THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
FROM INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES IN THE POEM PANTUN TERANG
BULAN DI MIDWEST BY TAUFIK ISMAIL
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One (S1)
Siti Aisyah 1110026000058
ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITY FACULTY
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2015.
In This research, the writer focuses on translation study that is the translation shift and
equivalence in the poem „Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest’. The aims of this research are to describe the types of shift translation that occur in the poem and to describe the result of equivalence both of source and target language. The writer uses qualitative descriptive method in order to reach the objectives of the research. She is collecting, classifying, and analyzing the data.
The results of this research are: first, all of types of translation shift based on
Catford‟s theory are used in translating the poem. They are structure shift, intra -system shift, unit shift, and class shift. Second, the most translation shift occur is structure shift. Third, formal and dynamic equivalence was analyzed based on Nida‟s theory. Fourth, based on analyzing the data, it can be concluded that shift can be defined as problem solving to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into another language. Also, the equivalence is not similar. Form and meaning are frequently not fully equivalent, but forms may change but meaning must not change.
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APPROVEMENT
THE SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE IN THE ENGLISH
TRANSLATION FROM INDONESIAN NOUN PHRASES IN THE
POEM
Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest
BY TAUFIK ISMAIL
A Thesis
Submitted to Letters and Humanity Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
The Degree of Strata 1
SITI AISYAH NIM.1110026000058
Approved by
Advisor 1 Advisor 2
Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H,.M.H.,M.Pd. Atik Yuliani, MA TESOL. NIP.19700310 200003 1 002
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA
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DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.
Jakarta, March 2015
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In The Name Of Allah, the Most Gracious, And the Most Merciful
First of all, there is no word better than praises be to Allah, who always gives the writer much of strength and His amazing guidance so, the writer able to accomplish all the processes of this thesis. Peace and salutation forever be given to our prophet Muhammad SAW as the greatest prophet for Muslims.
Secondly, the writer would like to express her greatest honor to her family, especially her Parents, Mrs. Fauziyah Hanim, S.kom and Mr. Wahyudi Suherman
S.H who has been fulfilling the writer‟s needs and always supports in many aspects,
may Allah always bless you. The most thanks is addressed to her greatest honor and thankful to her advisors, Dr. Frans Sayogie, S.H,.M.H.,M.Pd and Mrs. Atik Yuliani, MA TESOL, who had been fully guiding, support, and encourage the writer very well in making this thesis from the beginning until the ending. The writer will never forget about all of their kindness until the end of time.
Furthermore, the writer would like to express her honor to those who have helped her in finishing this thesis, they are:
1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, MA, as the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
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5. All the Lectures who had been taught her in English Letters Department from the first semester until he accomplished the study.
6. Dyan Agustina, Deri Indriya Shanti, Fadilah Mahmuda, Saidah Turahmah, Meyriska, Riyan Fahlepi, Liyon Akbar, Fahmi Fahrurroji, Aida Soraya, Arin Dwi tahira, Nur Alfy Ilmi, and Khuzaimah for sharing and supporting me. 7. Adea Fitriana, for striving together to graduation list.
8. Friends of KKN Aksi who supports her, Anjar Ningtias, Shelly Novianita and Reza Nugraha for sharing and supporting me.
9. Mr. Duha Hadiyansyah that give some advices and support her thesis.
Jakarta, March 2015
TABLE OF CONTENT
ABSTRACT ... i
APPROVEMENT ... ii
LEGALIZATION ... iii
DECLARATION ... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v
TABLE OF CONTENT ... vii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Focus of The Study ... 3
C. Research Question ... 3
D. Significance of the study ... 3
E. Research Methodology... 4
1. The Objectives of Research ... 4
2. The Method of Research ... 4
3. The Instrument of the Research ... 4
4. The Unit of Analysis ... 5
5. The Technique of Data Analysis ... 5
CHAPTER II THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK ... 6
A. Previous Researches ... 6
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CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSIS ... 21
A. The Data Description ... 21
B. The Data Analysis ... 22
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 31
A. Conclusion ... 31
B. Suggestion ... 31
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 34
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of Study
Poem is a unique literature work. The words are expression of soul from a poet. In poem, we can find a noun phrase. If noun phrase translated from source language into target language, the translation shift could be occurred for achieve the meaning equivalence. Such in a poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in The Midwest.
Noun phrase consists of group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this), adjectives, adverbs and nouns1. In Indonesian and English, structures of noun phrase are different. As we know that noun phrase exist in every sentence of language, especially in Indonesian and English as the source and target language of this research. Many students are still confused in differentiating the word order in head words of the Indonesian and English noun phrase. It is because the Indonesian and English head words are not the same. In Indonesian noun phrases, the head word is head – initial position, while in English the head word is head – final position. Therefore, the core of the phrase is head word, which is used to determine the meaning and the word class2.
In translating noun phrase from Indonesian into English case, a translator usually has a difficult in determining structure of noun phrase in target language
1
Marcella Frank, Modern Englis.2000, (New Jersey: Prentice Hall,inc.) p.53
2
Diani Mahasari, Ni Ketut. 2012. The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The Translation Shift of
TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to “The Twilight: New Moon. Denpasar:
2
because of the different structure between both languages. When translated in one language, translator should follow the rules and the principle from a language that translated. In generally, translator should learn all of text before translated. After geting the common idea, translator could divide it into certain parts and try to analyze it with divide into: word, phrase, clause, sentences, and paragraph. Equivalent in structure of language is a similarity derives study structure of syntax in two different languages. Structure of syntaxes in every language is content from every formation of word even sentences in formation of class of word or its sentences.
In equivalence and shift, the meaning is more important than the form. Besides, equivalence focuses to cases when language describes the same situation by different structure. As Vinay and Dalbenet states that equivalence refers to cases where languages describe the same situation by the different stylistic or structuran means3. Whereas when the form in source language has a new form or different form from the target language, it is called shifts.
Like a source of data usually finded a noun phrases. In poem that unique, we can find a noun phrases. There is translation shift in translating noun phrases in a poem. These translation shifts occur to get the appropriate meaning. If these shifts not occur so the result of translation poem will be awkward. Therefore, researcher wants to research types of translation shift of noun phrase and its equivalence in
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the poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in The Midwest.
B. Focus of The Study
This research is focused on finding the types of shifts and the equivalence in the result noun phrase translation from the Indonesian noun phrase from the Indonesian into English in poems; Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest, by Taufik Ismail was translated into English by John H. McGlynn.
C. Research Question
Based on the focus of study above, this research questions can be formulated as follows:
1. What types of shift of noun phrase translation in Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem?
2. How is the equivalence in the result of noun phrase translation?
D. Significances of The Study
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E. Research Methodology
1. The Objective of the Research
Based on formulation of the problem, this research aims:
1. To analyze the types of shift translation in the English translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.
2. To analyze the result of equivalence in the English translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.
2. Method of Research
This research uses a descriptive qualitative method. It means that all the data in this research are in the form of sentences and words, not in the form in numbers. The writer identify the data of noun phrase, describe the noun phrase that find in the Indonesian and English poem, analyzes types of shift and the result of equivalence in the English translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.
3. The Instrument of the Research
4. The Unit of Analysis
The unit of analysis in this research is a poem by Taufik Ismail: Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest from Sajak Ladang Jagung book, published in 1971 and its translation Full of Moon in the Midwest by John H. McGlynn, from On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry book, published in 1990.
5. Technique of Data Analysis
In this research, the writer analyzes the data using descriptive analysis technique. The steps of analysis as follows:
a. Reading the poem Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and Full of Moon in the Midwest repeatedly to find the noun phrase. Giving the notation of the noun phrase in the poem of Indonesian verse and English verse. b. Collecting the data of noun phrase that is found in poem of Indonesian
and English versions.
c. Classifying the noun phrase which is found in the poem of Indonesian and English versions.
d. Analyzing the type of shift in the English translation from the Indonesian noun phrase to get the result of its.
e. Analyzing the result of translation equivalence in the English translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.
6 CHAPTER II
CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION SHIFT AND EQUIVALENCE OF NOUN PHRASE
A. Previous Studies
There are some researches related to this topic of study which also discussed about shift which occur in the translations studies. Therefore we need to do the literature review in order to know how the other researchers analyze the topic, so that we can avoid the possibility of duplication. There are thesis and journals related to this topic are reviewed.
Monireh Akbari in the international journal of linguistics entitled
“Structural Shifts in Translation of Children's Literature.” The researcher's
intention was to focus upon the types of "structural shifts" in literary translation from English into Persian and their significant role in Compensation and Explicitation of meaning. The main objective of this research was to see whether and how translators incorporate structural shifts into their schedule, what kinds of structural Shift are made and what kinds of structural shift are more frequently used in literary translation. The second objective of the research was to examine whether structural shifts help the literary translators to better transfer the meaning.4
Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum and Azadeh Shahbaiki, in the academic journal of Interdisciplinary Studies entitled “Translation Shifts in the
Persian Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens”. This study
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intends to find the realization of Catford‟s shifts in the Persian translation of
Charles Dickens‟ “A Tale of Two Cities” by Ebrahim Younesi. The aim of
this study is to find which types of shifts the translator uses, to compare the SL and the TL versions, and to investigate how faithful the translator is to the original text. Furthermore, it intends to find the problems translators face during the translation process. This paper analyses different kinds of category shifts which Catford divides into four subgroups: structure shifts, class shifts, unit shifts and intra-system shifts in translation. To this end, forty sentences of the first six chapters of the novel were selected randomly and compared with their corresponding parts in the Persian translation. This study shows that among forty sentences that include forty-three shifts, unit shift is the most frequent type of shift. 37.5% of shifts are unit shifts, 30% class shifts, 12.5% structure shifts and 27.5% intra system shifts. It also shows that shifts are inevitable in some places in the translation process and this is because of different natures of languages and variations that exist among them, so the translator is forced to deviate from the source text.5
Parlindungan Pardede. Penerjemahan Tiga Puisi Taufik Ismail ke dalam Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Univaersutas Kristen. One of the corpus in this thesis
is my corpus. It is “Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest”. This thesis compare the
result of analysis three poems of Taufik Ismail as source language text with the result of translation in Englis target language to know the aspects that makes its target language accepted as the good translation. The Aspects are
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comparing meaning, comparing esthetics value, and comparing the structure and expressive value.
This paper has different focus among those researches. It brings into a theory of shifting and equivalence in translation. The writer analyzes the type of shifting that occur in translation and their result of equivalence.
B. The Shift of Translation
The term shift is used in the literature to refer to change which occur may
occur in the process of translation. Based on Oxford Advance Leaner‟s
Dictionary, “Shift is change position or place substation of one thing to
another”6. Catford gives the idea on shift, namely “The change of formal
structure of the source language into the target language.”7
Meanwhile, Vinay and Dalbernet state shift as transposition. According to Vinay and Dalbernet,
“transposition is interchange of parts of speech that don‟t affect the meaning, a
noun phrase for a verb phrase.” Furthermore, Newmark refer that “shift is a
translation procedure invoving a change in the grammar in source language to
target language.”8 Oxford University Press, 2000) p. 406
speech, structure or system language from source language to target language without affecting the meaning.
1. The Translation Shift
Every translator has an obligation to transfer all the messages from source language to target language without changes the meaning. Translator should determine the form and content of the source language text with form that appropriate in target language text. Translator usually finds the difficulties in getting the same equivalent and appropriate form in
target language, because “language has its own genius and possesses
certain distinctive characteristics that give it a special character, such as a word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, technique for
linking clause into sentences, etc.”9
In this case, translator has to know the structure of the translation in appropriate with rules and grammar of the target language. Translator sometimes makes some replacements or shifts to establish translation equivalence between different language systems..
According to Catford, translation shift mean departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the Source Language to the Target Language. There are two kinds of translation shifts, level shift and category shift10.
9
Nida, E. A.1975. Language Structure and Translation. (California. Standford University Press.),
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Level shift is meant that a source language item at one linguistic level has a target language translation equivalent at a different level11. Level shifts as a shift from grammatical unit in source language to a lexical unit in target language. For example12:
SL : Roni has completed an assignment TL : Roni telah mengumpulkan tugas
From the example above, there is a shift from grammar to lexis in which the patterns which is in English if has contiguous with past participle of complete, then it indicates that the act of completing has begun before the time of speaking and the effect of the action still resumes at the time of speaking. The form has + past participle (grammar) in English is translated into telah (lexis) in Indonesian language. There is a shift in rank of grammatical unit into lexical unit.
Meanwhile, category shift is departure from formal correspondence in translation. Catford referfs uses unbounded and rank-unbound translation term. The unbounded translation means that translation equivalent may occur in appropriate rank such as morpheme, word, phrase, clause, and sentence. The while, rank-unbound translation refers to cases where equivalence is intentionally limited to ranks below the sentence13.
Category shift is subdivided into four kinds. They are structure shift, class shift, unit shift, and intra system shift.
a. Structure Shift
Structure shift is the most frequent category shifts at all ranks in translation. It is enclose a change in grammatical structure between source language into target language14.
Example15: SL : new shirt TL : baju baru
From the example, the noun phrase new shirt in the source language text is constructed of modifier (new) + head (shirt), meanwhile in the target language it becomes baju baru which is constructed of head (baju) + modifier (baru).
b. Class Shift
Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item16.
Example17:
SL : medical student TL : mahasiswa kedokteran
In this example, medical in the source language is an adjective is shifted into pendidikan which is in the target language is noun.
14
Ibid, p. 77
15
Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in theHannah Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
16
Ibid, p. 78
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c. Unit Shift
Unit shift involves change in rank. It departs from formal correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in the SL is the unit at a different rank in the TL18.
Example19: a phrase into a clause. SL : Hari Jum‟at adalah hari baik. TL : Friday is a good day.
For the example, there is alteration of rank from phrase to be word.
d. Intra-System Shift
Catford said that intra-system shift occur because there is internal system between source language and target language based on their regulation of language constitution20.
SL : Many books TL : Banyak buku
Books in the source language is a plural form. It is translated into buku in the target language in a singular form.
According to Newmark a shift called as transposition which involves a change in the grammar from source language to the target language. There are four types of transposition21:
18
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University Press.)p. 79
19
Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in theHannah Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta
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1. The First Type
This type is an obligatory transposition or automatic shift. It is caused by the grammatical structure of a language22. So it offers the translator no choice and must make the equivalence in the target language. This type category divided into two kinds:
a. Plural in source language changes become singular in target language, for example: a pair of shorts is translated into sebuah celana pendek23.
b. Adjective + noun in source language changes become noun + adjective in target language, for example: good news is translated into berita bagus.
2. The Second Type
The shift needful when grammatical structure in source language does not exist in the target language24. There are three kinds of this type.
a. In Indonesian language, the object is in front of the sentence, but there is no in English grammatical structure.
For example: buku itu harus kita bawa25 is translated becomes we must bring the book.
b. In Indonesian language, the adjective is in front of the sentence, and then followed by the subject, but there is no in English grammatical
Frans sayogie, 2009. Teori & Praktek Penerjemahan Bahasa Inggris ke dalam Bahasa Indonesia. Tangerang: Pustaka Anak Negeri, p.70
23
Ibid, p.71
24
Ibid, p.72
25
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For example: malu aku is translated becomes I’m shy
c. In Indonesian language, the verbal is in front of the sentence, but it is not unusual in English, except the imperative sentence.
For example: its usage has been approved26 is translated becomes telah disahkan penggunaannya.
3. The Third Type
It is the shift grammatically possible but may not accord with natural usage in the target language.27 There are four kinds of this category:
a. Noun or noun phrase in source language becomes verb in target language.
For example28:
SL: We must all responsible for the existence of the earth. TL: Kita semua bertanggung jawab menjaga bumi.
b. Noun phrase + adjective form verb intransitive in source language becomes noun + clause in target language.
For example29: SL: Thinking person TL: Orang yang berfikir
c. Adjective + noun or noun phrase in source language becomes noun + noun in target language.
Machali, 2009. Pedoman bagi Penerjemah, (Bandung: PT Mizan Pustaka.) p. 96
29
For example30: SL: Medical student TL: Mahasiswa kedokteran
4. The Fourth Type
It is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure. It has textual function such as, -lah, -pun in the target language and also the unit (rank) shift as termed by Catford is the kind of this shift.31
For example:
SL: He is very pleasant, but his wife is arrogant.
TL: Dia sangat baik (sekali), tetapi istrinya sangat sombong. Another example:
SL: Amenity TL: Tata karma
Both Catford and Newmark have their own opinion about shift.
Catford‟s theory has large shift coverage in translation. He explains shift
from the smallest unit into text, whereas Newmark only focuses on grammatical structure.
30
Siti Muhtalifah. 2011. An Analysis of English-Indonesian Translation Shift in theHannah Banana Short Stroty By Ribut Wahyudi. (UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta) p. 50
31
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C. Noun Phrase
Noun phrase can be identified by the determiners the, a, and an. Noun phrase consist of four constituents, that is, the head, the determiner, pre-modifier, and post-modifier. In a sentence, a noun phrase can function as subject, object, and complement. The noun phrase is essential part of every sentence. Noun phrase is constructed from words a noun and a phrase. Some of experts give the similar definition of noun phrase. Brown & Miller state that noun phrases is Noun phrases are traditionally thought of as consisting minimally of a head noun, together with any number of noun phrases modifier, they are determiners, quantifiers and quantifiers phrases, adjective and adjectives phrases, noun and noun phrases, ad position and ad position phrases and clause.32
According to Baker, “Noun phrase consist of a noun or pronoun with
modifiers, including pronouns, adjectives, other phrases and clause.”33
From definitions above it can be conclude that noun phrase comes from group of words, which consist of head (noun or pronoun) with their modifiers. A noun phrase can act as a subject in a sentence function (e.g. The child read the book), as the object of a verb (e.g. The child read the book), as the object complement of a verb (e.g. John bought a cake), or as the object of a preposition (e.g. Jill is swimming in the pool).
32
Ni Ketut Diani Mahasari, 2012. The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The Translation Shift of TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to
“The Twilight: New Moon. (Denpasar: Udayana University.), p.19-20
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D. Equivalence in Translation
The main purpose of translation is delivering the meaning of text which achieves equivalence. In relation to equivalence in translation, Vinay and Darbelnet state, “Equivalent refers to cases where languages describe the same
situation by different stylistic or structural means”.34
Catford wrote texts in different languages can be equivalent with different degrees (fully or partially equivalent). In respect of different levels of presentation (equivalent in respect of context, of semantics, grammar, of lexis, ect), and at different ranks (word-for-word, phrase-for-phrase, sentence-for-sentence).35
Furthermore, Baker used the notion of equivalence for the sake of convenience. Thus equivalence is variously regarded as a necessary condition for translations, an obstacle to a progress to translation studies or useful category for describing translation.36
1. Types of equivalence
There are some concepts of equivalence in translation with different approaches from scholars. Nida and Taber state that the best translation does not sound like translation37. Nida is much more interested in the message of the text or, in its semanctic quality38
a. Nida divided equivalence into formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence.
34
J.P. Vinay and Darbelnet. 1995. Comparative stylistics of French and an English: A Methodology for Translation.. (Amsterdam/Philadephi: John Benjamins Publishing Company.),
35
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University Press.), p.27
36
Mona Baker. 1997. In other words: a Coursebook on Translation. (London: Routledge,),
37
Eugene A. Nida and Taber C.R. 1982. The theory and Practice of Translation. (.Leiden: E.J. Brill.), p.12
18
1. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. One is concerned that the message in the receptor language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language.
2. Dynamic equivalent is the relation between receptor and message should substantially the same as that which existed between original receptor and the message.39
There are some types of equivalence according to experts:
b. Popovic as cited in Bassnett the classification of equivalence. According to him, there are four types equivalence as follow40:
1. Linguistic equivalence, where there is homogeneity on the linguistic level both source language and target language texts, i.e. word for word translation.
2. Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of „the
elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis‟, i.e. elements of
grammar.
3. Stylistic (translational) equivalence, where there is „functional equivalence of elements in both original and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical meaning. 4. Textual (syntagmatic) equivalence, where there is equivalence
structuring of a text, i.e. equivalence of form and shape.
39
Jeremy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. (London and New York: Routledge), p. 41
40
c. According to Catford‟s model of equivalence41:
1. Formal correspondence is any target language category (unit, class, element of structure, etc) which can be said occupy as nearly as
possible the “same” place in the “economy in the target language as
the given source language category occupies in the source language. For example: translating a noun by a noun.
2. Textual equivalence is any target language text or portion of text which is observed on a particular occasion to be the equivalent of a given source language text or portion of text. for example: translating adjective by adjective phrase.
41
20 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING A. Data Description
As the writer mention about chapter 1, this study focuses on analysis types of shift translation of noun phrase and result of equivalence in English translation from the Indonesian noun phrase.
In the data description, the writer finds the type of shift of the source language into target language in translating a noun phrase of Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest and its translation Full of Moon in the Midwest and its result of equivalence.
Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem is a descriptive poem that reveals amazement of poet toward the natural beauty Midwest, America. When the reader read this poem, the reader like faced to a riveting landscape painting. Everywhere the eyes see, that look is natural charm which is sprinkled moonlight. The poem begins with the picture of full of moon that sheds rosy light. Illuminated by the moon, The Mississippi clearly visible includes the wide and the water which is murky. When switch off the stare, visible the overlay of cornfield, swamps, hills, smoke, lakes, grouse and hillside that a lot of pines. The beautiful panorama accompanied by nature music produce by roll likes thunder, the hum of insects and wind gusts which eventually turned into drizzle.42
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B. Data Analysis
In the data analysis, the writer gets the noun phrases in the source language text from Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest poem and its translation. Then, the writer analyzes the process of shift translation and analyzes the equivalence of noun phrase both of them.
The data are presented both in source language text and the target language text. The data are analyzed based on the theory of Catford about shift and
Nida‟s theory about equivalence.
Datum 1
SL: Sebuah bulan sempurna (line 1) TL: A perfect moon (line 1)
According to the datum 1 above, it can be seen that the shift in translation namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase in the source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation can be shown by the translation of bulan sempurna into perfect moon. The phrase is shifted from head (noun, bulan) + modifier (adjective, sempurna) into modifier (adjective, kotor) + head (noun, moon). Catford‟s called it is structure shift43. This structure shift occurs due to the different linguistic system between Indonesian and English, in which Indonesian uses the form of head + modifier, meanwhile English uses the form of modifier + head. Then, SL noun phrase sebuah bulan sempurna is translated into TL noun phrase a perfect
43
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moon. Here, prefix se- as ‘one’ of the markers of the Indonesian singular noun and the word „buah‟ is a noun as classifier a fruit or another thing outside the human being. Bulan translated into moon and sempurna translated into perfect. It is indicated that TL has the same word order and meaning with SL44. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.
Datum 2
SL: Sungai Mississippi (line 5) TL: The Mississippi (line 5)
From the datum 2 above, we know that the noun phrase in the source language text has the constitution of noun (sungai) + noun (mississippi). Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into noun phrase which has the constitution of determiner (the) + noun (mississippi). This noun phrase in the source language text is also translated into noun phrase in the target language text. However, the shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun sungai in the source language is translated into mississippi. There is one Mississippi in the America. Mississippi is the river in America. There is internal system between source language and target language based on their regulation of language constitution. Catford mention it is as intra-system shift45. Then, SL and TL has same word order. It means that the form and the meaning are the same46.
44
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. (London and New York:Routledge), p. 42
45
J.C. Catford, op. cit.. p.80
46
Datum 3
SL: Bunyi-bunyi sepi (line 7) TL: Sounds of silence (line 7)
The datum 3 above shows that the noun phrase bunyi-bunyi sepi in the source language text has the constitution of noun (bunyi-bunyi) + determiner (adjective, sepi). Meanwhile the target language which is a noun phrase has the constitution of noun (sounds) + preposition (of) + adjective (silence). It can be said that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which the word of‟ in the target language is appeared. This type of shift is namely structure shift according to the theory proposed by Catford47. Then, SL noun phrase bunyi-bunyi sepi is translated into TL noun phrase sounds of silent. Actually, there is yang in the bunyi-bunyi sepi that translated to be sounds of silent, but author not use yang in his words. It is not change the meaning. So, increasing of is precise. It is indicated that TL has the same word order and meaning with SL48. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.
Datum 4
SL: Awan gemuruh (line 8) TL: Roll like thunder (line 8)
We can see that the English noun phrase awan gemuruh in the source language text has the constitution of noun (awan) + adjective (gemuruh). This Indonesian noun phrase is translated into noun phrase (roll like thunder)
47
J.C. Catford, 1965. A Linguistics Theory of Translation. (London: Oxford University Press), p. 77
48
24
which has the constitution of noun (roll) + noun phrase (like thunder). Then the noun phrase (like thunder) is constituted out of the adjective (like) + noun (thunder). There is translation shift occurs. According to the theory of Catford, this type of shift is called the structure shift which occurs due to the different linguistic system between English and Indonesian, in which occur disappear of adjective (like) from source language to target language. Actually, it can be
add “seperti” in the “awan gemuruh” to be “awan seperti gemuruh”. So, “roll
like thunder” is formal equivalence.
Datum 5
SL: Ladang-ladang jagung (line 9) TL: Fields of corn (line 9)
The datum 5 above shows that the noun phrase ladang-ladang jagung in the source language text has the constitution of noun (ladang-ladang) + noun (jagung). Meanwhile the target language which is a noun phrase has the constitution of noun (fields) + preposition (of) + noun (corn). It can be said that there is an occurrence of translation shift in this data in which the word of‟ in the target language is appeared. If SL translated into field corn it would be more confuse. This type of shift is namely structure shift according to the theory proposed by Catford49. Then, SL noun phrase ladalng-ladang jagung is translated into TL noun phrase fields of corn. ladang-ladang is plural form translated into fields, it is plural form too. jagung and corn are both the same
49
meaning. It can be seen that TL has the same word order and meaning with SL50. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.
Datum 6
SL: Rawa-rawa dukana (line 10) TL: Sensual swamps (line 10)
According to the datum 6 above, it can be seen that the shift in translation namely the structure shift occurs in this data. Although the noun phrase in the source language text is also translated into noun phrase, shift in translation can be shown by the translation of rawa-rawa dukana into swamps. The phrase is shifted from head (noun, rawa-rawa) + modifier (adjective, dukana) into modifier (adjective, sensual) + head (noun, swamps). This structure shift occurs due to the different linguistic system between Indonesian and English51, in which Indonesian uses the form of head + modifier, meanwhile English uses the form of modifier + head. Then, SL noun phrase rawa-rawa dukana is translated into TL noun phrase sensual swamps. rawa-rawa translated into swamps which are both of them are plural form. Then, dukana is strong lust, it have same meaning with sensual52. So, It can be seen that TL has the same word order and meaning with SL53. So, this type equivalence is formal equivalence.
50
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. (London and New York:Routledge), p.42
51
J.C. Catford,, op.cit. p.77
52
Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengexmbangan Bahsa. 1998. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka), p.215
53
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Datum 7
SL: Cuaca musim gugur (line 13) TL: in the auntumn air (line 13)
The datum 7 above shows that the noun phrases cuaca musim gugur in the source language text has the constitution of noun (cuaca) + (musimgugur). The target language has the constitution of preposition (in) + (the auntumn air). We can see that musim gugur in SL translated to auntumn. There is alteration of rank from phrase to be word. According to the Catford, this namely unit shift54. Unit shift occurs due to the different linguistic system between Indonesian and English. Then, SL noun phrase cuaca musim gugur is translated into TL noun phrase in the auntumn air. There is increment the word in and the in TL that not found in the SL. But TL has the same word order and meaning with SL. So, this is formal equivalence.
Datum 8
SL: Asap yang hancur (line 15) TL: Smoke transforms (line 15)
From the datum 8 above, we know that the noun phrase in the source language text has the constitution of noun (asap) + prep. (yang) + adj (hancur). Meanwhile in the target language, it is translated into sentence which has the constitution of noun (smoke) + verb (transfroms). This noun phrase in the source language text is translated into sentence in the target language text.
54
The shift occurs in this translation, in which the noun hancur in the source language is translated into verb transform. This type of shift is class shift according to the theory proposed by Catford55. Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of a SL item is a member of a different class from the original item. Then, SL noun phrase asap yang hancur is translated into TL senctence smoke transforms. They have same meaning but different form56. So, this type equivalence is dynamic equivalence.
Datum 9 preposition in the SL changes to the end of phrase in TL. There are different structure between SL and TL. According to the Catford, this namely structure shift57. Structure shift occurs due to the different linguistic system between Indonesian and English. Then, SL noun phrase danau yang di sana is translated into TL noun phrase on the lake beyond. There is different position of preposition in the SL di sana and on in TL. It‟s occurring because there is
55
J.C. Catford, op. cit. p.90
56
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. (London and New York:Routledge), p.42
57
28
different linguistic system between Indonesian and English. However, form and meaning between SL and TL did not change. The form and meaning in SL and TL are the same58. So, this is formal equivalence.
Datum 10
SL: Seribu burung belibis (line 18) TL: a thousand ducks (line 18)
From the datum 10 above, we know that the NP in the source language text has the constitution of determiner (seribu) + noun (burung) + noun (belibis). The NP is also translated into NP in the target language which is constituted out of the determiner (a) + noun (thousands) + noun (ducks). This translation shows that there is the occurrence of
translation shift in this data in which burung belibis in the source language text which is
in single form is translated into ducks in the target language text which is in plural form. Such kind of shift is namely intra – systems shift according to the theory of Catford59. This shift in translation occurs because in Indonesian as the target language, we cannot put the translation into seribu burung-burung belibis since the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases does not use the same system as in English. Then, SL noun phrase seribu burung belibis is translated into TL noun phrase a thousand ducks. Here, prefix se- as „one‟ of
58
Jermmy Munday. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Application. (London and New York:Routledge), p.42
59
the marker of the Indonesian singular noun and the „ribu‟ is a noun as unit of
multiple number of thousand. Based on the text above, it can be seen that in the TL burung belibis translated into ducks. It is appropriate translation, because belibis is small wild duck in An Indonesian English Dictionary60. So SL and TL have same word order, it is formal equivalence.
Data 11
SL: Lereng pohon pina (line 19) TL: The hillside pines (line 19)
From the datum 10 above, we know that the NP in the source language text has the constitution of noun (lereng) + noun (pohon) + noun (pina). The NP is also translated into NP in the target language which is constituted out of the determiner (the) + noun (hillside) + noun (pines). This translation shows that there is the occurrence of translation shift in this data in which pohon pina in the source language text which is in single form is translated into pines in the target language text which is in plural form. Such kind of shift is namely intra – systems shift according to the theory of Catford61. This shift in translation occurs because the linguistic system of Indonesian noun phrases does not use the same system as in English. Then, SL noun phrase lereng pohon pina is translated into TL noun phrase the hillside pines. In KBBI pina
60
John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, 1980. An Indonesian~English Dictionary. (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia. New York: Cornell University Press-Ithaca), p.46
61
30
is shrub that spread62. In the TL translate into pines. So, this type equivalence is dynamic equivalence.
62
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion
The writer concludes that shift should be considered as the consequence of the translator effort to establish translation naturalness between two different languages, SL and TL. In this explanation, shift can be defined as problem solving to minimize the inevitable loss of meaning when rendering a text from one language into another language. In this research, all of types of translation
shift based on Catford‟s theory are used in translating the poem, except level
shift.
The writer also concludes that the equivalence is not similar. Form and meaning are frequently not fully equivalent, but forms may change but meaning must not change. Dynamic equivalence, although the form is different, but one thing is important, which is the meaning is the same. There are formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence as the result of equivalence in this research.
B. Suggestion
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Books
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Tim Penyusun Kamus Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengexmbangan Bahsa. 1998. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
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Journals
Dr. Seyed Mohammad Hosseini-Maasoum and Azadeh Shahbaiki. 2013. Translation Shifts in the Persian Translation of a Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. Iran: MCSER-CEMAS-Sapienza University of Rome.
From https://www.mcser.org accessed on February 2, 2015
Monireh Akbari. 2012. Structural Shifts in Translation of Children's Literature.international Journal of Linguistics. Iran: Islamic Azad University. From https://www.macrothink.org accessed on February 2, 2015
Diani Mahasari, Ni Ketut. 2012. The X-bar Theory Used in Analysing The Translation Shift of TheEnglish Noun Phrases Into Indonesian with Reference to
“The Twilight: New Moon. Denpasar: Udayana University.
From www.pps.unud.ac.id accessed on January 25, 2015
Pardede, Parlindungan. Penerjemahan Tiga Pusisi Taufik Ismail ke dalam Bahasa Inggris. Jakarta: Universitas Kristen.
APPENDIX
All data of shift of noun phrase and equivalence in the Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest.
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