RICKETTSIALES AND CHLAMYDIALES Gram-negative Obligate intracellular parasites. no rigid wall - soft skin triple layered membrane pleomorphic

(1)

(2)

RICKETTSIALES AND CHLAMYDIALES Gram-negative

Obligate intracellular parasites

Rickettsia insect vector

Chlamydia sexually transmitted

MYCOPLASMA no rigid wall - soft skin triple layered membrane

(3)

KRT-2010 3

Rhizobium are symbiotic bacteria in root nodules

Rhizobium fix

nitrogen ( N

₂

)

into ammonium

Rhizobium and

plants are

species specific

Legumes are crops

with

Root nodules –

(4)

(5)

Viruses



Viruses are the tiniest of the microorganisms

(6)

Viruses



cannot reproduce without taking over a host

cell



There is still discussion as to whether they are

really living things

(7)

(8)

(9)

(10)

Algae

(11)

Algae

• Algae are a type of protist that usually

live in water and can produce their own

food.

(12)

Some algae can be large, others are

microscopic

(13)

Characteristics

• Range in size from microscopic to single celled

organisms to large seaweed

• Autotrophic

• Form the reproductive structures – gametangia or

gamete chambers

• Aquatic and have flagella at some point in life

• Often contain

pyrenoids,

organelles that synthesis

and store starch

(14)

STRUCTURE

• Thallus (haploid)

• Four types of algae

–Unicellular

–Colonial

(15)

IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF ALGAE

(16)

CLASSIFICATION OF ALGAE

• SEVEN PHYLUM/DIVISION BASED ON:

– COLOR

– TYPE OF CHLOROPHYLL

– FOOD-STORAGE SUBSTANCE – CELL WALL COMPOSITION

• PHYLUM/DIVISION:

1. CYANOPHYTA  MONERA

2. CHRYSOPHYTA  PROTISTA  Unicellular Eukaryote 3. PYRROPHYTA  PROTISTA  Unicellular Eukaryote 4. EUGLENOPHYTA

(17)

Algae can be



_Red



Brown



_Yellow



Or Green

KRT-2010 17

(18)

Algae are important to the

ocean’s ecosystem



_{They provide food for}



Fish



Whales

(19)

Protozoans



_{Protazoans are microsopic}

organisms that usually live in

water

(20)

Movement



_{Protozoans move through}

their environment in different

ways

(21)

Cilia



_{Cilia are hair like structures}

that wave back an forth

moving the protozoan back

and forth

(22)



_{A 3-d}



Image of

(23)

Flagela



_{A tail like structure that}

propels and can capture prey

(24)

Psudopods



_{Little “ feet” that move and pull}

(25)

Microorganisms

Require food, air and a way to dispose of

waste

Are found everywhere

(26)

REPRODUCTION

MOST REPRODUCE BOTH SEXUALLY AND ASEXUALLY

– Most sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental stress – Asexual Reproduction • Mitosis – Sexual Reproduction • Meiosis • Zoospores

(27)

Reproduction in Multicellular Algae

• Oedogonium reproduction

– Antheridium-release flagellated sperm that swim to the

oogonium

– Oogonium-houses the zygote which is a diploid spore

• The spore undergoes meiosis and produces 4 haploid zoospores. One of the four cells becomes a rootlike holdfast the others divide and

become a new filament.

KRT-2010 27

(28)

(29)

Spirogyra reproduce sexually by

conjugation

(30)

Ulva Reproduces by Alternation of

Generations

• Two distinct

multicellular

phases-one is haploid and the

other is diploid

– Gametophyte is haploid – Sporophyte is diploid

(31)

KRT-2010 31

Algae mempunyai bermacam-macam bentuk

tubuh:



Bentuk uniseluler: bentuk uniseluler yang

berflagela dan yang tidak berflagela.



Bentuk multiseluler

Reproduksi

Vegetatif: fragmentasi, pembelahan sel,

pembentukan hormogonia.

Aseksual: pembentukan mitospora, zoospora,

aplanospora, hipnospora, stadium pamela.

Seksual: isogami, heterogami yang terdiri dari

(32)

Protists – Unicellular eukaryotes

• More complicated than any prokaryotes

• Membrane-enclosed

nucleus containing multiple chromosomes

• Organelles characteristic of eukaryotes

• Eukaryotic flagella and cilia • Classified into 5 kingdoms

(33)

Protozoa – Protists that ingest their food

• Giardia – flagellate that lives in the human intestine and can cause cramps and diarrhea

• Trypanosoma – live in the blood stream of vertebrate animals cause African sleeping sickness • Amoebas – large group use

pseudopodia to ingest food

• Plasmodium – feeds on red blood cells and causes malaria

(34)

Algae – photosynthetic protists

• Dinoflagellate blooms can cause red tide

• Diatoms are unicellular and very abundant in freshwater and marine environments. Important food source for marine animals

• Green algae – cells resemble biflagellated gametes of many

multicellular algae and some plants, have cellulose cell walls, use starch to

(35)

Divisio :Chrysophyta

(Termasuk Protista)

KRT-2010 35

Ciri-ciri :

- Bersifat uniselular, dinding sel terdiri atas pektin yang lunak

- Selnya berinti, kromatofora mengandung klorofil a,

karotin, santofil dan suatu karotenoid yang menyerupai fikosantin.

- Sebagian besar bersifat autotrof, kecuali yang tidak berwarna : heterotrof.

- Tempat hidup : air laut dan air tawar (sering melekat pada tumbuhan air).

(36)

Phylum Euglenophyta

• 1000 species of

Euglenoids

• Have both plantlike and

animal-like

characteristics

• Fresh water

(37)

Phylum Chlorophyta

• Green algae

• 7000 diverse species

• Biologist reason that green algae give rise to

land plants.

• Both green algae and land plants have

chlorophyll a and B as well as carotenoids and

store food as starch

• Both have walls made of cellulose

(38)

Divisio: Chlorophyta

Ganggang Hijau

Ciri-ciri

1. Pigmen, khlorofil a dan b, serta karoten. Khlorofil terdapat dalam jumlah yang banyak sehingga ganggang ini berwarna hijau

2. Hasil fotosintesis berupa amilum dan tersimpan dalam khloroplas. 3. Khloroplas berjumlah satu atau lebih; berbentuk mangkuk, bintang,

lensa, bulat, pita, spiral

4. Sel mempunyai 2 atau 4 flagela sama panjang. 5. Dinding sel mengandung selulose.

6. Perkembangbiakan: aseksual dengan Zoospora dan seksual dengan anisogami

(39)

Phylum Phaeophyta

• 1500 species of Brown algae

• Mostly marine and include seaweed and kelp

• All are multicellular and large (often reaching lengths of 147 feet)

• Individual alga may grow to a length of 100m with a holdfast, stipe and blade

• Used in cosmetics and most ice creams

(40)

Divisio: Phaeophyta

Ganggang Coklat

Ciri-ciri

-Tubuh selalu berupa talus yang multiseluler yang berbentuk filamen, lembaran atau menyerupai

semak/pohon yang dapat mencapai beberapa puluh meter, terutama jenis-jenis yang hidup di lautan daerah beriklim dingin.

- Bersel banyak dan berwarna pirang (fikosantin)

- Kromatofora mengandung klorofil a, karotin, xantofil, dan fikosantin.

(41)

Phylum Rhodophyta

• 4000 species of

RED Algae

• Most are marine

• Smaller than brown algae and are often found

at a depth of 200 meters.

• Contain chlorophyll a and C as well as

phycobilins which are important in absorbing

light that can penetrate deep into the water

• Have cells coated in carageenan which is used

in cosmetics, gelatin capsules and some

cheeses

(42)

Divisio: Rhodophyta

(Ganggang Merah)

Ciri-ciri

1. Sel mempunyai dinding yang terdiri dari selulose . Rhodophyceae tidak pernah menghasilkan sel-sel berflagela.

2. Pigmen Khlorofil: terdiri dari khlorofil a, karotenoid, fikoeritrin dan fikosianin yang sering disebut pigmen aksesoris.

-karoten Pigmen-pigmen tersebut terdapat dalam kloroplas 3. Cadangan makanan berupa tepung floride (hasil polimerase

dari glukosa) dan terdapat diluar khloroplas.

(43)

Other Phylum Representatives

KRT-2010 43

Diatoms – used in detergents,

paint removers, toothpaste Dinoflagellates – red tides

Important in the formation of petroleum products

(44)

Seaweeds are a multicellular marine algae

• Lack true stems, leaves, roots and internal tubes that transport nutrients and water in most plants • Brown algae, red algae,

and multicellular green algae may be members of 3 separate kingdoms

(45)

(46)

Fungi (jamur, cendawan)

Ciri-ciri:

• Tidak berklorofil : tidak berfotosintesis

• Tubuhnya mempunyai benang-benang hifa

• Perkembangbiakan : vegetatif : dengan spora,

generatif, dengan isogami, anisogami, oogami,

gametangiogami dan somatogami

• Hidup secara heterotrof sebagai saprofit atau parasit

• Jarang hidup di air, kebanyakan di daratan.

(47)

Funguslike Protist

KRT-2010 47

(48)

Cellular slime molds

• Have both

unicellular and

multicellular

life stages

(49)

Plasmodial Slime Molds

(50)

Plasmodial slime molds

• Common everywhere there is moist and decaying

matter

• Large and branching, but not multicellular. The

weblike form increases the surface area to contact food water and oxygen

• When food is is scarce it addapts the reproductive structures at the bottom

(51)

Water Molds

(52)

THERE’S FUNGUS AMONG US

• Look into the eye.

• Look deep into the eye.

(53)

That's a bunch of fungus.

• That is a bit surprising. We had always heard

about mold in the shower or mold on the

bread.

(54)

. Mold is actually a type of fungus.

• It has a shape called a zygote to be exact.

While yeasts are single celled fungi, molds are

multicellular fungi

• Bread takes one kind of fungus (yeast) to

make it rise.

• If you leave the bread out, another type of

fungus comes in (bread mold) to break it

(55)

Let's look at Club Fungi

Mushrooms!

(56)

So what is a mushroom exactly?

It is bunches of strands living underground

called hyphae (pronounced hi-fah). Those

strands are the basic fungus in action,

decomposing leaves, or rotting bark on the

ground.

(57)

When it's time to reproduce, they develop

a stalk and cap,the mushroom that you see

popping out of the ground.

(58)

• It's only one part of the fungus. On

the bottom of that cap are a set of

gills that have little clubs with fungus

(59)

ZYGOTES

We already talked a little about mold. That is

only one example of the Zygote Fungi.

These have hyphae-like mushrooms but they

reproduce in a different way. When it's time to

make more fungi, they create a stalk and

release something called zygospores (thus the

name zygote).

(60)

• When your bread gets old and green or black,

you are seeing a type of zygote fungus in

action. If you wait long enough, you will see

the stalks develop and the zygotes released.

(61)

SINGLE CELLS

• Now lets look at Sac Fungi, simple, single

celled fungi.

(62)

Fungi

• Heterotrophic – they cannot make their own food

molecules

• Some like mycorrhizae absorb essential minerals from the soil needed by plants

• About 80% of plant disease is caused by fungi which are parasites

(63)

Fungi absorb food after digesting it

outside their bodies

• Secrete powerful enzymes that digest their food externally then absorb the nutrient molecules

• Multicellular except yeast

• Mycelium is a feeding network of hyphae • Mushroom is just the above ground

reproductive structure of a much more extensive underground mycelium

• Not celllulose cell walls, but chitin which is a polymer of a nitrogen-containing sugar

• No flagellated cells in their life cycle

(64)

(65)

Lichens – fungi living mutualistically with

photosynthetic organisms

• The mutualistic merger is so complete they are actually named as a species

• Gives the two organisms the ability to survive in habitats that are inhospitable to

either alone

• Can tolerate severe cold, withstand severe drought but sensitive to air

pollutants

(66)

Mycorrhizae are symbiotic / mutual fungi on roots

Mycorrhizae:

a) increase surface area of roots b) produce antibiotics to ward off

competing plants

c) Are specie specific to plants d) Helped plants evolve on land e) Seeds exposed to fungi spores

grow better

(67)

,

KRT-2010 67

I am not mold ! I am not rotting you!

I am Mycorrhizae, I am a fun guy

(68)

Fungi have enormous ecological impact

• Decomposers and recyclers of organic matter

• Used to ripen cheese • Yeasts used in baking,

brewing and winemaking • Produce antibiotics

• As well as the mutualistic partners in mycorrhizae and lichens

(69)

Some fungi are beneficial.

• Sugars are broken down in an environment

without oxygen. It's called anaerobic

fermentation. And voila, alcohol. Even though

they are single celled, you may find them in

colonies. They reproduce very quickly and

hang out together. It takes a lot of them

(because they are so small) to get a lot of

work done

(70)

Parasitic fungi

• Corn smut, Dutch elm disease and botrytis • Some of the fungi that

attach food crops are toxic to humans

• LSD is from the toxin in ergots in grain crops

• Mycosis – fungal infection (ringworm, athlete’s foot, vaginal yeast infections)