TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SONG LYRICS IN THE PRINCESS AND THE FROG CARTOON MOVIE

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TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SONG

LYRICS IN

THE PRINCESS AND THE FROG

CARTOON MOVIE

THESIS

Submitted as a Partial Requirement

For the Sarjana Sastra Degree in English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University

by

SITI FATIMAH

C 1306068

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS

SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Siti Fatimah

NIM : C 1306068

Pronouns truthfully that the thesis entitled Translation Quality

Assessment of Song Lyrics in The Princess And The Frog Cartoon Movie is

originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by the

others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and

included within the bibliography.

If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to

take the responsibility.

Surakarta, November 2011

The researcher

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v MOTTO

Don’t despair and never lose hope,

cause Allah is always by your side

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DEDICATION

Wholeheartedly, this thesis is dedicated to:

My beloved Parents

My self

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, thanks to ALLAH SWT, for His blessing, love, guidance,

so I can finish this thesis as a partial fulfillment of graduating requirement of the

Sarjana Degree. I realize that this thesis cannot be completed without any help and

support from people around me. Therefore, I want to give my deepest gratitude to

all of the people who have given important contribution to this thesis. It goes to:

1. Drs. Riyadi Santosa, M.Ed., Ph.D, The Dean of Faculty of Letters and

Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University.

2. Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd., The Head of S1 Non-Regular English

Department for the support given during my study.

3. Drs. Hendarto Rahardjo,M.A, My thesis consultant, thanks you so much

for your advices and assistances.

4. Yuyun Kusdianto, S.S, M.A, My academic consultant, thanks you very

much for your assistances during my study.

5. My beloved mother and father, thanks for your loves, caring, support and

prays that you give to me every single day, I realize thousands thanks

would not be enough to repay it.

6. My beloved brothers and sisters, for your supports and loves.

7. All of my nephews and my niece. Thanks for disturbing when I finish this

thesis  but make my life more colorful to. Love you all.

8. Risal Amhudo, “The Mastah” thanks for fixing my computer and my life

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you said it’s only a stage that I must pass through and now, I MAKE

IT!!!!.

9. All of my friends in EDNR 2006, Ridho, Kiki, Endang, kembar

Tika-Ratna, Vivi, Karin, Galuh, Ika, Ulunk, mbak Richa, mbak Atun, Rury, Tri,

Nova, Nana, Ida, Faridha, Oscar, Agung, Eros, Jiryan, Ludmi and the rest

who cannot I mention one by one, thank for your support, our

togetherness, our friendship.

10.My bestfriends, Dhanie, Iah, Mony, thanks for the beautiful friendship.

Miss u all guys, miss our madness.

11.The three raters, Heri Nababan, S.S. M.Hum, Sumardiyono, S.S. M.Hum,

and Yunita Widiantari, S.S., M.Hum, and the three readers: Dhanie, Terti,

and Penni, for the valuable contribution in this thesis.

I realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Any comments and

suggestions are welcomed.

Surakarta, November 2011

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A.1. Translation Techniques ... 28

A.2. Translation quality assessment ... 38

A.2.1 Accuracy ... 38

A.2.2 Acceptability ... 46

A.2.3. Readability ... 52

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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ... 66

B. Suggestion ... 68

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1 : Table of borrowing technique……… 29

Table 4.2 : Table of established equivalent ………….. ... 30

Table 4.3 : Table of modulation technique ... 31

Table 4.4 : Table of transposition technique ... 33

Table 4.5 : Table of literal translation ... 34

Table 4.6 : Table of reduction ... 36

Table 4.7 : Scale of accuracy ... 38

Table 4.8 : Table of accuracy level ... 39

Table 4.9 : Scale of acceptability ... 46

Table 4.10 : Table of acceptability level ... 47

Table 4.11 : Scale of readability ... 52

Table 4.12 : Table of readability level ... 53

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ABSTRACT

Siti Fatimah. C1306068. Translation Quality Assessment of Song Lyrics in The Princess And The Frog Cartoon Movie. Thesis: English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta.

The research aims to find out the translation techniques used by the translator in translating song lyrics and to describe the subtitles quality of song lyrics in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the film entitled The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie.

The research belongs to a qualitative research employing descriptive method. This research applies total sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. Total sampling technique is used to determine all song lyrics. Meanwhile, purposive sampling technique is used to select the respondents. The research has two kinds of data. They are song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie and their translation which consist of 252 data, and the data are taken from the assessment of the three raters and the three respondents.

From the analysis, the researcher finds out that there are six techniques applied by the translator to translate song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog. They are borrowing consisting 2 data (0.8%), established equivalent consisting 1 datum (0.4%), modulation consisting 66 data (26.2%), transposition consisting 12 data (4.8%), literal translation consisting 149 (59.1%) and reduction 22 data (8.7%).

The analysis on translation accuracy shows that there are 239 data (94.8%) considered being accurate translation, 10 data (4%) considered being less accurate translation and 3 data (1.2%) considered being inaccurate translation. It means that, in general, the translation is highly accurate.

The analysis on translation acceptability shows that there are 249 data (98.8%) considered being acceptable translation, 1 datum (0.4%) considered being less acceptable translation and 2 data (0.8%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly acceptable.

The analysis on translation readability shows that there are 240 data (95.6%) considered being readable, 8 data (3.2%) considered being less readable, and 3 data (1.2%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly readable.

It can be concluded that the translation of song lyrics on The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie is highly accurate, acceptable and readable in the target language.

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TRANSLATION QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SONG Arts. Sebelas Maret University. Surakarta.

The research aims to find out the translation techniques used by the translator in translating song lyrics and to describe the subtitles quality of song lyrics in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the film entitled The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie.

The research belongs to a qualitative research employing descriptive method. This research applies total sampling technique and purposive sampling technique. Total sampling technique is used to determine all song lyrics. Meanwhile, purposive sampling technique is used to select the respondents. The research has two kinds of data. They are song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie and their translation which consist of 252 data, and the data are taken from the assessment of the three raters and the three respondents.

From the analysis, the researcher finds out that there are six techniques applied by the translator to translate song lyrics of The Princess and the Frog. They are borrowing consisting 2 data (0.8%), established equivalent consisting 1 datum (0.4%), modulation consisting 66 data (26.2%), transposition consisting 12 data (4.8%), literal translation consisting 149 (59.1%) and reduction 22 data (8.7%).

The analysis on translation accuracy shows that there are 239 data (94.8%) considered being accurate translation, 10 data (4%)

1

Mahasiswa Jurusan Sastra Inggris dengan NIM C 1306068 2

Dosen Pembimbing

considered being less accurate translation and 3 data (1.2%) considered being inaccurate translation. It means that, in general, the translation is highly accurate.

The analysis on translation acceptability shows that there are 249 data (98.8%) considered being acceptable translation, 1 datum (0.4%) considered being less acceptable translation and 2 data (0.8%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly acceptable.

The analysis on translation readability shows that there are 240 data (95.6%) considered being readable, 8 data (3.2%) considered being less readable, and 3 data (1.2%) considered being unacceptable translation. It means that the translation is highly readable.

It can be concluded that the translation of song lyrics on The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie is highly accurate, acceptable and readable in the target language.

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

Cartoon movie is one of entertainment movies that can be enjoyed by

everyone, not only by children as its target audiences but also by adult. Colorful

pictures and the story of cartoon movies become its uniqueness, make it attractive

for the audiences, and make it differ from other movie genres. That is why cartoon

movie is not out of date in this era and still becomes one of favorite movies in the

world.

One of the producers of cartoon movie is Walt Disney Picture part of Walt

Disney Company. We have watched and grown up with the various stories such as

Snow White and Seven Dwarfs, Cinderella, Alice and Wonderland etc; those

cartoon movies are several numbers of the masterpieces of Disney. For many

years we have been enchanted by fascinating stories, pictures and songs of

Disney’ movies cartoon. At the end of 2009, Walt Disney Picture produced The

Princess And The Frog cartoon movie, this movie is with happy ending love

story with beautiful pictures and songs as its formula. Directed by John Musker

and Ron Clements, this movie cartoon has been announced in many countries in

the world, including Indonesia and it is shown on our home theater. The

distribution of this cartoon movie in Indonesia, particularly, must face with the

language and culture problem. That is why; the role of translation is very required

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for rendering messages from source language (in this case is English) to target

language (Indonesia) and to bridge the gap between the two different cultures.

However, English is not the mother tongue of the Indonesian people, the

distributor of movies should translate those movies into Indonesian Language,

either by dubbing or subtitling. Dubbing and subtitling techniques have been used

for large numbers of imported movies. Those techniques have their own

characteristics, superiority and weakness. According to Bernschütz (2010),

dubbing technique is the technique to replace original audio of the movie,

dialogues, the effects, and background noises with other audio signal that should

be matched to the lip movement of the actors.

(http://translationjournal.net/journal/ 51subtitling.htm. accessed on January 10,

2011). While subtitling, as stated by Ameri (2007), is linguistic practice that

consists of providing, usually at the bottom of the screen, a written text that

intends to account for what has been said (or shown in written form) in the

audio-visual product. http://translationjournal.net/journal/42screenplay.htm. accessed on

January 10, 2011. In fact, subtitling is more often used since it is more neutral

than dubbing; besides, this technique gives more opportunity to the audiences to

learn a foreign language and culture.

As Disney’s cartoon movie, The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie

does not only provide happy ending love story, and beautiful pictures, but it also

serves songs as original soundtracks. All of the dialogues and songs are subtitled.

It gives challenges to the translator to provide good subtitling with certain rules of

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translator should adjust the text in space carefully, it means that he/she has to

decide the correct and appropriate translation.

In subtitling a movie, the translator does not only face the rules of

subtitling, but also faces the rules of songs translation, since the characteristic of

song is similar with the characteristic of poem. In fact, the translator does not

obey the rules of song translation. As a result, the translation sounds like a

translation text, not as literary works. This phenomenon can be found in many

movies, includes The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie.

To understand more about those phenomena, here is the example of

translation song lyrics on The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie as we can

see on its subtitling.

Example 1: A. Down in New Orleans

In the South Land Di selatan,

there's a city ada sebuah kota

Way down on the river Berada di sekitar sungai

Where the women are very pretty Dimana para wanitanya sangat cantik

And all the men deliver Dan semua prianya hidup bebas

This song is the prologue song, which tells about the beauty of New

Orleans as the setting of place of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. In

the example above, the messages are rendered accurately, readable and

acceptable, although the stanza has free rhymes, the translator need not pay

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However, it makes the translator does not find any difficulties to translate that

stanza. Most of the songs in this cartoon movie are similar to the example above.

Example 2:

They got music, It's always playin' Mereka selalu bermain musik

Start in the day time, go all through the

night

Sepanjang hari

When you hear that music playin' Ketika kau dengar musik itu dimainkan

Hear what I'm saying, it make you feel

alright

Percayalah itu akan membuatmu

merasa lebih baik

The example above shows that translator applied free translation, for

instance in the first line “they got music; it’s always playing” translated into

“mereka selalu bermain musik”. Then, for the second line “start in the day time,

go all through the night” only translated into “sepanjang hari” shows that the

translator used deletion technique, it concerns with the limitation space of subtitle.

It makes the translation less accurate, but readable and acceptable.

From the example above, it can be seen that there are various kinds of

translation phenomena in the subtitled song in The Princess And The Frog

cartoon movie. In accordance with the phenomenon, the researcher is eager to find

out the technique that is used and the translation quality of subtitled songs in The

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commit to user B. Research Limitation

This research focuses on analyzing the quality of songs lyrics translation

of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie. There are eight song lyrics

translation which are present in this cartoon movie, they are “Down in New

Orleans”, “Almost There”, “Friends on the Other Side”, “When We're Human”,

“Gonna Take You There”, “Ma Bell Evangeline”, “Dig A Little Deeper”, “Down

In New Orleans” (Prologue). The object of the research is limited to the

translation technique and the translation quality assessment of song lyrics in term

of accuracy, acceptability and readability.

C. Problem Statement

In this research, the research proposes the following problems:

1. What are the translation techniques used by the translator to translate song

lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie?

2. How is the subtitles quality of song lyrics in The Princess And The Frog

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D. Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are:

1. To find out the translation technique used by the translator in translating

song lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie.

2. To describe the subtitles quality of song lyrics in The Princess And The

Frog cartoon movie in terms of accuracy, acceptability and readability.

E. Research Benefits

This research is expected to be able to give benefits for:

1. The students of English Department

- The result of this research could give references for students who are

going to conduct research of subtitling especially subtitling of song on

the movies.

- The result of this research could give additional information about

subtitling.

2. The Lecturers of English Department

- The result of this research could give additional information and

references in teaching translation studies especially in subtitling.

3. The Readers

- The result of this research could give knowledge to the readers who

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F. Thesis Organization

CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION consists of Research Background,

Research Limitation, Problem Statement, Research Objectives,

Research Benefits and Thesis Organization.

CHAPTER II : LITERATURE REVIEW consists of definition of

Translation, Types of Translation, Translation technique,

Poetry Translation, Poetry and Song, Synopsis of The Princess

and the Frog, Subtitling, Translation Quality Assessment.

CHAPTER II : RESEARCH METODOLOGY includes Research Type and

Design, Data and Source of Data, Sampling technique, Method

of Data Collection, Technique of Data Analysis, Research

Procedure.

CHAPTER IV : RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION includes

research findings and discussion.

CHAPTER V : CONSLUSION AND SUGGESTION consists of

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CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

A. Translation

Some experts propose different definitions of translation. One of them is

Newmark who defines translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another

language in the way that author intended the text” (1988:5). This definition is still

weak because Newmark only focused on the transferring the message.

Furthermore, Bell stated that translation is the replacement of a text in one

language by a representation of an equivalent text in the second language

(1991:6), it means that translator does not only try to transfer the message of

source language to target language but also he/she tries to find the closest

equivalent meaning in target language.

More complete definition of translation defined by Weber, who defines it

as “the transposition of a text written in source language into a target language,

the translated version must be absolutely accurate in meaning, contains all

nuances of the original, and must be written in clear, elegant language that can be

easily understood by the reader” (1984:3). This definition explains that a

translator should consider the aspects of translation such as, accuracy,

acceptability, and readability besides transferring the message into TL.

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From the definition above, generally, translation is not only a process of

transferring message from one language to another, but also a process of

producing expression and style that are familiar with the target language.

B. Translation techniques

In translating a text from source language to target language, a translator

applies translation techniques. According to Molina and Albir, “translation

technique is the result of choice made by a translator, its validity will depend on

various question related to the context, the purpose of the translation, audience

expectation, etc.” (2002). According Molina and Albir, there are eighteen

translation techniques, they are:

Adaptation

Adaptation is a translation technique that replaces a cultural term in Source

language with one cultural term in target language.

Example:

ST : “The resolution had a sting in the tail”

TT : “Ada udang dibalik batu dalam resolusi itu”

In the example above “sting in the tail” was translated using adaptation

technique because if it was translated literally would be unacceptable in

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Amplification

Amplification is a translation technique that used to introduce details that

are not formulated in the source text: information, explicative

which is refers to ”Washington D.C”.

Borrowing

Borrowing technique is used to take a word or expression straight from

another language, it can be pure (without any change) or it can be

naturalized (to fit spelling rules in the target language).

Example

ST : Reformation

TT : Reformasi

The word “Reformation” is translated into “reformasi” in the Indonesian

language by naturalization.

Calque

Calque is literal translation of a foreign word or phrase. It can be lexical or

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commit to user Example:

ST : Interest rate

TT : Suku bunga

Compensation

Compensation is used to introduce a source text element of information or

stylistic effect in another place in the target text because it cannot be

reflected in the same place as in the source text.

Description

Description is a technique that is used to replace a term or expression with

a description of its form or/and function.

Example:

ST : Thanksgiving

TT : Perayaan yang diadakan sebelum datangnya hari natal

Discursive creation

This technique is used to establish a temporary equivalence that is totally

unpredictable out of the context. It is usually used in translation of the title

of books or movies.

Example:

ST : The School of Essential Ingredients

TT : Kelas memasak Lilian

Establish equivalent

A technique that is applied by using a term or expression recognized (by

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Example:

ST : “Attorney General”

TT : “JaksaAgung”

Generalization

Generalization is a technique that use more general or neutral term in

target language, in order to make it easy to understand and acceptable in

the target language.

Example:

ST : “I need to buy scallion”

TT :“Saya ingin membeli bawang merah”

Linguistic amplification

This technique is a technique to add linguistic elements; this is often used

in dubbing.

Example:

ST : “whale”

TT : “ikan paus”

In the example, the word “ikan” is added to make it easy to understand

and acceptable in the target language.

Linguistic compression

Linguistic compression is used to synthesize linguistic element in the

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ST : “Just leave me alone”

TT : “Pergilah”

Literal translation

Literal translation is a technique that is used to translate a word or an

expression word for word.

Example:

ST : “I will go to Jakarta tomorrow”

TT : “Aku akan pergi ke Jakarta besok”

Modulation

Modulation is a technique that is used to change the point of view, focus

or cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or

structural.

Example:

ST : “I broke my legs”

TT : “Kakiku patah”

Particularization

Particularization is a technique that uses a more precise or concrete term

in target language.

Example:

ST : “I want to eat Rice”

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Reduction

Reduction is to suppress a source text information item in the target text.

It is in opposition to amplification.

Example:

ST : “Please, read these instruction carefully”

TT : “Bacalah petunjuk ini secara seksama ”

In the example above word “please” is deleted, because it does not have

important meaning in the sentence.

Substitution

Substitution is used to change linguistic elements for paralinguistic

elements (intonation, gestures) or vice versa. e.g. to translate the Arab

gesture of Put your hand on your heart as Thank you. It is used above

all in interpreting.

Transposition

Transposition is used to change a grammatical category.

Example:

ST : If you relax, it will enable me to do anything I please

TT : Ketenangan kalian membuatku mudah melakukannya.

There is a class shift in the example above; the clause “If you relax” is

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commit to user Variation

Variation is a technique used to change linguistic or paralinguistic

elements that affect aspect of linguistic variation: changes of textual tone,

style, social dialect, and geographical dialect.

Example:

ST : “It’s ok…never mind”

TT : “Gapapa koq”

C. Poetry Translation

According to Lafevere (in Bassnett-McGuire, 1980: 81-82) there are seven

methods that are usually used by English translators in translating Catullus's

poems, they are:

1. Phonemic translation

This method attempts to reproduce the SL sound in the TL while at the

same time producing an acceptable paraphrase of the sense. Therefore, although

this works moderately well in the translation of onomatopoeia, the overall result is

clumsy and often devoid of sense.

2. Literal translation

This method emphasis on word-for-word translation but misrepresents the

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3. Metrical translation

Similar to Literal translation, this method only concern to the aspect of SL

text at the expense of the text as whole.

4. Poetry into prose

This method results communicative value and syntax of the SL text.

5. Rhymed translation

This method tends to maintain the pattern of rhyme. It can maintain the

style but it neglects the semantics factor of the poetry.

6. Blank verse translation

This method is used to maintain the semantics aspect of poetry than the

physical aspect.

7. Interpretation.

Lavefere states two types of interpretation, they are version and imitations.

Version is method where the substance of the SL text is retained but the form is

change. Whereas imitations is method where the translator produces a poem of his

own with the similar title or topic.

D. Poetry and Song

Song is a short lyric or narrative text set to music. Song has resemblance

with the poetry. Further, according to Oxford Dictionary, lyric is words of song.

Lyric is a short poem, usually divided into stanzas and directly expressing the

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According to RJ. Rees (in Hendarto 2009:2), poetry is a part of literature

that evokes a concentrated imaginative awareness of experience or a specific

emotional response through language chosen and arranged for its meaning, sound

and rhythm Thus, it can be concluded that poetry is one kinds of literature that

convey message and emotional feeling with certain rules.

While, according to Griffee, song is pieces of music that have words

(1995:2), further he distinguishes three characteristic of song:

1. Songs convey a lower amount of information than poetry. In otherwise,

poetry can be heard, and more often read, it provides longer and denser

information.

2. Songs have more redundancy than poetry. Songs have redundancy by

devices such as the borrowing of lines from other songs, proverb,

catchphrase and cliché as well as alliteration.

3. Songs have a personal quality that makes the listener react as if the song

were being sung for the listener personally. Songs create their own world

of feeling and emotion, and as we participate in the song, we participate in

the world it creates.

E. Synopsis of The Princess And The Frog

The Princess and The Frog, according to some critics as movie was a great

addition to the Disney arsenal and a wonderfully American interpretation of a

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bittersweet, and ultimately triumphant, The Princess And The Frog shows that

Disney can still make a movie as iconic and breathtaking as those from its

early-to-mid-90s peak.

(http://www.bscreview.com/2009/12/the-princess-and-the-frog-movie-review/, accessed on January 10, 2011).

The setting of this movie gives strong nuance of magical, in New Orleans

in 1920s, there is a girl named Tiana, she is a working girl in New Orleans whom

the be-frogged foreign prince, called Prince Naveen, mistakes for a princess when

he sees her at a masquerade ball. She kisses him when he promises to give her the

money to make her restaurant come true, unfortunately, she is not a princess, and

then she is turned into a frog as well. In Bayou, they met alligator named Louise

and firefly called Rays who accompanied them to see Mama Oddie –the voodoo

queen of Bayou- in order to break the spell. Mama Oddie said that Prince Naveen

should kiss a Princess – Charlotte, a friend of Tiana- only until midnight, when

Mardi Grass over. But before they met Charlotte they faced some difficulties that

is made by Dr. Pacifier, who turns Princess Naveen becomes a frog. Finally, he

met Charlotte, and kissed her but he still be frog. In the end, he married to Tiana,

and when he kissed her, they turned to be human and live happily ever after.

F. Subtitling

There are two types of translation movie, subtitle and dubbing. Subtitle as stated

by Ameri (2007), is linguistic practice that consists of providing, usually at the

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(or shown in written form) in the audio-visual product.

(http://translationjournal.net/journal/42screenplay.htm. accessed on January 10,

2011).

While according to Finlay, dubbing is the replacement of the original

soundtrack by a new one in another language (1971:82).

In fact, subtitle is applied more often in many movies than dubbing. Since,

subtitle has superiority than dubbing, such as it is cheaper, does not take longer

time, and the result is more neutral.

According to Nida, there are five factors in translating movie, (1) timing,

syllables, and breath group, (2) synchronization of consonant and vowels with

obvious lip movement by the actors, (3) words appropriate to the gesture, (4) the

characteristics differences of dialect in the various actors, and (5) timing of

humour or expression which produce special responses from other actors

(1964:177).

The rules of subtitling according to Ameri (2007):

1. A maximum of two lines of horizontal subtitles at a time.

2. A maximum of 35 characters for each line.

3. An average of 70 characters in two lines for duration of about 6 seconds.

4. The size of a subtitle is 1/12 of the total screen height.

5. The subtitle projection has to be synchronised with the actual dialog and

removed when the actors stop speaking.

6. There has to be some time lag between subtitle projections.

7. A subtitle should not run over a cut or change of scene.

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9. Type of characters should be coloured pale white (not snow bright).

10.Italics or quotation marks are used for off-screen (O.S) voices, radio or TV or

loudspeaker, an inner thought, phone calls and narration.

11.Subtitles are usually placed at the bottom of the screen to guarantee minimum

pollution of the central image. They should be placed in a different area when

the background does not allow its reading or, alternatively, be superimposed

on a dark-coloured box that will contrast with the written message and favour

its reading. Using a font which ensures their clear visibility and easy legibility

whilst distracting as little as possible from the picture.

(http://translationjournal.net/journal/42screenplay.htm. accessed on January

10, 2011)

G. Translation Quality Assessment

Translation quality assessment covers three things, namely accuracy,

acceptability, and readability (Nababan, 2003: 86).

1. Accuracy

Accuracy is one of the components for assessing the quality of translation.

Accuracy cannot be separated from the transfer of the message of source language

into target language. Simatupang states in transferring message from one language

to the other language the translator should keep the message without omitting or

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In line with Simatupang, Finlay (1971:2) states, “Normally, it is

universally accepted that any translation worthy of the name must reproduce the

full sense of the original, omitting nothing, and adding nothing…”

From the definitions above, it can be concluded that accuracy deals with

how the message of source language conveyed accurately into target language,

without omitting or adding.

2. Acceptability

Acceptability deals with the natural feeling of the text as an original of the

target reader. According to Sadtono (in Budiharjo, 2007:15) “a good translation is

a translation which does not replicate the characteristic of source language.”

Moreover, Simatupang states that the meaning that is transferred to the

target text must be delivered as natural as of target language according it norms

(2000:131).

From those statements, to produce acceptable translation, a translator

should make translation sounds natural in TL; adjust the linguistic structure and

cultural bounds of TL.

3. Readability

Readability is important in translation because translation cannot be

separated from reading activity (Nababan, 1999:61). According to Richards et al,

readability refers to how easily written materials can be read and understood (in

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Nababan states there are four factors that influence the readability of a

text. First, the diction used in a text that includes the use of new words, foreign

words and ambiguous words. Second factor is the factor that is related to the

sentences a translator writes. This factor includes (1) the use of foreign sentences,

ambiguous sentences, and incomplete sentences, (2) the length of the sentences

and (3) the complexity of the sentences. The third factor is how the translator

arranges the ides of his or her translation. The last one includes other factors that

have been mentioned. They are the content of a text, the appearance of a text, and

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of research

The type of this research is descriptive qualitative research, consisting of

collecting the data, classifying the data, analyzing data, and drawing conclusion.

The data used as the samples of research are not figures, but they may be some

words, or description of something (Hadi, 1983:2).

Through this type of research, the researcher tries to analyze the

techniques used by the translator and to describe the quality of the translation of

the song lyrics of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie in term of the

accuracy, acceptability and readability.

B. Data and Source of Data

According to Arikunto (1987: 162) source of data is the subject from

which the data are obtained. The data of the research can also be in the form of a

text or the whole or parts of certain documents.

This research has two kinds of data. They are eight song lyrics from the

original soundtrack of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie, and their

subtitles, and the data obtained from the assessment of the three raters and the

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three readers. The raters assessed the accuracy and the acceptability of the song

lyrics in the movie, while the three readers assessed the readability.

The reasons why the researcher used this source of data are:

1. The Princess And The Frog is one of cartoon movies made by Disney

Picture.

2. The Princess And The Frog contains eight song lyrics that were

already translated into Indonesian and most of the viewers are children

and teenagers. That is why the researcher is curious about the

translation result and eager to find out how the translator adjusts the

translation for children and teenagers audience in order to make them

understand easily.

The source of data in this research consists of: (1) eight song lyrics of the

original soundtrack of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie and their

translations, (2) the respondents, who assessed the quality of translation in term of

accuracy, acceptability, and readability of translation.

C. Sampling technique

In this research, the researcher used total sampling and purposive sampling

technique. It means that the researcher uses all of the song lyrics from the original

soundtrack of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie and their translation as

the source of data. Meanwhile, the purposive sampling technique was applied to

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when the researcher tends to choose informants which are considered competent

in case and they can be trusted to be source of data. The respondents were taken

purposively and they must meet some criteria. For the raters, they should be

mastering both English and Indonesian language, having adequate knowledge of

and experience in translation. While, for the readers should have good capability

in speaking and reading the Indonesian language.

D. Method of Data Collection

In this research, the researcher applied two kinds of method of data

collection; they are document analysis and questionnaire.

D.1. Document Analysis

In this research, the researcher carried out document analysis by:

1. Watching The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie

2. Replaying the film several times by using a set of computer in order to

understand the whole story.

3. Transcribing all the song lyrics of the film and their subtitles.

4. Coding the data

In this research, the data were given codes to make the analysis of each datum

easier. The data coding was done as follow:

Datum 1: 1/A/ 00:00:59

1 : number of the datum

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00:00:59 : refers to hour: minute: second when the datum appears in the

film.

D.2. Questionnaire

Questionnaire was used to gain information from the raters and the

respondents about translation quality assessment in term of accuracy, acceptability

and readability.

The questionnaires will be presented in open-close form, which means that

the questionnaire has optional answer and gives opportunity for the informants to

give comment in the available space related to their answer.

The raters were asked to assess the accuracy and acceptability, while the

respondents were asked to assess the readability of song lyrics of The Princess

And The Frog cartoon movie.

E. Technique of Data Analysis

The data of this research were analyzed in the following ways:

1. The researcher analyzed the translation techniques used by the translator in

translating song lyric of The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie based on

Molina and Albir’s (2002) theory, that consists of eighteen translation

techniques in order to find out what techniques that are used by the translator

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2. The researcher analyzed the accuracy, acceptability and readability of song

lyric in The Princess And The Frog cartoon movie from the score of accuracy

and acceptability of the raters and the score of readability of the three readers.

3. The researcher drew the conclusion.

F. Research Procedure

1. Watching the movie

The researcher watched the movie and took notes the resulted translation.

2. Collecting the data

The researcher collected the data, both the English script and its subtitle in the

Indonesian language.

3. Coding the data

The researcher gave code to each data in order to make the data classification

and the data analysis easy to understand.

Example:

Datum 1: 1/A/ 00:00:59

2 : number of the datum

A : number of song

00:00:59 : refers to hour: minute: second when the datum appears in the

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4. Distributing a questionnaire

The researcher made a questionnaire and then she asked the three raters to rate

the accuracy and acceptability, and asked the three readers to give score to

readability of the song lyrics on the movie. For the raters, they should be

mastering both English and Indonesian language, having adequate knowledge

of and experience in translation. The readers should have good capability in

speaking and reading the Indonesian language.

5. Collecting the second Data

The second data is the score of quality assessment in term of accuracy,

acceptability, and readability. The data are obtained from the respondents by

means of questionnaires. The respondents consist of two groups; they are the

three raters and the three readers. The raters are Herianto Nababan, S.S.

M.Hum, Sumardiono, S.S. M.Hum and Yunita Widiantari, S.S. M.Hum, all of

them are lecturers in UPTP2B UNS. The readers are Tertiera Safira (student of

SMA N 1 Kartasura), Adhani Fajrin (student of Sebelas Maret University),

and Penny fauziyah (student of MTSN 2 Surakarta).

6. Analyzing The Data

The researcher analyzed translation technique that is used by the translator in

translating song lyrics based on Molina &Albir’s (2002) theory and the quality

assessment in term of accuracy, acceptability and readability.

7. Drawing conclusion.

Based on the data analysis and the research findings, the researcher drew the

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CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

This chapter is divided into two parts, the first is some research findings

and the second one is discussion. This research focuses on the two problem

statements to find out the technique used by translator in translating song lyrics of

The Princess and the Frog cartoon movie and the translation quality in terms its

accuracy, acceptability and readability.

A. RESEARCH FINDINGS

1. Translation Techniques

This sub chapter presents the technique used by translator in translating

the song lyrics from source language into target language. Firstly, the researcher

analyzes whole data in both source text and target text, to find out the techniques

used by the translator in translating the song lyrics of The Princess and the frog.

A. 1.1.Borrowing

Borrowing is to take a word or expression directly from another language.

It can be pure (without any change) or it can be naturalized (to fit the spelling

rules in the target language). This technique can be found in the data as follow:

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Table.4.1. Table of borrowing technique

Technique Data number Total Percentage

Borrowing 74, 197 2 0.8%

Example:

Datum 74:74/D/ 00:17:56

ST : I got voodoo, I got hoodoo

TT : Aku punya voodoo, aku punya hoodoo

This song entitled “Friends on the other side”. This song is sung by Dr. Facilier when he tells a fortune of Prince Naveen and Lawrence, Prince Naveen‟s

assistant. In this song, he mentions some words that relate to black magic.

This datum belongs to borrowing technique. It is clearly that the translator

maintains cultural term “voodoo and hoodoo” in the target language. It can be

seen that the translator cannot find equivalent words of “voodoo and hoodoo” in

the target language, then he/she took the word directly from the source language.

Datum 197: 197/ G/00:08:13

ST : Mais oui

TT : Mais oui (ya)

The datum above is a part of a song entitled “Ma Belle Evangeline”, it is sung by Raymond for his girlfriend. He says “mais oui” which means “yes” in

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The datum above belongs to borrowing technique. Obviously, the

translator took a word from another language directly, and then he/she put the

meaning of that word in the bracket.

The translator tends to apply borrowing technique when he/she finds

difficulty to find out equivalent word in target language.

A.1.2 Established Equivalent

Established equivalent is applied by using a term or expression recognized

(by dictionaries or language in use). The data that belong to this technique are:

Table. 4.2. Table of established equivalent

Established equivalent 87 1 0.4%

Example:

Datum 87: 87 / D / 00:17:56

ST : It‟s the green, it‟s the green, it‟s the green you need

TT : Uang, uang, uanglah yang kau butuhkan

In the song entitled “Friend on the other side” Dr. Facilier tells a fortune of Prince Naveen, he emphasizes that money is what Prince Naveen needs, and

he mentions “green” which refers to “money”.

From the example above, the translator tries to find the equivalent word in

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to “money”; it is a kind of slang words in American English. Thus,”green” in this

datum is translated into “uang” in the Indonesian language.

The researcher finds that established equivalent tends to be applied by the

translator when he/she finds a word of source text recognized by language in use

or slang word as an equivalent in the target language.

A.1.3 Modulation

Modulation is a technique that is used to change the point of view, focus

or cognitive category in relation to the ST.

The data that belong to this technique are:

Table. 4.3. Table of Modulation

Technique Data number Total percentage

Modulation 2,7,9,10,11,14,15,16,17,20,24,33,34,35,36,

40,46,47,55,62,75,83,86,96,115,116,117,

118,119,120,126,127,128,129,130,132,134,

136,138,139,141,144,146,147,149,153,160,

161,170,171,172,174,180,187,190,191,208,

210, 215,217,218,223,230,236,238,240, 246

66 26.2%

Example:

Datum 9: 9 / B / 00:07:16

ST : And all the men deliver

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This datum is a line of song entitled “Down in New Orleans””. This song describes the setting of this movie. New Orleans is a town where jazz music

comes up for the first time, a town where the population always happy and feel to

be free express the feeling.

In this datum, the translator applies modulation technique, which means

trying to change the perspective. It can be seen that the word “deliver” is

translated into “hidup bebas” rather than “membebaskan”. However, the

translator made an appropriate decision to translate this datum into “hidup bebas”

since it is suitable with the context of the situation itself.

Datum 240: 240/H/00:12:56

ST : What he had in him you got in you

TT : Kau mewarisi semua sifatnya

The datum above is a line of a song entitled “Dig a little deeper”. This

song is sung by Mama Odie when she gives advice to Tiana.

In the datum above, the translator applied modulation technique, which

means to change point of view in translating the source text. If the datum above is

translated literally, would be “Apa yang dia punya ada padamu”, the result will

be clumsy and out of context. Thus, the translator changes the perspective of the

clause “what he had in him” into “semua sifatnya”. However, this is appropriate

decision and maintains the message of SL.

The researcher finds that the translator tends to apply modulation

technique when he/she tries to change the perspective of the source text into target

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commit to user A.1.4 Transposition

Transposition is a technique that is applied by changing grammatical

category.

The list of data using this technique can be seen in the table below:

Table.4.4. Table of transposition

Transposition 27,30,69,71,88,93,135,156,186,211,213,

229

12 4.8%

Example:

Datum 213: 213 / H / 00:12:56

ST : Just like I be telling you

ST : Sama seperti perkataanku pada kalian

This datum is a line of song entitled “Dig a Little Deeper”. This song is

sung by Mama Odie (The queen of voodoo), and she gives advices for Prince

Naveen and Tiana.

In the datum above the translator applies transposition technique; he/she

changes “I be telling you” which is in sentence ranks into “perkatanku” which is

in word ranks. The translator applies this technique to reduce ineffective word.

However, he/she maintains the message from source text into target text.

Datum 69: 69/D/ 00:17: 56

ST : If you relax, it will enable me to do anything I please

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This datum taken from song entitled “Friend on the other side”, this song

is sung by Dr. Facilier before he tells a fortune of Prince Naveen and Lawrence,

and he asks them to relax.

From the example above,” if you relax” which is in clause ranks in ST

translated into “ketenanganmu” which is in word ranks. It means the translator

applies transposition technique which means by changing grammatical category.

However, the usage of this technique is appropriate decision and does not change

the message.

From the example above, it can be seen that the translator tends to use

transposition technique when he/she find an ineffective sentence or a phrase or a

clause then he/she decides to change the grammatical categories.

A.1.5 Literal Translation

The most dominant technique used by the translator in translating the song

lyrics is literal translation. Literal translation is a technique that is used translator

to translate a word or an expression word for word. Most of the data in this

research are translated literally.

The list of data using this technique can be seen in the table below:

Table. 4.5. Table of Literal translation

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77,78,79,80,81,84,85,89,90,91,92,94,95,97,

98,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,

110, 111,112,113,114,117,

121,122,124,125,133,137,140,142,143,145,

150,151,152,154,155,157,158,159,163,164,

165,166,168,169,173,176,177,178,179,181,

182,183,184,185,188,189,192,193,194,195,

198,199,200,201,203,204,205,212,214,216,

219,220,221,222,224,226,227,228,231,232,

233,234,235,237,239,241,242,243,244,247,

248,249,250,251,252

Example:

Datum 1: 1 / A / 00:00:59

ST : The evening star is shinning bright

TT : Bintang malam bersinar terang

This song entitled “Down in New Orleans”. This song is the prologue of this movie. From the example above, it indicates that the translator applies literal

translation and does not find any difficulties to translate this sentence, since this is

a simple sentence.

Datum 56: 56 / C / 00:13:18

ST : But, I‟ve climbed the mountain

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The datum above taken from song entitled “Almost there”. This song is

sung by Tiana, she expresses her feeling that she is more getting closer to her

dream.

In the example above, the translator applies literal translation and makes

some adjustments by rearranging the structure. It can be seen that it is translated

word for word into “Tetapi aku telah mendaki gunung”, and then the translator

makes some adjustments such as word “tetapi” changed into “tapi” and the

subject “aku” moved and become one with verb “daki”. However, the final

translation is “tapi telah kudaki gunung”.

The researcher finds that literal translation tends to be the most dominant

technique applied by translator when he/she is translating simple sentence.

A.1.6 Reduction

Reduction is a technique that is applied by omitting information item of

ST in the TT.

The number of data belongs to this technique are listed below:

Table. 4.6. Table of Reduction

Reduction 13,19,23,39,43,72,82,99,109,123,131,148,

162,167, 175,196,202,206,207,209,225,245

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Datum 23: 23 / B / 00:07:16

ST : Come on down here and give us try

TT : Kemari datanglah

The datum above is a line of song entitled “Down in New Orleans”. This

song describes the setting of the New Orleans, a small town which is full of music

and happiness.

In the example above, the translator applies reduction technique. As we

can see that translator deletes sentence “and give us try” and only translates that

sentence into “kemari datanglah”. This is not appropriate decision to reduce that

clause, because that datum is not long sentence, and still obeys the rules of subtitle

if translated literally.

Datum 209: 209 / H / 00:12:56

ST : We had‟em all in here

TT : (untranslated)

The datum above taken from song entitled “Dig a little deeper”. This

song was sung by The Queen of Voodoo called Mama Odie.

This datum belongs to reduction, since the translator does not translate it.

However, the translator might consider that datum is repetition of previous lyrics,

so, is not translated, to make it effective in target language.

The translator tends to apply this technique when he/she translates the

repetition of previous line in a song and a long sentence that he/she considers will

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A.2. Translation Quality Assessment

This part will discuss the translation quality of song lyrics in terms of

accuracy, acceptability and readability of a cartoon movie entitled The Princess

and the Frog. The researcher involves three raters who have certain qualifications

to asses the accuracy and the acceptability of the translation. They are Herianto

Nababan, S.S. M.Hum (Rater 1), Sumardiono, S.S. M.Hum (Rater 2) and Yunita

Widiantari, S.S. M.Hum (Rater 3).

A.2.1. Accuracy

Accuracy is one of the components for assessing the quality of translation.

Accuracy deals with how the message of source language conveyed correctly into

target language. The accuracy of the translation is analyzed based on the score

given by the raters. To determine the accuracy of the translation the three raters

were asked to rate the questionnaires that consists of 252 data. Besides, they were

asked to give comments or suggestions about the accuracy of the translation.

The accuracy of the translation is measured based on the following scale:

Table.4.7. Scale of accuracy

Scale Description

3 Accurate, the message of song lyric is perfectly conveyed into

Indonesian language.

2 Less Accurate, the message of song lyric is less perfectly conveyed

into Indonesian language.

1 Inaccurate, the message of song lyric is not conveyed correctly into

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Below is the classification table of accuracy of song lyrics of The Princess

and the Frog cartoon movie.

Table 4.8. Table of accuracy level

Classification Data Number Total Percentage

Accurate 1,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,15,16,17,18,19,

20,21,22,24,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,

35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,44,45,46,48,49,

50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,

63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,

76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,

89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,100,101,

102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,

111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,

120,121,122,123,124,125,126,129,130,

131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,

140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,

149,150,151,152,153,154,155,156,157,

158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,167,

168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,

177,178,179,180,181,182,183,184,185,

186,187,188,189,190,191,192,193,194,

195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,

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204,205,206,207,210,212,213,214,215,

216,217,218,219,220,221,222,223,224,

225,226,227,228,229,230,231,232,233,

234,235,236,237,238,239,240,241,242,

243, 245,246,247,248, 249,250,251,252,

Less

accurate

2,13,23,25,43,47,99,128,208,211, 10 4%

Inaccurate 5, 127, 209, 3 1.2%

TOTAL 252 100%

In the table above, there are 252 data which consist of 239 data or 94. 8%

are classified in classification A or accurate, 10 data or 4% are classified in

classification B or less accurate and 3 data or 1.2% are classified in classification

C or inaccurate.

A.2.1.1 Classification A: Accurate translation

This classification consists of data that considered as accurate translation.

239 data (94.8% from the total data) are classified in this classification. Here is

the data that considered being accurate translation:

Datum 1: 1/A/ 00:00:59

SL : The evening star is shining bright

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This song entitled “Down in New Orleans (prologue)”. This song is

prologue of “The Princess and the frog” cartoon movie.

The datum above considered to be accurate translation, a sentence “the

evening star is shinning bright” translated into “bintang malam bersinar terang”

in thetarget language.

Datum 54: 54/C/00:13:18

SL : Ain‟t got time for messing around

TL : Tak ada waktu untuk bermain-main

The example above taken from a song entitled “Almost there”. It is sung by Tiana, when she is showing her restaurant to her mother, her mother gives

advice to her to get married and enjoy her own life, but she refuses that idea then

she said “Ain‟t got time messing around”.

As we can see “Ain‟t got time”is translated into “tak ada waktu” and there

is an idiom “messing around” that is translated into “bermain-main”. And it does

not influence the meaning of the message. That is why it is considered as being

accurate translation because the message conveyed accurately into target

language.

Datum 90: 90/D/00:17:56

SL : You been pushed around all your life

TL : Seumur hidup kau selalu didominasi

The example above is a line of song entitled “Friend on the other side”.

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The sentence form of source text is changing, it can be seen that the phrase

“all your life” that is put in the end of the sentence is translated into “Seumur

hidup” but, in the target language this phrase is put in the beginning of sentence.

Although the sentence form is changing, this datum is considered to be accurate

translation because the message is conveyed accurately into the target language.

Datum 200: 200/H/00:12:56

SL : Don't matter what you look like

TL : Tak masalah seperti apa rupamu

This datum taken from song entitled “Dig a little deeper”, this song is

sung by Mama Odie, the queen of voodoo.

The datum above is considered being accurate translation, the technique

that is used by translator is literal translation, the target text “don‟t matter what

you look like” translated into “tak masalah seperti apa rupamu”. Actually, that

sentence can be simplified into “tak masalah seperti apa kau”. However, the

sentence above is considered as being accurate because conveyed message

accurately.

A.2.1.2. Classification B: Less accurate translation

This classification consists of data that considered being less accurate

translation which means if the message of the source language is less accurately

conveyed into the target language. There are 10 data or 4% from all of data belong

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commit to user Datum 13: 13/B/00:07:16

SL : Hear what I‟m saying, it makes you feel alright

TL : Percayalah itu akan membuatmu merasa lebih baik

The datum above is taken from a song entitled “Down in New Orleans”; this song describes the situation and habit of people in New Orleans that have

close relation with magic, such as voodoo and hoodoo.

The datum above is considered being less accurate, because a clause of

“Hear what I‟m saying” is not translated. It would be better if the clause “Hear

what I‟m saying, it makes you feel alright” in the source language is translated

into “dengarlah, itu akan membuatmu merasa lebih baik” in the target language.

Datum 47: 43/ C/00:13:18.

SL : I remember Daddy told me, fairytales can come true

TL : Aku ingat perkataan ayah, dongeng menjadi kenyataan

The data above is a line of a song entitled “Almost there”, this song is sung by Tiana when she talking to her mother.

The data above is considered to be less accurate translation. Because there

is a distortion of word “can”. In this case, “can” should be translated into the

target language. The sentence “I remember Daddy told me, fairytales can come

true” in source text should be translated into “Aku ingat kata ayah, dongeng bisa

jadi nyata”.

Datum 99: 99/D/00:17:56

SL : Won't you shake the poor sinner's hand?