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y M . e m o t l u f p l e h y r e v n e e b e v a h o h w e l p o e p k n a h t o t e k il o s l a d l u o w I
, r o s i v d a y m o t s e o g e d u ti t a r g t s e p e e
d Drs .L.BambangHendartoY. ,M.Hum.,f o r g
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h esitont omakemy t hesi sbetter . I
s i h r o f m i h k n a h t I . s a e d i t n a il li r b d n a e c n a d i u g , e c n e it a p s i h e t a i c e r p p a y ll a e r
. s i s e h t y m g n it ir w h g u o r h t e c i v d a d n a n o it c e r r o c
m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E h s il g n E f o s r e r u t c e l ll a o t l u f e t a r g y l p e e d o s l a m a I
D a t a n a S f
o harma Universtiy fo rthei rguidance ,dedicaiton ,and knowledge they e h t f o s f f a t s y r a t e r c e s l l a k n a h t o s l a I . y ti s r e v i n u s i h t n i y d u t s y m g n ir u d d e r a h s e v a h
s i h t n i y d u t s y m g n ir u d p l e h d n a s e c i v r e s r i e h t r o f m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E h s il g n E
. e t u ti t s n i
Ithankt hosewhoalway saccompanymet hrought heharddays . Iwould ilke r
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t Ibu Berkawat iHutagalung ,fo ralways t eaching me d l u o w I . e k a t I n o it c a y r e v e r o f e m g n it r o p p u s s y a w l a d n a e fi l y m n i n o s s e l t s e b e h t
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il ,BapakI r .EddyPSira tiwhoalway ssuppo tr sme ,andalso r
e h t o r b d e v o l e b y
m DjoshDermawanSiratifo rhi spaitenceands uppo tr . ,
d n e ir f t s e b y m o t e d u ti t a r g t s e b y m d n e s
I Hosana Prliados iNugroho .
i x m
a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E h s il g n
E Intan ,Niken ,Ata ,Ttia ,Yoana and Nana fo r d
n e ir f t s e b r e h t o y m r o F . s s e n d n i k d n a t r o p p u s r i e h
t Lydia and Arul,I t hank them
.r a f o s n e v i g e v a h y e h t tr o p p u s e h t r o f
d n a d e p l e h e v a h o h w e s o h t ll a o t e d u ti t a r g y m w o h s o t e k il d l u o w I , y ll a n i F
n e e b e v a h t o n t h g i m s i s e h t s i h T . e n o y b e n o d e n o it n e m e b t o n n a c t a h t e m d e tr o p p u s
. m e h t t u o h ti w d e h s i n if
w y a m d n a l l a m e h t s s e l b d o
G ebeweatlhyi ngoodnes .s
ii x
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A T
E G A P E L T I
T ... i
S E G A P L A V O R P P
A ... ii
Y T I L A N I G I R O S ’ K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ... vi
I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E
L ... v
T C A R T S B
A ... iv
K A R T S B
A ... v iii
S T N E M G D E L W O N K C
A ... x
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ... x ii
N O I T C U D O R T N I : 1 R E T P A H
C ... 1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. y d u t S e h t f o d n u o r g k c a B 1 .
1 1
r o F m e l b o r P 2 .
1 mulaiton ... 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . y d u t S e h t f o s e v it c e j b O 3 .
1 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . y d u t S e h t f o s ti f e n e B 4 .
1 ... 4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. s m r e T f o n o it i n if e D 5 .
1 5
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R : 2 R E T P A H
C ……... 8
1 .
2 Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires. ... 8 .. 1
. 1 .
2 C iritca lApproache s... 8 2
. 1 .
2 Character... 9 1
. 2 . 1 .
2 De ifn tion... 9 2
. 2 . 1 .
2 Kind so fCharacter... 1 0 3
. 1 .
2 Characteirzaiton... 1 1 1
. 3 . 1 .
2 De ifniiton... 1 1 2
. 3 . 1 .
ii i x 4
. 1 .
2 Confilct... 1 3 1
. 4 . 1 .
2 De ifniiton... 1 3 2
. 4 . 1 .
2 Type so fConfilc.t... 1 4 1
. 2 . 4 . 1 .
2 Interpersona lConfilct……… 1 4 2
. 2 . 4 . 1 .
2 Inrtapersona lConfilct………. 51 5
. 1 .
2 Confilc tResoluiton………... 1 6 1
. 5 . 1 .
2 P irvateDecisionMakingParites. ... 1 7 2
. 5 . 1 .
2 P irvateThir -d PetryDecisionMaking... 81 3
. 5 . 1 .
2 Lega lAuthortiaitveThrid-PatryDecisionMaking... 91 4
. 5 . 1 .
2 Exrtalega lCoeredDecisionMaking... 02 2
.
2 Theoreitca lFramework ... 12
Y G O L O D O H T E M : 3 R E T P A H
C ... 22
1 .
3 Objec toft heStudy. ... 22 2
.
3 Approachoft heStudy. ... 42 3
.
3 Methodoft heStudy. ... 42
S I S Y L A N A : 4 R E T P A H
C ... 52
1 .
4 TheDescirpitono fWetrhe r... 52 1
. 1 .
4 Cairng. ... 62 2
. 1 .
4 Excessive... 82 3
. 1 .
4 Sensiitve... 92 4
. 1 .
4 Easyt oGiveup... 13 5
. 1 .
4 Disobedien.t... 33 2
.
4 TheI nterpersona landI nrtapersona lConfilctt ha tWetrhe rFaces.. 43 1
. 2 .
4 TheI nterpersona lConfilct... 53 1
. 1 . 2 .
4 We trhe rv sHi sMothe.r... 53 2
. 1 . 2 .
4 We trhe rv sTheAmbassado .r... 63 3
. 1 . 2 .
4 We trhe rv sNobleSociety... 3 8 2
. 2 .
4 TheI nrtapersona lConfilct... 93 1
. 2 . 2 .
v i x 2
. 2 . 2 .
4 Leavingo rStayingwtihFrauleinB-... 44 3
. 2 . 2 .
4 Keepingo rSurrendeirngLove... 64 4
. 2 . 2 .
4 Deado rAilve... 94
I , S N O I S U L C N O C : 5 R E T P A H
C MPLICATIONAND S
N O I T S E G G U
S ... 54
1 .
5 Conclusions. ... 45 2
.
5 Impilcaiton... 65 3
.
5 Suggesiton .s... 75
S E C N E R E F E
R ... 06
S E C I D N E P P
1 R E T P A H
C 1
N O I T C U D O R T N I
y l e m a n s tr a p e v if f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h
T background of the study ,problem
n o it a l u m r o
f ,objecitve sof t he study ,benefti soft hestudy ,and deifniiton oft erms .
y d u t s e h t f o d n u o r g k c a
B provide sbackground informaiton fo rchoosing the t opic .
t a l u m r o f m e l b o r
P ion providest hequesiton softhet opict odiscuss .Objecitveoft he
y d u t
s explains thef ocu soft hisstudy .Benefti oft hestudy provides theadvantage s
s i h t m o r
f study .Thelast ,deifniiton of t erms ,explains the impo tran to rkey term s
s i h t n i d e s
u study .
1 .
1 Backgroundoft heStudy
r e h t o n a s d e e n e n o y r e v E . e n o l a e v il t o n n a c n a m u
H to fuflli lal lo fhi so rhe r
d e e n l a i c o
s s. They havet o i nterac twtih others .Thisi nteraciton ,however ,can lead
b o t g n i y rt s i o h w e n o e m o
s u lid relaitonship swtih other s to face some problems .
n o it c a r e t n i l a i c o s s i h
T could makesomeoneexpe irences confilc twtihin him o rhe r
.s r e h t o h ti w r o
n a m d e
R (1984 ,p .363 )state sconfilct sin generalare divided i nto t wo. They
l a n o s r e p a rt n i e r
a and interpersona lconfilc st .Inrtapersona lconfilct i sa confilc t
s n e p p a h h c i h
w wtihin onesefl .Interpersona lcon lfic ti sa confilc twhich happens
r e t c a r a h c e h t e d i s t u o r e w o p e h t d n a r e t c a r a h c n e e w t e
b .
o t g n i d r o c c
A Redman (1984 ,p .363) ,inrtapersona lconfilc tusually happens
c e
g n i h t e m o s e t a e r c o t e g d e l w o n k r o y ti li b
a tof uflli lhi sneeds .H ehadbettert odosel f
d e d e e n s i n o it a u l a v e f l e S . t c il f n o c f o d n i k s i h t g n i c a f r e t c a r a h c e h t n e h w n o it a u l a v e
r o
f ust oknowwhethe rwecanachieveou rgoal so rno twtih t hecharacter’ sablitiy .
e fi l w e n a d e r e t n e t s u j s a h e n o e m o s n e h w s r u c c o y ll a u s u t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p a rt n
I ro
e h t m o r f t n e r e f fi d l l a e r a e l p o e p e h t d n a n o it a u ti s e h t e r e h w e m o h w e n a o t e v o m
t e s r e il r a
e ltemen.t
n a m d e
R (1984 ,p .363 )statest hati nterpersona lconfilct shappenalmos tevery
r u o n i y a
d ilves .Every day we meet people because we ilve wtih them .Thi s
ir b n e tf o n o it c a r e t n
i ng sust of aces omeconfilct swtihothers .Fo rexample,agri lha s
f y o b
a irend who i sa hard smoke rwherea sthe gri ldoe sno t ilke the habi to fhe r
s i h t i u q o t t n a w t o n s e o d d n e ir f y o b e h t ,r e v e w o H . d n e ir f y o
b habi tbecause he ilke s
g n i k o m
s very much .Based on the example we can see tha tthere i sa confilc t
h d n a l ri g e h t n e e w t e
b e rboyf irend .Everyonehast hei rownhabti sand opinionst ha t
t s n i a g a e b y a
m ours ,andt her esutli swewillf aceinterpersona lconfilcts.
a n
I novel ,we can see vairou sconfilct sporrtayed in the characters ’ ilves .
h t f o e s u a c e
B e story in novel si sw irtten to porrtay rea llfie expeirence sto the
, s r e d a e
r ther eaderscanseemanyconfilctsw irtten by t heautho rast herelfecitono f
f o n o it i d n o c l a e
r whati shappening in society .Confilct smaket henovelp ircelesst o
e n O . d a e
r o fthe novels which porrtay cs h u confilcts si “The Sorrow o fYoung
” r e h t r e
W w irtten by Wo flgang Goethe .In t hi snovel ,we can es ee t h confilctst hat
e h
t maincharacterfacesbothinrtapersona landi nterpersonalconfilcts.
Thi snove li sunique becausemos to fthe story i stold through a se ire so f
s r e tt e
l .Thesende roft hel ettersi sayoung man named Wetrherand t her eceiveri s
d e m a n d n e ir f s i
r e h tr e
W who tell salmos tthewhole story through his l etters and only i n t he t hrid
s t n e m m o c t c e jr e t n i d n a n i e m o c ’ r o ti d E ‘ d e m a n n u n a s e o d k o o b e h t f o t r a
p .
l e v o n e h
T enitlted The Sorrow o fYoung Werther tell sthe readers abou ta
r e h tr e W d e m a n n a m g n u o
y who sends letters t o hi sbes tfirend ,Wlihelm .In t hese
t a h t s y a s r e h tr e W , s r e tt e
l he ilves i n a village o fWahlheim .He meet sand falls i n
s g n il b i s r e h f o e r a c g n i k a t s i o h w l ri g g n u o y l u fi t u a e b a , ) e tt o lr a h C ( e tt o L h ti w e v o l
. e r o m y n a r e h t o m o n s a h d n
a Lottei sagri lwho make sWetrherf eels happy wtihhi s
fi
l et ha thewantst oposses sher ,whatevert he irsk si .Cha lro ttei s ,however ,arleady
tr e b l A d e m a n n a m a o t d e g a g n
e ,who i seleven year soldert han her .Knowingt his ,
e e f r e h tr e
W l sthe pain tha tLo tte wli lneve rbe in love wtih him .Wetrhe rsuffer s
k c a b s e m o c e h n e h w n i a p e r o m t a e r
g to the village he know stha tLotte and he r
e v a h é c n a
if marired .Wetrherl ove sLottesomuch t ha thecannotl e tanyonege the r
. m i h t c e p x
e Finally ,hef ace sastiuaiton wherehehasto decideetihe rheo rLotte’ s
é c n a
if m ustdieso he can ilve peacefully .However ,unablet o hu tr anyoneelse ,he
y ll a n
if decidestos hoo thi sownheadt oendhisl fie.
e s u a c t a h w w o n k o t l e v o n e h t n i h ti w s t c il f n o c e h t s s u c s i d o t g n it s e r e t n i s i tI
o d o t d e d i c e d y ll a n if r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h
t suicide . tIi smorei nteresitngt odiscussthi s
t a h t t c a f e h t f o e s u a c e b l e v o
n many young men and women inspried by t hi snove l
d n
a diebycommtiitngsuicide. ” tIt urnedoutt hatt hese18thcenturyf ashionvicitm s
n n a h o J f o l e v o n t s ri f o t d e s o p x e n e e b l l a d a h y e h t ; n o m m o c n i g n i h t e n o d a h l l a
g fl o
W angvonGoethe ,TheSorrow so fYoung Wetrher”( Brocke ,2010) .Soonatfe r
i d e n n a b s a w l e v o n s i h t , t a h
t n severa l area s acros s Europe . Because o f thi s
o t d e t c u d n o c s i y d u t s s i h t , n o n e m o n e h
s
i toanalyzebotht heinterpersona landi n rtapersona lconfilct stha thavehappenedi n
e fi l s ’ r e h tr e
W which ifnallymakehimdecide tocommtis uicide .
2 .
1 ProblemFormula iton
e r e h
T wli lbe two problem sto discuss in thi sstudy . The rp oblem sare
. w o ll o f s a d e t a l u m r o f
.
1 Howi sWetrherast hemaincharacter descirbed int henovel?
.
2 Howdotheconfilct shef acesleadhimt ocommtis uicide?
3 .
1 Objec itve soft heStudy
c e j b o e h
T itve soft hi sstudy are t o descirbethe characteirsitc so fWe trhe,r t o
t u o d n
if both t he i nrtapersona land i nterpersona lconfilct swhich havehappened i n
e
W trher’sl fieandhowt ha tconfilct scause ih m commtiit ngsuicide .
4 .
1 Benefti soft heStudy
y d u t s s i h
T hopefullygiv s e beneftist o ther eaders ow h reading t hi sthesi sand
o
t othe rresearchers .Thereadershopefully w uli l nderstand m oreabout t heconten t
. y e v n o c o t s e ir t l e v o n e h t h c i h w l e v o n e h t f
o From t hisstudy the reader scan also
n a t s r e d n
u d the characte irsitcs fo Wetrhe rand al lhi sconfilcts .Thu ,s when the
t e v a h s r e d a e
r he same expe irence sa sWetrhe rha shad, t he reader scan l earn from
t a h t d n if o t l e v o n s i h
t w hatWetrhe rha sdonei stotallywrong .Ther eader shopefully
u n a
c nderstandwhat interpersona landi nrtapersona lconfilct sare ,sot ha tt hereader s
e t a it n e r e f fi d n a
c between interpersona land inrtapersona lconf til .c Whlie fo rthe
r e h t
r o F . s c i p o
t researchersi n t he same t opic ,the researche rhopes thi sstudy can help
m e h
t conduc t studie s concerning the characte irzaiton , interpersona l and
.s t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p a rt n i
5 .
1 Deifni itono fTerms
. y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u s m r e t e h t f o n o it i n if e d e h t s t n e s e r p t r a p s i h T
1 . 5 .
1 Character
s m a r b
A (1981 ,p.20 )de ifne scharacte rast hepersonss howedi nnarraitvework
m “ h ti w n e v i g g n i e b s a s r e d a e r e h t y b d e t e r p r e t n i d n
a oral ,disposiitonal , and
y a s y e h t t a h w n i d e s s e r p x e e r a t a h t s e it il a u q l a n o it o m
e – thedialogue-and by wha t
o d y e h
t – the aciton”. According to Mliilgan (1983 , p.155 ) there are two
.r e t c a r a h c l a n o it c if f o n o it a c if i s s a l
c They are majo rand mino rcharacter .Majo r
r e t c a r a h c r o n i m d n a h r e h t o e h t n o e li h w l e v o n e h t n i e l o r t n a tr o p m i s y a l p r e t c a r a h c
. y r o t s e h t n i t n a tr o p m i s s e l y a l
p Thi sstudydiscussed t hecharacte ro fWe trheri n t he
. n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p t s ri f e h t f o r e w s n a e h t d n if o t l e v o
n In thi sstudy ,characte r
. s c it s ir e t c a r a h c s i h o s l a d n a r e t c a r a h c n i a m e h t s a r e h tr e W o t s r e f e r
2 . 5 .
1 Confilct
d r a r e G d n a s e n o
J in Worche land Coope r(1979 ,p.460 )de ifne confilc ta sa
l a u t u m e r o m r o o w t e k a m o t d e t a v it o m s i e h n e h w n o s r e p e h t s e ri u q e r t a h t e t a t s
o it c a e l b it a p m o c n
i ns .Somebody wli lbei n confilc twhenhecanno tdo t wo o rmore
l a u t u
m aciton sin one itme; therefore he ha sto choose one aciton only a sthe
r e p o o C d n a l e h c r o W o t g n i d r o c c A . t c il f n o c n i g n i e b f o e c n e u q e s n o
, s t c il f n o c f o s e p y t o w t e r a e r e h
t namely interpersona lconfilc tand inrtapersona l
t c il f n o
c . Thi sstudy discussed the confilc ttha tthe main characte rface sboth in
.s t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p a rt n i d n a l a n o s r e p r e t n i
1 . 2 . 5 .
1 Intrapersonal Confilct
n if o t s t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p a rt n i s ’ r e h tr e W d e z y l a n a y d u t s s i h
T dhowt heconfilct s
. e d i c i u s t i m m o c o t m i h d a e
l According to Worche land Coope r(1979 ,p.499),
t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p a rt n
i i s de ifned a sconfilc twtihin the individual .In rtapersona l
o w t n e e w t e b e c i o h c a s e k a m l a u d i v i d n i n e h w s n e p p a h t c il f n o
c o rmore opiton s
h
w lieothe rpeopledono tbehaveast hepersonwant so rexpectst hemt odo.
2 . 2 . 5 .
1 Interpersona lConfilct
s t c il f n o c e h t w o h d n if o t s t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p r e t n i s ’ r e h tr e W d e z y l a n a y d u t s s i h T
. e d i c i u s t i m m o c o t m i h d a e
l Worche l and Coope r (1979 , p.499 ) state tha t
interpersona lconfilcti saconfilctt ha tcani nvolvecompeititonbetweent woo rmore
h c a e r o t s l a u d i v i d n
i agoa l(compeititon )or i tcan i nvolveadisagreementast o t he
.l a o g a g n i h c a e r r o f s n a e
m Inothe rword ,si nterpersona lconfilc texist sbetweent wo
r o m r
o eperson so rparitesi nachievingani ncompaitblegoa.l
3 . 5 .
1 Confilc tResolu iton
Confilctr esoluitoni sameanst ha tpeoplegenerallydot or esolvet hei rconfilct .
s i h f o l l a e v l o s o t s e k a t r e h tr e W t a h t n o it u l o s e r t c il f n o c e h t d e s s u c s i d y d u t s s i h T
. s m e l b o r
p Moo re (1999 ,pp .23- 83 )suggest sfou rcon itnuums t o be t hesrtategy t o
d n a n o it u l o s e r e v e i h c
a dividest heapproachesi ntof ou rcatego ires .Theyarep irvate
d ri h t e t a v ir p , s e it r a p y b g n i k a m n o i s i c e
d -patry decision making ,lega l (pubilc )
d ri h t e v it a ti r o h t u
h t o b , s m e l b o r p s i h e v l o s o t s e k a t r e h tr e W t a h t s e i g e t a rt s e h t d e s s u c s i d y d u t s s i h T
8 2 R E T P A H C
E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R
s i r e t p a h c s i h T . y d u t s s i h t e z y l a n a o t d e s u s e ir o e h t e h t f o s t s i s n o c r e t p a h c s i h T
e h t s i d n o c e s d n a e r u t a r e ti l d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r e h t s i t s ri f , s tr a p o w t o t n i d e d i v i d
d e t a l e r f o w e i v e r e h T . k r o w e m a r f l a c it e r o e h
t theo ire s contains the c iritca l s
e h c a o r p p
a ,theory o fcharacter ,theory o fcharacteirzaiton ,theory o fconfilct ,and n
o it u l o s e r t c il f n o c f o y r o e h
t . Theoreitca lframework explain show t he t heo ire sare .
y d u t s s i h t f o s i s y l a n a e h t n i d e il p p a
1 .
2 Reviewo fRelatedTheorie s
e h t , s e h c a o r p p a l a c it ir c e h t f o s e ir o e h t e h t f o s t s i s n o c t r a p s i h
T theo ires fo
r e t c a r a h
c and characte irzaiton , theory o f confilc t and the theory o f confilc t .
n o it u l o s e r
1 . 1 .
2 Criitca lApproaches
. r J s d o o W d n a r e g r e b h r o
R (1971 ,pp.6-15 )propose ifveapproachestha tcanbe e h t , h c a o r p p a t s il a m r o f e h t e r a s e h c a o r p p a e v if e h T . l e v o n e h t e z y l a n a o t d e s u
h c a o r p p a c i e o p o h t y m e h t , h c a o r p p a l a r u tl u c o i c o s e h t , h c a o r p p a y h p a r g o i
b and the
. h c a o r p p a l a c i g o l o h c y s
p The approach used in thi s study i s the psychologica l
c a o r p p
1 . 1 . 1 .
2 ThePsychologica lApproach
t a h t y g o l o h c y s p f o s t c e p s a y n a y fi t n e d i o t s i h c a o r p p a s i h t f o n r e c n o c n i a m e h T
e h t p u s t n i o p y lr a l u c it r a p t n e m e l e e h T . s k r o w y r a r e ti l f o t n e m e l e n i a tr e c a e il r e d n u
y g o l o h c y s p f o y r o e h t , e s a c s i h t n I . y r o t s e h t n i r e t c a r a h
c i smean tto explain the
r o i v a h e b s ’ r e t c a r a h c h c a e t a h t a e d i e h t , m o r f s e m o c t i e r e h w , y ti l a n o s r e p s ’ r e t c a r a h c
o t d e s u e b n a c h c a o r p p a s i h T . g n i e b n a m u h f o y g o l o h c y s p e h t o t d e r r e f e r e b d l u o c
.t h g u o h t d n a r o i v a h e b s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t d n a t s r e d n u
2 . 1 .
2 Character
p s i h
T a tri sdividedi ntot wopa trs .Thef risti st hedeifniitono fcharacte randt he .r
e t c a r a h c f o s d n i k e h t s i d n o c e s
1 . 2 . 1 .
2 De ifniitono fCharacter
s m a r b
A (1981 ,p.20)deifne scharacte rast he person showed i n narraitvework g
g n i e b s a s r e d a e r e h t y b d e t e r p r e t n i d n
a iven wtih “moral ,disposiitonal , and y
a s y e h t t a h w n i d e s s e r p x e e r a t a h t s e it il a u q l a n o it o m
e – thedialogue-and by wha t
o d y e h
t – theaciton” .Abram salsoaddsthatt herei sas imliartiybetweenacharacte r s
e it ir a li m i s e h T . g n i e b n a m u h l a e r o t l e v o n a n
i can be found in thei rmora land e h t f o n o s a e r e h t r o e s a b e h t e r a h c i h w l e v o n a n i r e t c a r a h c e h t f o s t n e m a r e p m e t
. n o it c a s ’ r e t c a r a h
c Thi swli lmake the reade rfeel a si fhe read sa rea lstory o f .
y r o t s n o it c if a s d a e r e h s w o n k e h h g u o h tl a e n o e m o s
g n i d r o c c
A to Stanton ,characte ri sa person who doe sthe aciton in a story o t g n i n n i g e b m o r f y r o t s e h t f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t y o j n e n a c r e d a e r e h T . ) 7 1 . p , 5 6 9 1 (
t e c n e ir e p x e y a m r o e n i g a m
i hecourseandt heemoitona laspect soft hes toryt hrough .s
e u g o l a i d r i e h t d n a n o it c a r i e h t
2 . 2 . 1 .
2 Kind so fCharacter
n a g il li M o t g n i d r o c c
A (1983 ,p.155) there are two classi ifcaiton o f ifcitona l a
r a h c r o j a M . r e t c a r a h c r o n i m d n a r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e r a y e h T . r e t c a r a h
c cteri st hemos t
y r o t s e h t n i e l o r t n a tr o p m i s y a l p r e t c a r a h c r o j a M . l e v o n a n i r e t c a r a h c t n a tr o p m i
e l o h w e h T . y r o t s e h t f o t n e t n o c e h t s e m o c e b s e o d r e t c a r a h c e h t g n i h t y r e v e e s u a c e b
i g e b m o r f e fi l s i h n i s e c n e ir e p x e s ’ r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t h ti w t li u b s i y r o t
s nningunit l
e h t n a h t n e tf o e r o m d e w o h s s i r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t y h w s i t a h T . y r o t s e h t f o d n e e h t
. r e t c a r a h c r e h t
o Mino rcharacters, on the othe rhand ,play les simpo tran tin the y
r o t
s . Thefunciton o fmino rcharacteri st o suppo trt hemajo rcharactert o develop n i r a e p p a y l n o d n a n e tf o r a e p p a t o n o d s r e t c a r a h c r o n i m y h w s i t a h T . y r o t s e h t
. g n it t e s n i a tr e
c
7 8 . p p , 7 7 9 1 ( e l k n e
H -100 )de ifne smajo rcharacter sast heone swhodeservet he a h c l li w o h w e s o h t , s r e t c a r a h c r e h t o d n a s r e d a e r e h t m o r f n o it n e tt a t s e ll u
f nge
n a m u h e z it a m a r d d n a s s e r p x e o t e l b a e r a o h w e s o h t d n a , s t n e v e n i a tr e c f o e s u a c e b
.s e u s s
i Henklecalledmino rcharacte rast hes econdarycharacters .Accordingt ohim , r
e t c a r a h c y r a d n o c e
s funcitons inavairetyo fways ,a sanordinaryi ndividual ,norma l r o j a m e h t o t s u o g o l a n a s a , s r e t c a r a h c r o j a m e h t o t s e lf f a b s a , e c n e r e f e r f o t n i o p
s t c e p s a f o s l o b m y s s a d n a , n o it a u ti s n a m u h f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r d e d n e l b s a , s r e t c a r a h c
. g n i e b f o e t a t s g n i n r e v o g e h t f o
6 4 . p p , 4 7 9 1 ( r e t s o
F -54 )dividescharacteri ntot wo kinds ,namely lfa tcharacte r r
e t c a r a h c a s i r e t c a r a h c t a lf A . r e t c a r a h c d n u o r d n
d n e e h t l it n u g n i n n i g e
b o f the story . The characte r i s easliy recognized and t
c a e h s r o e h e s u a c e b d e r e b m e m e
r s and remains t he same .A round character i sa r
e t c a r a h
c t hat makest he reader ssurp irsed becauseoft heaciton .Round character s .s
e g n a h c t n a c if i n g i s o g r e d n u n e tf o y e h t s n a e m h c i h w x e l p m o c y r e v e r a
n o m r a H d n a n a m l o
H (1986 ,p .83 )statetha tcharacteri sdividedi ntot wo ,staitc s
A . c i m a n y d d n
a taitc characte rdoe sno tchange wtihin the story .There are no s
i h n i s e g n a h
c behaviors ,appearanceandhiswayoft hinking .H eremains thesame ,
d n a h r e h t o e h t n O . d n e e h t l it n u g n i n n i g e b e h t m o r
f a dynamic characte ri sa
t a h t r e t c a r a h
c changesfromwha thei sint hebeginning .Thecharacter’ sexpeirence s y
r o t s e h t n i s n o it c a d n
a mod fiyhispersonaltiyandway soft hinking.
3 . 1 .
2 Characteriza iton
d n a n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c f o n o it i n if e d y l e m a n s tr a p o w t o t n i d e d i v i d e r a n o it c e s s i h T
. n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c f o s y a w e h t
1 . 3 . 1 .
2 De ifniitono fCharacteriza iton
n o m r a H d n a n a m l o
H (1986 ,p.81 )state tha tcharacteirzaiton can be deifned a s n o s r e p l a e r a s a m e e s d l u o h s r e t c a r a h c f o d n i k s i h T . e l p o e p y r a n i g a m i f o n o it a e r c e h t
e h t e k a m o t s i e s o p r u p e h T . y l e v it a n i g a m i d e t a e r c s i e h h g u o h tl
a reader sfeel t hey
r e h T . e k il e fi l s a t s i x
e eaders ,then, wli lunderstand him o rhe ras a person no tan .
n o s r e p y r a n i g a m i
s n o s r e p f o n o it a t n e s e r p e r “ e h t s a n o it a z ir e t c a r a h c s e n if e d ) 4 3 . p , 1 9 9 1 ( k c i d l a B
a n n
y r o t s s i h n i r e t c a r a h c e h t t u o b a r e d a e r e h t s ll e t r o h t u a e h t n e h w s i n o it a t n e s e r p
r o f ( e c n a r a e p p a s ’ r e t c a r a h c e h t s e b ir c s e d r o h t u a e h T . n o it i s o p x e e m o s g n i s u y lt c e ri d
, k c a l b s i r e t c a r a h c e h t e l p m a x
e whtie, fat ,silm etc )o rthe autho rexplain sthe v
it i s n e s s i e h s , e l p m a x e r o f ( r e t c a r a h c e h t f o y ti l a n o s r e
p e ,obedient ,hard worker ,
. ) c t e
On t he othe rhand, i n i nd riec tpresentaiton method, t heauthor t ells t he reade r o
b
a utt hecharactert hroughothe rcharacters .Theautho rmakest heothe rcharacter s . r e t c a r a h c e h t t u o b a n o i n i p o r i e h t g n i v i g y b r e t c a r a h c e h t t u o b a r e d a e r e h t ll e t ll i w
r e h t o e h t n e e w t e b n o it a s r e v n o c e h t h g u o r h t e b y a m s e v i g r o h t u a e h t e u l c e h T
b a s r e t c a r a h
c ou tthe related person .From there ,the readers may ge tthe clue o f a
l e r e h t t u o b a n o it p ir c s e
d tedperson .Ther eaders canalso gett hecluet hrough wha t a
h c e h
t racter ssay and do aboutt her elated person .Thei raciton wli lt ellther eaders r
e p f o t r o s t a h
w sont heyare.
1 . 3 . 1 .
2 Way so fCharacteriza iton
y h p r u
M (1972, pp.161-173 )deifnes nine way so fcharacteirzaiton .The nine .s
w o ll o f s a d e t a t s e r a s y a
w Persona ldescirpitonmeanst heautho rdescirbe saperson .
s e h t o l c d n a e c n a r a e p p a s i h m o r
f Characte ra sseen by anothe rmean sinstead o f s e y e e h t h g u o r h t r e t c a r a h c a e b ir c s e d n a c r o h t u a e h t , y lt c e ri d r e t c a r a h c a g n i b ir c s e d
e h t o t n i t h g i s n i n a r e d a e r e h t s e v i g r o h t u a e h t s n a e m h c e e p S . r e h t o n a f o s n o i n i p o d n a
p t a h t t a h w h g u o r h t k o o b e h t n i s n o s r e p e h t f o e n o f o r e t c a r a h
c ersonsays .Pastl fie
r o h t u a e h t , e fi l t s a p s ’ n o s r e p a t u o b a g n i h t e m o s n r a e l r e d a e r e h t g n it t e l y b s n a e m
f o n o it a s r e v n o C . r e t c a r a h c s ’ n o s r e p a e p a h s o t s t n e v e o t e u l c a r e d a e r e h t s e v i g
s r e h t
. m i h t u o b a y a s y e h t s g n i h t e h t d n a e l p o e p r e h t o n a f o n o it a s r e v n o c e h t h g u o r h t
g n it t e l y b r e t c a r a h c s ’ n o s r e p a o t s e u l c r e d a e r e h t s e v i g r o h t u a e h t s n a e m s n o it c a e R
t c e ri D . s t n e v e d n a s n o it a u ti s s u o ir a v o t s t c a e r n o s r e p t a h t w o h w o n k r e d a e r e h t
m o
c men tmeanst he autho rdescirbe so rcomment son aperson’ scharacte rdrieclty . n o s r e p a t a h w f o e g d e l w o n k t c e ri d r e d a e r e h t s e v i g r o h t u a e h t s n a e m t h g u o h
T i s
, t s a l e h t d n A . t u o b a g n i k n i h
t Manneirsm, mean sthe autho rdescirbe sa person’ s r
o s ti b a h m s ir e n n a
m idiosyncrasie swhich may also t ellt her eade rsomethingabou t .r
e t c a r a h c e h t
4 . 1 .
2 Confilct
e h t d n a n o it i n if e d e h t s i t r a p t s ri f e h T . s tr a p o w t o t n i d e d i v i d s i n o it c e s s i h T
e h t s n i a l p x e n o it i n if e d e h T . t c il f n o c f o y r o e h t l a c i g o l o h c y s p e h t s i t r a p d n o c e s
g n i n a e
m o fconfilc tin ltierary wo lrd wherea sthe latter explains the theory o fthe s
e p y t t c il f n o
c .
1 . 4 . 1 .
2 De ifniiton
l a u d i v i d n i n a r o f s n i a t b o t a h t e t a t s a “ s a t c il f n o c e n if e d ) 9 7 9 1 ( d r a r e G d n a s e n o J
s n o p s e r e l b it a p m o c n i y ll a u t u m e r o m r o o w t e k a m o t d e t a v it o m s i e h n e h
w es”( qtdi n
, d n a h r e h t o e h t n O . ) 9 0 7 . p r e p o o C d n a l e h c r o
W Hocke rand Wlimot(2000 )de ifne t a h t s e it r a p t n e d n e p e d r e t n i o w t t s a e l t a n e e w t e b e l g g u rt s d e s o p x e n a s a t c il f n o c
r e h t o e h t m o r f s n o i s u rt n i d n a s e c r u o s e r e t a u q e d a n i , s l a o g e l b it a p m o c n i e v i e c r e p
y tr a
p in obtaining thei rgoals (qtd in Issenhar tand Spangle p.3) .The confilc t .
n a m e k il s e c r o f g n i s o p p o n e e w t e b t n e m u g r a n a e b y a m t c il f n o c t a h t s y a s y e l o o P
n a m , n a m t s n i a g
a against nature ,man against fate o rperhap san internal one .)
4 4 . p , 4 7 9 1 ( y ti l a n o s r e p s ’ n a m f o s tr a p g n i s o p p o o w t n e e w t e b
2 . 4 . 1 .
2 Type so fConfilct
y l e m a n w e i v f o t n i o p l a c i g o l o h c y s p n i t c il f n o c f o s e p y t o w t e r a e r e h T
l a n o s r e p r e t n i t u o b a s n o it a n a l p x e r e h tr u f e h T . t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p a rt n i d n a l a n o s r e p r e t n i
o s r e p a rt n i d n
a na lconfilct sarestatedonthenex tpage .
t c il f n o C l a n o s r e p r e t n I 1 . 2 . 4 . 1 . 2
) 5 1 2 . p , 6 9 9 1 ( n a m d e R d n a e b e e B , e b e e
B statetha tinterpersona lconfilcti san e v i e c r e p o h w e l p o e p t n e d n e p e d r e t n i o w t t s a e l t a n e e w t e b e l g g u rt s d e s s e r p x e
e c r a c s , s l a o g e l b it a p m o c n
i resources ,o rinterference sin the achievemen to fthei r .l
a o
g Wliilam Wlimo tand Joyce Hocke (1996) state tha tinterpersona lconfilct s
e d u l c n
i fou relements .Theelement sareanexpresseds rtuggle ,betweenatl eastt wo e
v i e c r e p o h w , e l p o e p t n e d n e p e d r e t n
i incompaitble goals , scarce resources , o r s
l a o g c if i c e p s e v e i h c a o t g n it p m e tt a e r a o h w d n a s r e h t o m o r f e c n e r e f r e t n
i (qtd in
) 6 1 2 . p n a m d e R d n a e b e e B , e b e e
B .
s i t n e m e l e t s ri f e h
T an expressed srtuggle . Confilc t usually expresses displeasure wtih verba l and non-verba l behavior s such a s glare , bad facia l
d n o m d e R d n a e b e e B , e b e e B . e c i o v f o e n o t n o it o m e n a d n a n o i s s e r p x
e (1996 ,p.216 )
e t a t
s thei ntenstiyo faconfilc to tfencorrelate swtih t hepatrners ’percepiton soft he .
s l a o g r o s d e e n t e m n u r i e h t f o e c n a tr o p m
e h t e g a n a m o t y ti li b a e v a h t o n o d e l p o e p t a h t s i p i h s n o it a l e r a n i s r u c c o e c n e l o i v
. e v a h y e h t t c il f n o c
. e l p o e p t n e d n e p e d r e t n i o w t t s a e l t a n e e w t e b s i t n e m e l e d n o c e s e h T
t n e d n e p e d r e t n
I meanst ha tpeoplearedepended oneach othe .rI fsomebodyi s rtuly o
e h t o t t n e d n e p e d r e t n
i the rone, t hen whatt he one say sand doeswli laffect t o t he l
a n o s r e p r e t n I . e n o r e h t
o confilct smigh to tfen occur t o someone we spend mos to f r
a e r e h t n e h w s r u c c o y l n o t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p r e t n I . e m it e h
t eatl eastt wopeople.
s n r e c n o c t n e m e l e d ri h t e h
T incompaitble goals , scarce resources , and a
s e h t t n a w e l p o e p o w t e s u a c e b r u c c o n e tf o s t c il f n o C . e c n e r e f r e t n
i met hing ,bu tboth
t o n n a c m e h t f
o have ti .Confilct so tfen happenwhenonepersonwantst heoppostie e r a ) e s l e g n i h t e m o s r o , y e n o m , e m it ( s e c r u o s e r n e h W . s t n a w e n o r e h t o e h t t a h w f o
. n o i s n e t e b o t y l e k il e r o m s i e r e h t , e c r a c
s
t n a w n o it a u ti s t c il f n o c n i e l p o e P . l a o g a g n i v e i h c a s i t n e m e l e t s a l e h T
c il f n o c y n a M . g n i h t e m o
s t shappen becauseboth oft hem canno tachieve t hei rown e h t t a h w g n i d n a t s r e d n u y b s i t c il f n o c e h t e g a n a m o t p e t s t n a tr o p m i e h T . s l a o g
.s t n a w t c il f n o c n i s l a u d i v i d n i
t c il f n o C l a n o s r e p a r t n I 2 . 2 . 4 . 1 . 2
a s a t c il f n o c l a n o s r e p a rt n i e n if e d ) 9 7 9 1 ( k o o b r i e h t n i r e p o o C d n a l e h c r o W
w t c il f n o
c here an individua lexpeirence sone o rmore stiuaiton swhen making a d n a e c i o h c e n o e k a t t s u m l a u d i v i d n i s i h T . s e v it a n r e tl a e r o m r o o w t n e e w t e b e c i o h c
e v it a n r e tl a e n o n a h t e r o m e d i c e d t o n n a c e h e r e h w n o it a u ti s a n
i s .They also stated
l a n o s r e p a rt n i e h t t a h
t confilc twilll ead t o ar esul twhereothe rpeopledo no tbehave .
, 9 7 9 1 ( r e ll i M d n a n i w e
L qtd i n Worche land Coope r461 )catego irzet wot ype s o
t l a u d i v i d n i e h t d e t a v it o m e r a o h w e s o h t y l e m a n s e i c n e d n e t e s n o p s e r f
o approach
r u o f ,s e p y t o w t e s o h t m o r F . l a o g e h t d i o v a o t m i h d e t a v it o m o h w e s o h t d n a l a o g e h t
. d e if it n e d i e b n a c s t c il f n o c f o s e p y t
h c a o r p p a s i e p y t t s ri f e h
T -approach .Thi skind o fconfilc twli lresul ttha tthe c
a rt t a o w t h c a o r p p a o t d e t a v it o m s i l a u d i v i d n
i itveandposiitvegoal sbu thecanonly s l a o g o w t e h t e c n i s e v l o s e r o t y s a e s i t c il f n o c t s e l p m i s s i h T . l a o g e n o o d d n a e s o o h c
. l a u d i v i d n i e h t o t e v it c a rt t a d n a e v it i s o p e r a
e c n a d i o v a s i e p y t d n o c e s e h t , n e h
T -avoidance .Thi sconfilc toccur swhen the i
v i d n
i dua lfaces t wo equally unatrtacitve goals .Thi sconfilct i sdfi ifcutl t o resolve . d l e if e h t g n i v a e l t p e c x e s e v it a n r e tl a r e h t o e s o o h c t o n n a c l a u d i v i d n i e h t e c n i s
h c a o r p p a s i e p y t d ri h t e h
T -avoidance .Thi sconfilcti nvolve sonly onegoa lbu t o
p o w t s n i a t n o
c siitveand negaitvequailitesi n ti .Thei ndividualf ace sagoa lwhich . m i h p a rt l li w h c i h w t c e p s a e v it a g e n e h t d i o v a o t t n a w t u b h c a o r p p a o t s t n a w e h
h c a o r p p a e l b u o d s i e p y t t s a l e h
T -avoidance .Thi sconfilc toccur swhen the i
h w s l a o g o w t s e c a f l a u d i v i d n
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