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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Procrastination was in the air when I wrote this thesis. That is why I
should say thank you to everyone (especially my mother) who always
reminds me to finish this thesis. I also thank Universe for giving me the spirit
against the procrastination and the little girl in me who prefer to play rather
than to finish the study.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation for Sanata
Dharma University, especially for the English Letter Department. I thank her
for becoming a pleasant study place for years. I give my deepest gratitude to
my advisor Dr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A., for the correction and guidance during
the process of finishing the thesis. For my co-advisor, A.B. Sri Mulyani
M.A., Ph.D., I would like to thank for the priceless corrections and
evaluations.
I will never forget the lesson from all my friends, every inspiring
individual, who I cannot mention one by one. Thanks to Umi, Yuke, and
Uniph who let me borrowed their laptops to finish this thesis since mine is
broken. May Universe bless you all!
I thank Suluh Pamuji for becoming my partner in dealing with things
in daily life. The last but not the least, I should say thanks to my Pisces friend.
Half of this thesis writing process was done to make me forget that he is
swimming in my mind.
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA………. vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH …… ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background of the Study ... 1
B. Problem Formulation ... 6
C. Objectives of the Study...…………... 6
D. Definition of Terms ... 7
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW...…………... 10
A. Review of Related Studies...……...…... 10
B. Review of Related Theories... 13 1. Theories on Characters...
2. Theory on Characterization……….. 3. Theory on Literature and Society………. C. Review on Marxism amongst 1890's Russian Intellectuals…
1. Theory on Social Class………. 2. Theory on Exploitation……….
3. Theory on Art………
D. Theoretical Framework………... CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY……… A. Object of the Study………. B. Approach of the Study……… C. Method of the Study………... CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………... A. Description of the Characters………. 1. Round and the Flat Characters………. 2. Major and Minor Characters……… B. Marxism amongst 1890's Russian Intellectuals as Depicted
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2. The Social Classes……….
3. The Exploitation………...
xi ABSTRACT
SITA MAGFIRA. Marxism amongst Russian Intellectuals in the Early
1890's as Depicted through Three Years' Characters. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letter, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
It is hard to talk about Russia without talking about its history of communism. The reason is that it was in Russia the first communist government, as the result of the revolution, established. Seeing Marxism as the starting point of communism, this research focuses on Marxism. In Russia, Marxism got its peak of popularity amongs the intellectuals in 1894. For Three Years was written by Chekhov (a Russian author) in 1895, this research argues that Three Years depicts Marxism amongst Russian intellectuals in the early 1890's. Examining Marxism amongst Russian intellectuals, this research focuses on Three Years' characters which are characterized as intellectuals. Those characters are Laptev, Yulia, Yatsev, and Kostya.
There are two main problems formulated in this research. The first is how the characters (intellectuals) are described in the story. The second is how those characters represent Marxism amongst Russian intellectuals in the early 1890's. The writer used socio-cultural -historical approach in analyzing the formulated problems by doing several steps. The first step was conducting a close reading on the novel and formulating the problems based on the topic. The second step was collecting data and theories. The writer used library research in this study to get references which are necessary. The data are taken from books, articles, other related studies, encyclopedias, and internet. The next step was analyzing the work by applying those data. The last step was drawing the conclusion of the whole analysis.
Three Years' characters can be seen as the representative of Marxism amongstRussian intellectual in the early 1890's. Their characteristics as a round and flat characters represent the situation of the capitalistic and the non- capitalistic system in Russia at that time. Their characteristics as major and minor characters represent the capitalist and non-capitalist power in Russian society at that time. Moreover, their characteristics in terms of social classes, exploitation, and art are closely related to the ideas of Marxism.
xii ABSTRAK
SITA MAGFIRA. Marxism amongst Russian Intellectuals in the Early 1890's as Depicted through Three Years' Characters. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2014.
Sulit untuk tidak mengaitkan Rusia dengan komunisme. Alasannya, pemerintahan komunis pertama kali hadir di Rusia sebagai hasil dari revolusi. Memandang Marxisme sebagai titik tolak komunisme, penelitian ini fokus pada Marxisme. Di Rusia, Marxisme mengalami puncak popularitasnya di kalangan intelektual Rusia pada 1894. Sebab Three Years ditulis oleh Anton Chckhov (pcnulis Rusia) pada 1895, penelitian ini
memandang bahwa Three Years menggambarkan Marxisme di kalangan
intelektual Rusia pada awal era 1890an. Sebab mengkaji Marxisme di kalangan intelektual, penelitian ini fokus pada karakter-karakter dalam Three Years, khususnya yang didcskripsikan scbagai intelektual. Karakter-karakter itu adalah Laptev, Yulia, Yattsev, dan Kostya.
Terdapat dua rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini. Permasalahan pertama adalah baguimunu kurakter-kurukter (para intclcktual) tcrscbut didcskripsikan dalam ccrita. Pcrmasalahan kedua adalah bagaimana mereka merepresentasikan Marxisme di kalangan intelektual Rusia pada awal era 1890an.
Penulis menggunakan pendekatan sosial-kultural-historis untuk menganalisa permasalahan-permasalahan di atas dengan mengambil beberapa langkah. Pertama, membaca karya sastra tersebut dengan seksama dan merumuskan masalah berdasarkan isu yang ada. Kedua, mencari data pendukung dari beberapa buku, artikel, penelitian, ensiklopedia, dan internet. Berikutnya, menganalisa karya sastra tersebut dengan mengaplikasikan data temuan. Terakhir, menarik kesimpulan setelah semua rumusan masalah terjawab.
Karakter-karakter dalam Three Years merepresentasikan Marxisme di kalangan intelektual Rusia pada awal era 1890an. Karakteristik mereka sebagai tokoh yang bulat dan datar merepresentasikan sistem kapitalisme dan sistem non-kapitalisme di Rusia pada waktu itu. Karateristik mereka sebagai tokoh utama dan figuran merepresentasikan kekuasaan kapitalisme dan non-kapitalisme di Rusia pada waktu itu. Selain itu, karakteristik mereka terkait kelas sosial, eksploitasi, dan seni sangat erat hubungannya dengan ide-ide dalam Marxisme.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Chekhov, Anton. Three Years. Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1958.
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APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Summary of the Anton Chekhov Three Years
The story was begun by the narration told about Alexei Fyodorovich a.k.a
Laptev. Laptev was introduced as a university graduate and a son of wealthy merchant
in Moscow. In the beginning of the story, Laptev was in the provincial town to take
care of his sister. There, he met Yulia Sergeyevna and fell in love with her. Yulia was
introduced as educated young woman who is the daughter of a doctor. Since he fell in
love with her, Laptev proposed Yulia. Though at first Yulia rejected Laptev's proposal,
later she accepted it. After their marriage, both of them moved to Moscow.
In Moscow, bolh Laplev and Yulia found a pleasant companion from Laptev's
friends: Ivan Gavrilych Yartsev and Kostya Kochevoi. Yartsev was introduced as
Laptev's best friend in the university. Unlike Laptev became the owner his father's
warehouse, Yartsev worked as a scientist. Meanwhile, Kostya Kochevoi was
introduced as an orphan boy who was raised by Laptev and his sister. Kostya got
proper education, even went to the university, because of Laptev and his sister's help.
Later, Kostya became a lawyer in Moscow who also created artworks (novels and
photographs).
As friends, Laptev, Yulia, Yartsev, and Kostya liked to gather. When they
gathered, they always talked about many subjects. Their different social classes, their
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opinions and their outlooks toward exploitation, also their thoughts and outlooks on
art is some of the that they always talked about. Laptev, as a person who came from
capitalist class, found himself disagreed with the exploitation occurred in his father's
business (which later became his business). However, he could not do anything
significant to against the exploitation. As an intellectual and at the same time as a rich
person, Laptev was described as an art lover and artworks collector. As a person who
liked art and collected artworks, Laptev disliked the idea of utilitarian art (art should
have something to do with people's life) which was blooming in Russia at that time.
Meanwhile, Yulia was at first introduced as a middle-class woman. However,
after her marriage with Laptev, she became a person with the same social class as
Laptev. It was because all of Laptev's wealth became hers too. Becoming the part of
Laptev's wealth meant that she should deal with the warehouse. From her interaction
with Laptevs' warehouse, her opinion and outlook was formed. She rejected the
exploitation. As an intellectual, she could understand art. She thought that art should
also deal with problems, like exploitation. Art should promote the idea of against the
exploitation and other corruptness in life.
Yartsev, as a scientist, was not come from capitalist class. He belonged to the
middle class. As a well-educated person, Laptev rejected the idea of exploitation. He
thought that all human beings should be treated equally. Moreover, just like Laptev
and Yulia, Yartsev also enjoyed art. However, he, unlike Laptev, could not artworks.
Yarstev's opinion and outlook on art was quite the same with Laptev's. He thought
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that art has no obligations to the problems m daily life. He thought that other
sciences have the obligations.
Kostya, though was raised by Laptev and his sister, came from different social
class from Laptev. The reason is that Kostya was not legally adopted by Laptev's
family so he had no legal right to their wealth. Kostya was introduced as a person who
really rejected exploitation and other corruptness in life. He tried to express his
rejection on those things through his artworks (novels and photographs).
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