.2]

results of agricultural production were dominated by men Furthermore, either activity for preparation or sale the commodities was dominated by men. While the application of technology related to breeding and harvesting was done equally between men and women (Table 4).

Table 4 Division of Gender Roles within Family in Farming System (n= 110)

Activities Dominated By Wife Activities Done By 60th Husband & Wife Equally Activities Dominated By Husband

• Planting • Seeding • Preparing of land

• Weeding • Harvesting • Watering the

• Maintaining plants

• Selling • Fertilizing

• Receiving • Spraying

money • Laundering

• Managing • Pre paring for

money from sale

farm • Transporting

• Managing family financial

The Gender role of the Family in Community Social Activities_ The role of community with social activities has done by both husband and wife . General activities re lated to the sociopolitical, such as village meetings were still dominated by men as heads of households. Village offices generally invited men as the head of the family to attend the village meetings related to the planning community programs or other things. Rarely village office party invited women to attend the town meeting, except women as community leaders who are members of the umbrella organization Family Welfare Program (PKK) or Integrated Service Post (IHC) Activities such as lectures or religious activities and community service as a community service performed equally by husband and wife Community gathering activities are generally carried out by women

Case 2: The Analysis of Gender Roles Within Agroforestry Farmer Families 13

The objectives of the study were to examine women involvement in decision making to ensure their participation in Vegetable Agroforestry (VAF) production and marketing training, and to increase their involvement in women farmers or marketing a'ssociations The study was done at Hambaro, Parakan Muncang and Sukaluyu Villages, Nanggung Sub district, Bogor District, West Java Province in JuneJuly 2006 . A total of 185 household respondents were .: :tivit ies Done

By Both .... ｾｳ｢｡ｮ､＠ & Wife

Equally

• Access to

Information & :)fices of agricultural products 5enefits of :)usiness 3enefits Ｍｾｵｴｳ＠ :::enefits : :)cessing :e::hnology 3enefits of :aining skills Senefit l iormation

ｾＺ［｣･ｳ＠ of 2;; ricultural ;)roducts 3e nefits of marketing 2gricultural products • Benefits of and : ,'m ership ::e Cl efits of

ＺＺｾ＠ｲ＠ ci.. l\ urai

Activities Dominated By Husband

• Access to business loans

Access to inputs of production • Access to the

production technology • Access to processing

technology • Access to skiWs

training

• Access to marketing of agricultural products

• Access to marketing organization /farm • Access to land

ownership

• Access to agricultural labor • Control over efforts • Control over inputs • Control of production technology Control of processing technology • Control of skill's training

• Control of prices information of agricultural products • ContrOl of marketing

of agricultural products

• Control of marke ting of organization/farm • Con trol of land

ownership

(10)

==

;;:idomly. The results showed that men gender roles in farming system

:'=::'O such as land preparation, nursery,

=

'aintaining plants , fertilizing and Moreover, there were gender

:: :=

ｾｾＭＺＺ＠ ,n access and control over farm :. . Cl UtS. Men dominated access to and = :; ' credit, production technology and ｾ＠ '1 umber of women had access to and : ｾＭ marketing of agricultural products

==

,, =: 2SS to price information of agricultural

ｾＬＪＢＮｾ＠ I. omen had insignificant roles in

. • " king on farming, financial planning

=_ ,:

E S, but were dominant as

decision-- _. ., financial planning, evaluating the

:: -" ::: ' 13mily mem bers, and controlling their

:.:' .=; : :

li li es Men acted as decision-makers

7;=:

ｾｊ＠ chi ldren's education

' n alysis of Gender Roles in the

_ .';s ion of Horticultural Farmers

_ 2cology is the study of the

ＭＭＢＧｾ｟Ｍ］ＭＺ＠ｾＭＺＺＺＺ［＠ between the family and the

2nvironment, the environmental

2 ::::mily and family influences on the

.=....

the surrounding areas such as

:: :: ;:: social and physical (Deacon & - ｾ＠ -ｾ｟［Ｍ -＿ｾＸ［＠ Hill, 1985). One application of

: ｾＺＮＮＺＺ＠］］ｾｩｬｹ＠ is the cooperation gender roles

- - : : do business in the yard production

-- --=.;,.::

ｾＮ＠ｾ･ｲｰｲｩｳ･ｳ＠ in the kitchen.

:::: :: :

es

in the family relates to 'who

:=:::lC'::;;- - :: ;:::L'dy explains that: (1) Men were ::::;: ::ed the place where store := - : - ::: .', to use pesticides , (2) Men

ｾ＠ =.:- ::; activity including access, -elated to crops/ trees, fish

: :- ::- -2cri ng and rabbits in the

- \Nomen decided domestic

_ ac tivity in the house

1 the room either in the

_ :c- ":' =- :: -:sipation.

_ :: : - soc iety related to families

:=.. :

_3 training?' The study

:. 2'

were trained to attend

ｾ］＠

:::: -::;stic activities such as

=

_)

Agricultural training

Integrated Pest

=5 u sua lly done for men, (3)

::: ,: -= -=

=:

19

to local government

:: "E ::' G.en d er Roles Division in

_ : _ :.:; 0 m odities 12: 13 : 15 16 .

This study aims to compare how gender networks and coalitions affect the ability of groups to access and control natural resources and to access appropriate markets and capture value for their agricultural products The study showed that men produce and sell main agricultural products such as rice, corn or cassava, while women may

produce and sell minor vegetables . Most

agricultural products are used for consumption and the surplus sold around the village or to the middlemen Commercial production by women farmers started with jasmine flowers and later with guava In the village of Hambaro, market access was opened to everyone, but dominated by men . Only a small number of women in

Hambaro used the access to market their

products All nodes in the ma'rketing network of vegetables and frulUguava were dominated by men The middlemen provided information on demand and price of products. Men and women obtained the same price when they used the same network . Men got higher price only when they went directly to the big market. Most women did not negotiate for price, but only on the terms of payment.

Although men dominated the market for

vegetables and fruits, the allocation of

expenditures from the sale of vegetables and fruits were similar to that of women The source of power of men was from the long established network between men and the middlemen, in addition to institutionalized farmer groups and access to capital. The source of power of women was mainly from family networking and support

Women who were actively participating in

marketing gain support from their husbands in production and marketing of vegetables and were

more confident in negotiating obstacles in

marketing katuk by selling directly to

consumers/retail and obtaining higher price than

ｦｲｯｾ＠ middlemen

Impacts of Gender Roles on Family

Well-Being. Vegetable marketing activities on

women's groups generated income for their household and provided benefits such as : (1) Providing the needs for fulfilling expenditure of basic needs of dally consumption , (2) Providing school fees including pocket money, books, and

other school needs, (3) Supporting additional

capital for farming activities, (4) Facilitating the women for savings deposits in the bank by opening a bank account in the name of women, (5) Facilitating for saving in cash at home putting

In a piggy bank and (6) Helping families in bUying

(11)

:::0; :: ' th e women who worked as traders -:: -::::uctive economic efforts did not only

- ';::- I,' income. but also increased the

; ｾＧ＠ 32 'ety and secure. Women felt her

ｾＭ

_:=,::'_

and beneficial to the family Women

ｾＭ｣Ｚ＠ she had great potential to make

:- ＭｾＭ family. Women finally felt satisfied

-:: -- ::; : she was able to play an important

- - -:: ,j in g to the wellbeing of her family

;. - h e Gender Division of Labor in

_ - ; : g roforestry Products Activities15

- -:: --= suits of the survey showed that in

..:....".=c . -= partnership has existed in good

- the activity of the cashew nut

:: .'en though it was not balanced yet _ :: ::'2: Th ere was unequal gender role in ': :: :2: 0:: :/ and control as a collector trader

:: ｾｾＺＺ＠ 2 raders. whereas the roles of men

over women as collectors.

:-c :ers , access to credit and

- =- ::

marketing. However, the roles of - -s ;: -Dcessing of cashew nuts and the : : - - -= -y for processing were relatively

.=. " c : 'Jf men

:: -: =::

gender in the household activity :: : - _:: : -3:::ti ce and almost equal between Based on the survey, ii has

-==::;-

: 2d that in general the role of ;;E Jre dominant than that of men in -::: : :'::-::: 'T1i c activity and the cashew nut :: : '18 financial activity of the cashew

: :: ＭｾＮＺＺ＠ :: :: :h men and women participated

-'O-- s - -: 's alone or altogether to budget

=

:=- 3:: 5. to plan family finances, to :--Iances for the cashew nut :':-: .. money for family needs, and

=

ｾＧ＠］ＭＺＺ＠ -o r their business . For the

"" :2 32:. nut business, both women

-- - : ", :::j actively whether she/he ::; s:-,er in the activities of

ＺＺｾＳ＠ＧＭＬ･ｷ＠ nut trees , fertilizing.

.; =-:

processing Women

_ _ the cashew nut and

whereas men were

.. _ = =C: 'J:lomic activities.

::-- ＺＺＺＭｾ＠ｉ｡ｴｩｯｮｳ＠ and Subjective

Approach to Poverty

- :: ］ＺｾＺＺＭＧ＠ Families in West

Java-'::. 7::3·S major problems is

_ = =:: 18 families. especially

=

: : ,::: ::: ,i es of thisst udywere

ｾｾｴｅＬ＠

:::::::

3' ::Li: fal and agro

ferMe r fam ilie s.

examine the differences in these characteristics between upland and lowland farmer families , and analyze factors that influence the subjective family wellbeing of poor farmer families who live in upland and lowland areas The selected research sites were Bogor District as an upland area and Karawang District as a lowland area in West Java Province . The target population for the study included poor farmer families The respondents were married female farmers A purposive technique was used for sampling due to the farmers' willingness to participate There were 189 farmer families that participated in this study (n= 90 in upland district areas and n= 99 in lowland district areas) , Results showed that the socialcultural and agro ecosystem conditions differ between upland and lowland areas . Gender relations between husband and wife in domestic activities in upland areas were slightly lower than those in lowland areas However. conditions of family economic pressures and family wellbeing were similar in upland and lowland areas SEM analysis revealed that family wellbeing was directly influenced by (1) Education of husband and wife, (2) Gender relations between husband and wife , (3) External support, and (4) Indirectly by less economic pressure of the family.

T.his study had discussed the problems of poverty and gender relations in fami ly decision making. The conclusions of the study are as follows:

1. The socialCUltural and agro ecosystem conditions differ between upland and lowland areas . The conditions of upland areas of Bogor District are characterized by hilly terrain, potential for food crops, nonactive farmer's groups especially concerning women's involvement , and the existence of sociocultural constraints such as conservative norms typical of traditional agricultural communities . On the other hand , the conditions of lowland areas of Karawang District are flat , close to sea/beach, the villages are separated by very wide paddy fields, potential of rice and to become a national rice stock area, and active farmer's groups

(12)

: 2 e uality of gender

...o.,,"..｟Ｍｾ＠ｾＺＺＭＭ

.:=

, sband and wife in

In upland areas were

"::-- :-:;; - i1 10'f land areas . Results

::: : s ' 9

showed that the quality of

=_=.

=.:::, . t ',Iell -being was moderate

::.: ,,')st rl e

same between upland

areas . Results of family

;::-ressures showed similar

upland and lowland

- ｾ＠ ,'.'ever , tile education level of : ;' "" j wife in upland areas were

- - ,,- .. lowland areas .

:; -cei ng was directly influenced by

ｾ＠

=

::: ducation levels of husband and

ｾ＠ -=;::;Iy influenced by less economic

_=3_-:: :- th e family, directly influenced by

- =: ］Ｚｾ＠ＺＲ｢ｬ･＠ gender relations between

- -.=-;:: .= - :: wife ; and directly influenced by

- ; - er external support. Thus,

ｾＺＺ］ＲｫｩｮｧＬ＠ wealthy farmer families

_ families that had educated

and wives; less economic

equal gender relations and

__ and receive less or more

ｾｾＺｊｯｲｴＮ＠

: ased on these results , it is o continue gender analysis for ::: .:,-=. ,, -: h starting with gender roles in -- 2rketing of ag ricultural com mod ities,

_ . __ - 2 local institutions. This study also

-- 21 women farmers must be

- -: - -: :;; ;J ricultural development programs

3_ -::: degree of empowerment in

ｾｾＺＺＺＺＺＺ［Ｍ : :; --5 Jfficiency , increased self-esteem

- - __ ENGES FOR THE FUTURE

ＱＱｲＭｾＬＭＭＭＭ［ＢＬＭｾＺ＠ : _ P a rtnersh i p a nd Relocation

ＺＺｾＭ Roles in the Family as a

- : :n es ia farmer families face many

ｲｬＢＭＭｾｾﾷｾｾＭＺ＠ - socio-economic aspects for the

［［＠ｾＭＺ［ｲ｡ｬ＠ the farmer families who live at

- :_=

_'Dan areas still face the economic

- =.-::: 0 verty The inequality of gender

- - <=-- il, level becomes more important - _ - : ::-: because the inequality of gender _ :. == ' ewed as the insufficiency and -::- -: : ' :;; ily la bor in the eye of economic

: : ｾＺ［ＭｾｓＧ＠ es relate to gender equality in

_ _ on sidered problematic and

i life The impact of gender

inequality problems in the family can be seen from the increased family conflicts and divorces, increased trafficking activities mostly against women an d children , increase the frequency of domestic violence whose cas e s affecting women more than men, and the persistence of gender bias nurture more profitable boys compared with girls

Referring to the prob lems, it is important to present the assumption of a rational thought of

every hum an being , such as (1) Humans act

rationally (to maximize profits and minimize

costs /ris ks) (2) Humans are social creatures

who cannot afford to live alone, (3 ) Humans are autonomous beings who tend not to be subject to

others and tend to be self-sufficient, (4)

Cooperation between individuals is good to

realize comillon goals . and (5) Gender equality is

a way to facilitate cooperation among individuals in order to achieve common goals

Partn ership in marital roles relates

cooperation in running the family functions with behavioral components starting from contributing ideas, attention, moral support and material,

advice based on knowle dge gaine d, until

providing the help of energy and time . Gender partnership also refers to the concept of gender differences concerning the role, functions responsi!Jilitles , needs , and social statu s

between men and women based on

formation /construction of community culture;

social role of gender is not natural, but based on the agreement; Role social interchangeable and can be changed depending on the condition of the local culture and time/era.

The interdepenrJence between men and women is the basis of the principle of partnership and harmony in the family and society . Although in reality it is still occurs frequent discrimination, margin alization , subordination . double burden , an d the violence of one party to the other party . These gender gaps between what should be done an d what is the reality is the result of negative excess accumulation of socio - cultural

values of a society that lasted for centuries In

order to decrease the gap , the need of a change relates to a change of mind-set of all men and women about gender perception of relocating gender roles in the family

Equality and equitability in cooperation between husbands and wives and children both men and women increase the quality of all function s of the family through the division of labor and the gender relations of role of public,

domestic and social activities Partnership of

(13)

::' resource used in the family ("no - - - usband and wife" or "no secret :: ::2 :2S the formation of a sense of

ｾ＠ＭＺ］ｾｾＺＺ･ｮ｣･＠ based on trust and mutual

Ｚｾｾ＠ an accountability (measurable and

ＭｾＭＧ＠ＧＧＧ］ＭＭＧＧＧＧ｟ｾＧＺｾ＠

-

:'1e use of resources, and yields a

- - : - ,, -- lOnious family life.

-: -= - ;:

act of gender inequality in the

_: ｾ＼ｰ｡ｮ､･､＠ to the macro level by the

ｾ＠ Indonesian people are still

ｾ］Ｍ］Ｍ｟＠ＭＭＭ

.; ;::

b w HOI quality; stunted economic

-' ual ity of education level (high low quality of health (high of

high level of social issues

_='''':,

crime, trafficking), low the quality

i: - _ community well-being or increased --:. :- .: , erty, low quality of maintenance the _- - : - ' (deforestation and erosion, and _ - :: - ; h: injustice transfer from generation

constant/improved, and high

,__

ｾｾｏＭ］Ｍ - ' ,_ration).

_ :: :: . c

the pro blems of inequality of

ｾＭＭＬ＠ . ? ｾ＠ｾ＠ in a family, the need of gender role :O:' 2:egy between husband and wife :: _ '2 J le in the millennium era. Bflsed

=

;= - j gender equality, the roles of

ｾ＠

': .. 'c

could be relocated again among

ＢＺＢｾＭＭＧＭＮＭ domesticireproduciive, and

These activities can be

ｾＭ［］ＺＺ＠ cooperated, changed, modified or

=. -; :: 2:ly. The most important thing to be

ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾ＠ｾＺＺ＠ ::: husband and wife is that anyone

' or the sake of all family members : ':: :.orking for the family) in order to

::=:z:.:=-

-.= - , well-being (physical, social,

:: S'lchologicallmental, spiritual)

Ｍ］ＭＭ］ＭｾＧｬｩｰ＠ in the family means that there

and accountability for the of all family functions starting

organizing, decision-making,

monitoring and evaluation. All of ;;:'-7- ',a:ons of family life management

;=-

: e

equality and equality between

=.-.: ..X e which is manifested in the 'c sp ect for human rights. mutual - - J:ua! respect and sacrifice of love

__ 2 tion o f Family Function through

ｾＭｾ＠ ::; -;? nd er Harmony1 8 The idea of an

ＭＭｾＮ＠ＭｾＧ＠ : ':: -:;-c oe Vleen gender and

_ rae- ica l approach of"

'- - - - ;t- ·.;gh gender

'::- ＺＺ＠ＡＺＭＭ］ｾＭＺｾ＠ 5 e-:' re e' ant to be

:0 ' _ ' _ ' : ｾ＠

s

a :: ::-'j ac r aims to

_

_ _

ＮＭ］Ｍｾ＠ＺＺＺ＠ ::: : 5 ;; 5 of he

individual level and the family unit in achieving common goals Harmonious gender partnership is conducted jointly between husband. wife and their children in the spirit of a common goal and shared responsibility .

Over the last decade. it has been perceived the decline in the role and function of family in Indonesia . There has been a degradation of functions and roles of the family in creating disharmony and social disorder. The decline in the roles of the family is characterized by

1. Families has begun to lose the ability to

regulate the behavior of their members

including social behaviors and

procreation.

2. The roles of the family as a source of

emotional security and psychosocial

maintainer were reduced by the number of domestic violence in this modern life 3. Women increasingly preoccupied with

her career and the opportunity to achieve personal success. then the women give more priority to her personal interest rather than the priority to meet the needs

of the child care and educational

character and togetherness with family

4 . The absent of father tends to be higher

• and the percentage of parents who make the amount of time allocated for their children tends to be decreased. The time of young children to be alone or with friends or children in daycare time/cared by maid tends to be increased .

5. The sign of decreased functions and

roles of the family tends to be decreased sharply with the decline in the belief in family loyalty, obligations among family members , and the closeness of the relationship as a whole unit.

6. Since the last few decades, there has

been a drastic change and weakening of

the family structures. namely the

transition from marriage to divorce to be single families .

7 It has been decreased for nuclear family

with traditional roles and functions.

8 . It has been increased the conditions of

wife who is no longer willing to serve the

husband and husband who IS unfaithful to

his wife again .

9. It has been increased the condition of

(14)

ＭＭ

- =3 r een increased the solution of

- _ ' :2 ｃｾＬ＠ veen husband and wife that

..=: :

-e s m ore preferable than as a

: : . : - to the self-sacrifice through the

:xo -' ｣＠ＺＺｾ＠ of personal desires .

: :

_:' : n

of stabilization family function

,= .

:':,ship gender harmony could be

::0 :

: e r

ro les could be allocated more

= :: e between husband and wife (not

==

Ｍｾｩ､＠ structures) as the realization of

; ::- : er equity and equal ity in the family. - -;:; Jcal norms become a sustainable .:_ :., e guide for families.

-- e

value of family harmony, fair and -:: ':'O.oerous becomes common goals of

":;- - Iy members that can achieve the : :: en ce and integrity of the family :, s:em .

:: - ?lly, the realization of the family and

: : - l1unity well-being toward the

£:: evement of a prosperous nation of

- =: nesia could be fulfilled.

- ';::': the development of gender and

:: _=

=s in the future has to be done by

=...0<_"

ｾ＠Ｌ･､＠ methodology between quantitative

=

:ative methods, arranging more

｟ｾＧ［ＺＧＭＢＬＮｊ＠ :: -: in the area of gender and family

:: ' -ni ng strategic planning and programs -::: etc.

= _USIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

• ::: ,clusion, it is found that there was

］ｾ＠ == gree of gender partnership in the

ＮＬＮ［［ＮＮＭｾｾ＠ : : labor among farmer families . The

: ' ,: omestic roles in the farmer family

｟ｾＺＮＮｴｾＭＧ＠ＺＺＺ･ｧｩ･ｳ＠ showed a shift to more equality

ｾＭＭＮＬＬ］ .... _soand and wife roles. There was a

ｾｾ｟ＢｾＭ［Ｎ＠ '-)I e of the husband's access to, and

- -ｾ＠ ts, credit, technology and farming

Furthermore there was a division of

- :- e specification activities. Activities

ＭＮＬＮＮＮＮＮＮＬＮＮＮＬｾ＠ｾＺＺ＠ ::ith planting and maintenance, and

,, 5 dominated by women, While

｟ｾ _ _ - '= ?ted to technological applications

: '- soil preparation, watering, fertilizing, ·',:n insecticides and lau ndering the

-

］＠ｾＭ cultural production were dominated

.' :: ' sover, men dominated gender roles

- ; system practices such as land

ｾＺＭ］Ｍ］＠ ursery, planting, maintaining plants ,

- -; 2-C: harvesting . Then, there were

: 2=-e nces in access and control over

__ =. ::: - i .puts . Men dominated access to

- - "-:: ::. ! ef credit, production technology

and labor. A fair number of women had access to

and control over marketing of agricultural

products and had access to price information of

agricultural products. Gender role among men

and women affected family well-being .

Vegetable marketing activities on women's

groups generate income for their household and

provided benefits . Most of the women who

worked as traders felt that productive economic efforts did not only add to family income, but also increased the feeling of safety and secure

It is recommended to continue gender analysis for further research starting with gender roles in production, marketing of agricultural commoditi es, and agricultural local institutions This study also suggested that women farmers must be integrated into agricultural development programs to gain some degree of empowerment

in economic self-sufficiency, increased

self-esteem and autonomy.

Indonesia farmer families face many

challenges in socio-economic aspects for the

future Equality and equitability in cooperation

between husbands and wives and children both men and women increase the quality of all functions of the family through the division of labor and the gender relations of role of public ,

domestic and social activities To solve the

problems of inequality of human beings in a family:the need of gender role relocation strategy between husband and wife is very suitable in the

millennium era. The idea of an approach that

combine between gender and family studies through a practical approach of strengthening families through gender harmonious partnerships is very relevant to be discussed in the future . This approach aims to accommodate the diverse desires of the individual level and the family unit in achieving common goals . Harmonious gender

partnership is conducted jointly between

husband, wife and their children in the spirit of a common goal and shared responsibility . Final ly the development of gender and family studies in the future has to be done by creating mixed methodology between quantitative and qualitative methods. arranging more assessment in the area of gender and family studies, forming strategic planning and programs for families . etc.

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==:

dik , Dinas Pendidikan 3,2010 ,

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::. r , a ), tingkat Pro pinsi (dengan para Hastuti , D., Koesoemaningtyas , T &

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jl k, Dinas Pendidikan Propinsi Hera wati ,

T

2008 La poran Penelitian Hlbah

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ＮＺＺ＠Ｚｾ＠ sampai sekarang" . Data merupakan bag ian dari penelitian Hibah dari berbagai sumber (1) Bersaing Tahun Pertama Dibiayai oleh : ,',r':Ivv.answers .com/topic/gender Direktorat Jenderal Pendidikan Tingggi,

_ｾＭｾ＠ (2) Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, sesuai

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15 Puspitawatl, H. & Sarma , M. 2010 Gender Division of Labor in Agro forestry Activities Within Household A Case of Wonogiri-Central JavaIndonesia. In Tscharnthe, T, Leuschner, C, Veld kamp , E, Faust, H, Guhardja , E, & Bldin , A (Eds .) Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests Under Global Change : Ecological and SocioEconomic Valuation. ISSN 18635520, ISBN 9783-64200492 .

Page 177189 SpringerVerlag Berlin Heidelberg . Germany r,J1onografi Internasional

16 Puspitawati, H. & Trikoesoemaningtyas . 2012 . Women Access to Market Vegetable Marketing of Women in The Village of Hambaro , Nanggung Subdistrict Bogor District, West Java, Indonesia In Susila, A. D . et al. (eds) VeqetableAo roforestry Systems in Indonesia . ISBN 978974350-6550. Page 341350 . Special Publication No. 6c. World Association of Soli and Water Conservation (WASWAC) 1v10noo rafi Internasional

17 Tri koesoemaningtyas , Puspitawa !: H, & Herawati ,

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2012 . Gender Roles of Farmers Families in VegetableAgroforestry S ystems A Case Study at Nanggung Subdistrict, Bogor Dis.tric!, West Java , Indonesia. In Susila , A. D . et al. (eds .)VegetableAoroforestry Systems in Indonesia . ISBN 978974350-6550. Page 323340 . Special Publication No 6c. World Association of Soil and Water Conservation (WASWAC) Monoq rafi Internasional

18 Puspitawati, H . 2012 Gender dan Ke luarga Konsep dan Realitas di Indonesia 653 halaman . IPB Press . ＹＷＸＭＹＷｓＭｾＹＳＭＴＰＳＭＶ＠

Bogor.

19 Herien Puspitawati & Ma'mu:: Sarma. Gender Relations and Subjecti v e Famil y WellBeing: An Approach to Poverty Alleviation for Farmer Families in VVest Java-Indonesia. Draft of an Article .

20 http//www.qdrc.orq/uem/qoldefine .html. 25

GENDER ROLES' PARTNERSHIP AMONG RURAL FAMILIES IN ACHIEVING FAMILY WELL-BEING