• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Components of IT Management

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2019

Membagikan "Components of IT Management"

Copied!
27
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

Enterprise and Global

Management of Information

Technology

Chapter 12

Copyright © 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Learning Objectives

Identify the three components of

information technology management

Use examples to illustrate how they might

be implemented in a business

Explain how failures in IT management can

be reduced by the involvement of business

managers in IT planning and management

Konsep

Sistem

(2)

12-3

Learning Objectives

Identify several cultural, political, and

geo-economic challenges that confront managers

in the management of global information

technologies

Explain how the trend toward a transnational

business strategy by international business

organizations affects global business/IT

strategy

Learning Objectives

Identify several considerations that affect the

choice of IT applications, IT platforms, data

access policies, and systems development

methods by a global business enterprise

Understand the fundamental concepts of

outsourcing and offshoring, as well as the

primary reasons for selecting such an

approach to IS/IT management

Konsep

Sistem

(3)

12-5

Business and IT

Global e-business

E-commerce

As the 21st century unfolds, many companies are

transforming themselves into global powerhouses via

major investments in…

Other IT initiatives

Business managers and professionals must know how

to manage this vital organizational function

Components of IT Management

Konsep

Sistem

(4)

12-7

The Business/IT Planning Process

The Business/IT Planning Process

Major components of business/IT planning

Strategic development

Resource management

Technology architecture

Konsep

Sistem

(5)

12-9

Information Technology Architecture

The IT architecture is

a conceptual design

that includes these

major components

Technology platform

Data resources

Application architecture

IT organization

Managing the IT Function

Companies have essential applications on their

intranets, without which they cannot function

It became apparent that maintaining PCs

on a network is very, very expensive

The Internet boom inspired businesses

to connect their networks

Three things recently happened

Created an urgent need for centralization

Konsep

Sistem

(6)

12-11 moving back to decentralization

Current

Centralized control over the mgmt of IT

Avnet Marshall Organizational Components

Konsep

Sistem

(7)

12-13

Managing Application Development

Systems

Managing IS Operations

IS operations management

Concerned with the use of hardware, software,

network, and personnel resources in data

centers

Operational activities that must be managed

Computer system operations

Network management

Production control

Production support

Konsep

Sistem

(8)

12-15

System Performance Monitors

Software packages that…

Features of System Performance Monitors

Chargeback

Systems

Allocates costs to

users based on

the information

operations at large

data centers

Konsep

Sistem

(9)

12-17

IT Staff Planning

Evaluating employees

and rewarding good job

performance with salary

increases, promotions

Designing

career paths

Setting salary

and wage levels

Recruiting, training,

and retaining

Oversees all uses of IT

Aligns IT with strategic

business goals

Second in command

Manages the IT platform

In charge of all IT

planning/deployment

Konsep

Sistem

(10)

12-19

Other IT Positions

Systems

analyst

E-commerce

architect

Chief

Security Officer

Technical

team leader

Technology Management

All IT technologies must be used as a

technology platform for integrating business

applications

Both internally or externally focused

Includes Internet, intranets, electronic

commerce, collaboration technologies, CRM

software, enterprise resource planning, and

supply chain management

Often the primary responsibility of a chief

technology officer

Konsep

Sistem

(11)

12-21

Managing User Services

Business units that support and manage

end-user and workgroup computing

Can be done with information centers

staffed with user liaison specialists or with

Web-enabled intranet help desks

Key roles

Troubleshooting problems

Gathering and communicating information

Coordinating educational efforts

Helping with end-user application development

Outsourcing

The purchase of goods or services

from third-party partners

that were previously provided internally

Konsep

Sistem

(12)

12-23

Why Companies Outsource

Offshoring

This location is typically overseas

Can be either production or service

Relocation of an organization’s business processes

to a lower-cost location

Digitization of many services

Availability of large amounts of reliable and affordable communication infrastructure

Growth of services offshoring linked to…

Konsep

Sistem

(13)

12-25

Failures in IT Management

IT not used effectively

Computerizing traditional business processes instead of developing innovative e-business processes

IT not used

efficiently Poorly managed application development

Poor response times

Frequent downtime

Management Involvement & Governance

Managerial and end user involvement

Key ingredient to high-quality information

system performance

Optimizes business value of IT

Governance structures

Steering committees, executive councils

Encourages active participation in planning

and controlling business uses of IT

Helps avoid post-development problems

Konsep

Sistem

(14)

12-27

Sr. Management’s Involvement in IT

IT Governance Approaches

Control Objectives for Information and

Technology (COBIT)

Framework for IT management

Set of generally accepted measures,

indicators, processes, and best practices

Covers four domains

Planning and organization

Acquisition and implementation

Delivery and support

Monitoring

Konsep

Sistem

(15)

12-29

COBIT in Action

The International Dimension

Companies around the world are developing new models to operate competitively in a digital economy

These models are structured, yet agile,

global, yet local

Concentrates on maximizing risk-adjusted return from both knowledge

and technology assets

Konsep

Sistem

(16)

12-31

Case 2: Reinsurance Group of America, Fronterrra

Consistency across the different business functions,

countries, languages, and processes in worldwide

implementations is one of the most important challenges

faced by global organizations today

Reinsurance Group of America had to develop a single

system to manage reinsurance business processes for

numerous offices around the world

Staffs spoke different languages, in different time

zones, and some were set in their way of managing

the business

Developing this system resulted in ROI of 15%, which

was better than expected

Case Study Questions

What is the business value of these global

system developments for the companies

mentioned in the case?

How did they achieve these benefits?

What were the major obstacles they had to

overcome?

What are the advantages and disadvantages

of a full-blown versus a phased approach for

system implementations in general, and

global ones in particular?

How do you decide which road to take?

Konsep

Sistem

(17)

12-33

Case Study Questions

How important is that all units in global

organization speak the same business

language, and use the same functions

and business processes?

How do you balance the competing

needs for flexibility and consistency

across operations?

Global IT Management Dimensions

Konsep

Sistem

(18)

12-35

Global IT Management Challenges

Political Challenges

Many countries regulate or prohibit the transfer of data across their national boundaries

Others severely restrict, tax, or prohibit imports of hardware and software

Some have local content laws that specify the portion of the value of a product that must be added in that country

if it is to be sold there

Others require a business to spend part of the revenue they earn in a country in that nation’s economy

Global IT Management Challenges

Geo-economic Challenges

Physical distances still a major problem

Takes too long to fly in specialists

Hard to communicate in real time across time zones

Poor telephone and telecommunications services

May be hard to find skilled local workers

Differences in the cost of living and labor costs

Konsep

Sistem

(19)

12-37

Global IT Management Challenges

Cultural Challenges

Language and cultural interests

Religions and customs

Political philosophies

Cultural training needed before assignments

Work styles and business relationships

Transnational Strategies

Business depends heavily on information systems and Internet technologies to help

integrate global business activities

This requires an integrated and cooperative worldwide IT platform

Companies are moving toward

a transnational strategy

Konsep

Sistem

(20)

12-39

Transnational Business/IT Strategies

Global Business Drivers

Business requirements caused by the nature

of the industry and its competitive or

environmental forces

Examples of global drivers

Customers

Products

Operations

Resources

Collaboration

Konsep

Sistem

(21)

12-41

Global IT Platforms

Hardware Difficulties

Import

restrictions

High prices

High tariffs

Lack of

Global IT Platforms

Software Difficulties

Software publisher may

refuse to supply markets

that disregard software

licensing and copyright

agreements

Packages developed in

Europe may be

incompatible with

American or Asian

versions

Konsep

Sistem

(22)

12-43

International Data Communications Issues

The Internet as a Global IT Platform

An interconnected matrix that reaches tens of millions of users in over 100 countries

Business environment free of traditional boundaries and limits

The Internet

Expand markets

Reduce communications and distribution costs Without incurring massive cost outlays for

telecommunications, companies can…

Improve profit margins

Konsep

Sistem

(23)

12-45

Key Questions for Global Websites

Will you have to develop a new navigational

logic to accommodate cultural preferences?

What content will you translate, and what

content will you create from scratch to address

regional competitors or products that differ

from those in the U.S.?

Should your multilingual effort be an adjunct

to your main site, or will you make it a separate

site, perhaps with a country-specific domain?

Key Questions for Global Websites

What kinds of traditional and new media

advertising will you have to do in each country to

draw traffic to your site?

Will your site get so many hits that you’ll need to

set up a server in a local country?

What are the legal ramifications of having your

website targeted at a particular country, such as

laws on competitive behavior, treatment of

children, or privacy?

Konsep

Sistem

(24)

12-47

Internet Users by World Region

Global Data Access Issues

Transborder Data Flows may be seen as violating

A nation’s sovereignty because it avoids customs duties and regulations

Laws protecting the local IT industry from competition

Laws protecting local jobs

Privacy legislation

Konsep

Sistem

(25)

12-49

U.S.-E.U. Data Privacy Requirements

Key Data Privacy Provisions

Notice of purpose and use of data collected

Ability to opt out of third-party distribution of data

Access for consumers to their information

Adequate security, data integrity, and enforcement provisions

Internet Access in Restrictive Countries

The struggle between Internet censorship

and openness at the national level relates to

Controlling the conduits

Filtering the flows

Punishing the purveyors

Most of the world has decided that restricting

Internet access is not a viable policy

– Restricting access also hurts a country’s

opportunities for economic growth and

prosperity

Konsep

Sistem

(26)

12-51

Global Government Internet Restrictions

High Government Access Fees

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan

Government Monitored Access

China, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Azerbaijan,

Uzbekistan

Government Filtered Access

Belarus, Cuba, Iraq, Tunisia, Sierra Leone,

Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Vietnam

No Public Access Allowed

Burma, Libya, North Korea

Global Systems Development

Key Development Issues

Local versus global system requirements

Getting agreement on system features

Global standardization of data definitions

Disturbances caused by systems

implementation and maintenance activities

Konsep

Sistem

(27)

12-53

Global Systems Development

Key development strategies

Transform an application used by the home

office or a subsidiary into a global application

Set up a multinational development team

Parallel development

Centers of excellence

Offshore development

Internet-Enabled IT Development

Konsep

Sistem

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

DAFTAR NAMA

3). Kenyamanan dan kesenangan... Untuk mengetahui kenyamanan, dilakukan dengan cara meminta informasi kepada pelanggan, misalnya kesenangan apa yang mereka inginkan dan mereka

Foto Copy Bukti Lunas Pembayaran biaya Ujian Komprehensif Tulisan

Kini, enam strategi nasional telah dirumuskan, yakni: (1) melaksanakan upaya-upaya pencegahan, (2) melaksanakan langkah-langkah strategis di bidang penegakan hukum, (3)

Sebagai tambahan atas kedua kriteria itu, pada Dinasti Umayyah syarat keanggotaan masyarakat harus berasal dari orang Arab, sedangkan orang non-Arab setelah menjadi

Kenyataannya dalam beberapa kasus sengketa tanah yang ada dan terus terjadi di Bali sampai saat ini justru menunjukkan adanya kompetisi antara UUPA sebagai

Pengelompokan sosial terkecil yang didasarkan hubungan darah adalah keluarga inti (nuclear family) atau keluarga batih terdiri dari orang tua (ayah dan ibu) dan

Inilah yang mendorong peneliti untuk mengadakan penelitian Tindakan Kelas di SM P Negeri 28 Purworejo pada kelas VIII A tahun pelajaran 2016/2017 dengan menggunakan model