Alat Pengukur Kecepatan Dengan Mikrokontroler.

(1)

i

ABSTRAK

Salah satu teori fisika yang sering dipraktekkan adalah teori gerak lurus

beraturan. Uji coba pengukuran yang dilakukan di laboratorium fisika masih

menggunakan cara yang konvensional, yaitu dengan menggunakan stopwatch

sebagai alat untuk mengukur waktu tempuh dari objek yang bergerak lurus

beraturan.

Pada tugas akhir ini dirancang dan direalisasikan suatu alat pengukur

kecepatan menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik dengan mikrokontroler. Alat ukur

ini terbagi dalam tiga bagian yaitu bagian pemancar, bagian penerima dan bagian

pengolah data berupa mikrokontroler yang kemudian akan menampilkan

kecepatan dari suatu sasaran/objek yang bergerak lurus beraturan dalam satuan

cm/s.

Dari hasil percobaan dan pengujian yang dilakukan, alat pengukur

kecepatan dengan mikrokontroler ini memberikan kesalahan rata-rata terendah

(2)

ii

ABSTRACT

One of physic teory that is often be practiced are the teory of straight

movement. The measurement in physic laboratory are still use a conventional

method, using a stopwatch to measure the time of a object which move in straight

line.

In this final project will design and realized a device which measure the

velocity using a ultrasonic wave with microcontroller. This dev

ice divided into three section that are transmitter section, receiver section

and data proccessing section which will showing a velocity from the object who

move straight on cm/s.

From the experiment, the result are the device which measure the velocity

(3)

v

DAFTAR ISI

ABSTRAK ... i

ABSTRACT ... ii

KATA PENGANTAR ...iii

DAFTAR ISI ... v

DAFTAR GAMBAR ... viii

DAFTAR TABEL ... ix

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN ... 1

1.1

Latar Belakang ... 1

1.2

Identifikasi Masalah ... 1

1.3

Tujuan ... 2

1.4

Pembatasan Masalah ... 2

1.5

Sistematika Penulisan ... 2

BAB II LANDASAN TEORI ... 3

2.1

Mikrokontroler AT89C2051 ... 3

2.1.1 Mode Pengalamatan ... 6

2.1.1.1 Pengalamatan Langsung (Direct Addresing)... 6

2.1.1.2 Pengalamatan Tak Langsung (Indirect Addresing) ... 6

2.1.1.3 Instruksi-Instruksi Register ... 7

(4)

vi

2.1.1.5 Konstanta Segera (Immediate Constants) ... 8

2.1.1.6 Pengalamatan Terindeks (Indexed Addresing)... 8

2.1.2 Instruksi-Instruksi Dalam AT89C2051 ... 8

2.1.3 Pewaktu CPU ... 14

2.2 Seven Segment ...14

2.2.1 Cara Kerja Seven Segment ...14

2.3 Gelombang Ultrasonik ...16

2.4 Transduser ultrasonik ...17

2.4.1 Transduser Mekanik ...18

2.4.2 Transduser Elektromekanik ... 18

2.5 Efek Doppler ... 22

BAB III

PERANCANGAN DAN REALISASI ... 24

3.1

Pendahuluan ... 24

3.2

Rancangan Perangkat Keras Sistem ... 25

3.3

Transduser Ultrasonik ... 26

3.4

Rangkaian Pemancar... 27

3.5

Rangkaian Penerima ... 29

3.6

Rangkaian Sistem Mikrokontroler AT89C2051... 31

3.7

Rangkaian Catu Daya ... 33

3.8 Diagram Alir ... 34

3.8.1 Penjelasan Diagram Alir ... 35

(5)

vii

BAB IV PERCOBAAN DAN PENGUKURAN ...38

4.1

Percobaan Dan Pengukuran ...38

4.2

Pembahasan ... 41

BAB V KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN …………...42

5.1

Kesimpulan ………...…...42

5.2

Saran ………...……...42

DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...44

LAMPIRAN A

•

Foto Alat Pengukur Kecepatan Dengan Mikrokontroler ...A-1

LAMPIRAN B

•

Skema Rangkaian Alat Pengukur Kecepatan Dengan Mikrokontroler B-1

LAMPIRAN C

•

Listing Program ...C-1

LAMPIRAN D

(6)

viii

DAFTAR GAMBAR

Gambar 2.1 Diagram Blok AT89C2051...… 4

Gambar 2.2 Konfigurasi Pin AT89C2051 ...…... 5

Gambar 2.3 Hubungan Kekristal ...14

Gambar 2.4 Clock Eksternal ………...14

Gambar 2.5 Penampil Seven Segment ………...15

Gambar 2.6 Transduser Kumparan Bergerak...19

Gambar 2.7 Transduser Elektrostatik ………...…...20

Gambar 2.8 Transduser Piezoelektrik ………...21

Gambar 2.9 Permukaan Gelombang Yang Dipancarkan Sumber Bergerak …...23

Gambar 3.1 Diagram Blok Sistem ………...24

Gambar 3.2 Skematik Diagram Pengukuran Transduser Ultrasonik ...26

Gambar 3.3 Diagram Blok Rangkaian Pemancar ...27

Gambar 3.4 Rangkaian Pemancar Ultrasonik ...28

Gambar 3.5 Diagram Blok Rangkaian Penerima ...29

Gambar 3.6 Rangkaian Penerima Ultrasonik ………...29

Gambar 3.7 Rangkaian Sistem Mikrokontroler AT89C2051 ...…...31

Gambar 3.8 Rangkaian Power Supply ...…...33

Gambar 3.9 Pengukuran Selang Waktu ...39

(7)

ix

DAFTAR TABEL

Tabel 2.1 Daftar Instruksi Aritmatika Mikrokontroler AT89C2051 ...9

Tabel 2.2 Daftar Instruksi Logik Mikrokontroler AT89C2051 ...11

Tabel 2.3 Instruksi-Instruksi Lompatan …………...13

Tabel 2.4 Instruksi-Instruksi Lompatan ………..…...13

Tabel 2.5 Tampilan Angka Pada Seven Segment ………...15

(8)

A-1

Foto 1 : Bagian Atas dari Alat

(9)

A-2

(10)

(11)

MCUV. ASM ; - - Di s p l a y Po r t & RAMs - - ;

Di s Da t EQU P1 PS1 BI T P3 . 0 PS2 BI T P3 . 1 PS3 BI T P3 . 2 PS4 BI T P3 . 3 d g 1 EQU 0 8 h d g 2 EQU 0 9 h d g 3 EQU 0 Ah d g 4 EQU 0 Bh

APa r 2 EQU 0 Ch APa r 1 EQU 0 Dh SPa r 2 EQU 0 Eh SPa r 1 EQU 0 Fh MPa r 2 EQU 1 0 h MPa r 1 EQU 1 1 h DPa r 2 EQU 1 2 h DPa r 1 EQU 1 3 h

RBa k 2 EQU 1 4 h RBa k 1 EQU 1 5 h

J 1 _ 2 EQU 1 6 h J 1 _ 1 EQU 1 7 h J 2 _ 2 EQU 1 8 h J 2 _ 1 EQU 1 9 h

p 5 0 ms EQU 2 0 h FLAG EQU 2 1 h Sd h 5 BI T FLAG. 0 ; - - Ot h e r s Po r t & RAMs - - ; SOu t BI T P3 . 4

SI n BI T P3 . 5 Bu t t o n BI T P3 . 7

; -o r g 0 0 h

j mp mu l a i o r g 0 Bh

j mp T0 _ Ve c t

; -mu l a i :

; - - I n i s i a l i s a s i Va r & Po r t mo v SP, # 2 2 h

mo v Di s Da t , # 0 FFh s e t b PS1

s e t b PS2 s e t b PS3 s e t b PS4 s e t b SOu t s e t b SI n mo v d g 4 , # 1 0 h mo v d g 3 , # 1 0 h mo v d g 2 , # 1 0 h mo v d g 1 , # 1 0 h

; - - I n i s i a l i s a s i Ti me r mo v TMOD, # 5 1 h

(12)

MCUV. ASM ; - - - Te mb a k a n Pe r t a ma

mo v TH0 , # 0 0 h mo v TL0 , # 0 0 h mo v TH1 , # 0 0 h mo v TL1 , # 0 0 h c l r TF0

s e t b TR1 s e t b TR0 mo v b , # 4 0 a mb i l _ f r e k : c p l SOu t n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p

d j n z b , a mb i l _ f r e k ;

t u n g g u :

mo v a , TL1 j n z d a p a t

j n b TF0 , t u n g g u c l r TR1

c l r TR0 j mp u l a n g d a p a t :

c l r TR0 c l r TR1

; - - - Si mp a n J a r a k - 1 mo v J 1 _ 2 , TH0

mo v J 1 _ 1 , TL0

; - - - Tu n g g u 5 0 0 ms c l r Sd h 5

mo v TH0 , # 0 3 Ch mo v TL0 , # 0 B0 h mo v p 5 0 ms , # 1 0 s e t b TR0

s e t b ET0 s e t b EA d l y 5 0 0 ms :

c a l l s h o w7 s

j n b Sd h 5 , d l y 5 0 0 ms

; mo v R0 , # 1 0 ; 1 ( R0 = x ) ; d l y 5 0 0 ms _ 1 :

; mo v R1 , # 1 0 0 ; x ( R1 = y ) ; d l y 5 0 0 ms _ 2 :

; mo v R2 , # 2 4 5 ; y * x ( R2 = z ) ; d j n z R2 , $ ; 2 * z * y * x

; d j n z R1 , d l y 5 0 0 ms _ 2 ; 2 * y * x ; d j n z R0 , d l y 5 0 0 ms _ 1 ; 2 * x

; - - - Te mb a k a n Ke d u a mo v TH0 , # 0 0 h

mo v TL0 , # 0 0 h mo v TH1 , # 0 0 h mo v TL1 , # 0 0 h c l r TF0

(13)

MCUV. ASM mo v b , # 4 0

a mb i l _ f r e k 2 : c p l SOu t n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p n o p

d j n z b , a mb i l _ f r e k 2 ;

t u n g g u 2 :

mo v a , TL1 j n z d a p a t 2

j n b TF0 , t u n g g u 2 c l r TR1

c l r TR0 j mp u l a n g d a p a t 2 :

c l r TR0 c l r TR1

; - - - Hi t u n g J a r a k - 2 mo v d p h , TH0

mo v d p l , TL0 mo v DPa r 2 , # 0 mo v DPa r 1 , # 1 2 5 c a l l d i v _ i n t

mo v MPa r 2 , # 0 mo v MPa r 1 , # 2 c a l l mu l _ i n t mo v J 2 _ 2 , d p h mo v J 2 _ 1 , d p l

; - - - Hi t u n g J a r a k - 1 mo v d p h , J 1 _ 2

mo v d p l , J 1 _ 1 mo v DPa r 2 , # 0 mo v DPa r 1 , # 1 2 5 c a l l d i v _ i n t

mo v MPa r 2 , # 0 mo v MPa r 1 , # 2 c a l l mu l _ i n t mo v J 1 _ 2 , d p h mo v J 1 _ 1 , d p l

; - - Ce k Ma n a Ya n g Be s a r mo v a , J 2 _ 2

c l r c

s u b b a , J 1 _ 2 j c J 2 _ Le b i h _ Ke c i l j n z J 2 _ Le b i h _ Be s a r

mo v a , J 2 _ 1 c l r c

s u b b a , J 1 _ 1 j c J 2 _ Le b i h _ Ke c i l j n z J 2 _ Le b i h _ Be s a r

(14)

MCUV. ASM mo v d g 4 , # 0

mo v d g 3 , # 0 mo v d g 2 , # 0 mo v d g 1 , # 0 j mp u l a n g

J 2 _ Le b i h _ Ke c i l : mo v d p h , J 1 _ 2 mo v d p l , J 1 _ 1 mo v SPa r 2 , J 2 _ 2 mo v SPa r 1 , J 2 _ 1 c a l l s u b b _ i n t j mp Ub a h _ Ke De s i ma l

J 2 _ Le b i h _ Be s a r : mo v d p h , J 2 _ 2 mo v d p l , J 2 _ 1 mo v SPa r 2 , J 1 _ 2 mo v SPa r 1 , J 1 _ 1 c a l l s u b b _ i n t

Ub a h _ Ke De s i ma l : ; - - Ka l i 2 Du l u mo v MPa r 2 , # 0 mo v MPa r 1 , # 2 c a l l mu l _ i n t

; - - Ya n g a k a n d i t a mp i l k a n

mo v RBa k 2 , d p h ; Rb - Rs - Pl - St mo v RBa k 1 , d p l

; Amb i l Ri b u a n mo v DPa r 2 , # 0 0 3 h mo v DPa r 1 , # 0 E8 h

c a l l d i v _ i n t ; Rb - Rs - Pl - St / 1 0 0 0 = Rb mo v d g 4 , d p l ; Ge t <Rb >

; Amb i l r a t u s a n mo v MPa r 2 , # 0 0 3 h mo v MPa r 1 , # 0 E8 h

c a l l mu l _ i n t ; Rb * 1 0 0 0 mo v SPa r 2 , d p h

mo v SPa r 1 , d p l mo v d p h , RBa k 2 mo v d p l , RBa k 1

c a l l s u b b _ i n t ; Rb - Rs - Pl - St - Rb * 1 0 0 0 = Rs - Pl - St

mo v RBa k 2 , d p h ; Rs - Pl - St mo v RBa k 1 , d p l

mo v DPa r 2 , # 0 mo v DPa r 1 , # 1 0 0

c a l l d i v _ i n t ; Rs - Pl - St / 1 0 0 = Rs mo v d g 3 , d p l ; Ge t <Rs >

; Amb i l Pu l u h a n mo v MPa r 2 , # 0 mo v MPa r 1 , # 1 0 0

c a l l mu l _ i n t ; Rs * 1 0 0 mo v SPa r 2 , d p h

c a l l s u b b _ i n t ; Rs - Pl - St - Rs * 1 0 0 = Pl - St

(15)

MCUV. ASM

mo v DPa r 2 , # 0 mo v DPa r 1 , # 1 0

c a l l d i v _ i n t ; Pl - St / 1 0 = Pl mo v d g 2 , d p l ; Ge t <Pl > ; Amb i l Sa t u a n

mo v MPa r 2 , # 0 mo v MPa r 1 , # 1 0

c a l l mu l _ i n t ; Pl * 1 0 mo v SPa r 2 , d p h

c a l l s u b b _ i n t ; Pl - St - Pl * 1 0 = St

mo v d g 1 , d p l ; Ge t <St >

j mp u l a n g

; -T0 _ Ve c t :

p u s h p s w c l r TR0

mo v TH0 , # 0 3 Ch mo v TL0 , # 0 B0 h s e t b TR0

d j n z p 5 0 ms , T0 _ Ve c t _ En d c l r TR0

c l r ET0 c l r EA s e t b Sd h 5 T0 _ Ve c t _ En d : p o p p s w r e t i

; -d l y _ k e y :

; - - De l a y Sa mp a i To mb o l Di l e p a s p u s h 0 h

p u s h 1 h d k _ u l a n g :

mo v R0 , # 2 0 0 d l y _ k e y _ :

c a l l s h o w7 s

d j n z R0 , d l y _ k e y _ j n b Bu t t o n , d k _ u l a n g p o p 1 h

p o p 0 h r e t

; -s h o w7 -s :

; - - Ta mp i l k a n An g k a Ke Di s p l a y p u s h a c c

p u s h 0 h

mo v d p t r , # d b 7 s ; - - Sh o w Di g i t - 4 mo v a , d g 4

mo v c a , @a +d p t r mo v Di s Da t , a c l r PS4

c a l l d l y 7 s s e t b PS4

(16)

MCUV. ASM mo v a , d g 3

; - - Sh o w Di g i t - 2 mo v a , d g 2

; - - Sh o w Di g i t - 1 mo v a , d g 1

c a l l d l y 7 s s e t b PS1 p o p 0 h p o p a c c r e t d l y 7 s :

; - - De l a y Ta h a n mo v R0 , # 1 0 0 d j n z R0 , $ r e t

d b 7 s :

; - - Da t a Ba s e Ko mb i n a s i Se g me n ; - g f e d c b a

d b 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 b ; 0 d b 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 b ; 1 d b 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 b ; 2 d b 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 b ; 3 d b 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 b ; 4 d b 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 b ; 5 d b 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 b ; 6 d b 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 b ; 7 d b 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 b ; 8 d b 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 b ; 9 d b 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 b ; A d b 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 b ; B d b 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 b ; C d b 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 b ; D d b 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 b ; E d b 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 b ; F

d b 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 b ; Bl a n k ( 1 7 )

; - - - ; a d d _ i n t :

; [ DPH: DPL] + [ APa r 2 : APa r 1 ] - > [ DPH: DPL] p u s h a c c

mo v a , APa r 1 a d d a , d p l mo v d p l , a mo v a , APa r 2 a d d c a , d p h mo v d p h , a p o p a c c

r e t

(17)

MCUV. ASM ; [ DPH: DPL] - [ SPa r 2 : SPa r 1 ] - > [ DPH: DPL] p u s h a c c

c l r c mo v a , d p l s u b b a , SPa r 1 mo v d p l , a mo v a , d p h s u b b a , SPa r 2 mo v d p h , a p o p a c c

r e t

; - - - ; mu l _ i n t :

; [ DPH: DPL] X [ MPa r 2 : MPa r 1 ] - > [ DPH: DPL] p u s h a c c

p u s h b

mo v a , d p l mo v b , MPa r 1 mu l a b

x c h a , d p l p u s h b

mo v b , MPa r 2 mu l a b

p o p b a d d a , b x c h a , d p h mo v b , MPa r 1 mu l a b

a d d a , d p h mo v d p h , a p o p b

p o p a c c r e t

; - - - ; d i v _ i n t :

; [ DPH: DPL] / [ DPa r 2 : DPa r 1 ] - > [ DPH: DPL] p u s h a c c

p u s h b p u s h 2 h p u s h 3 h p u s h 4 h

mo v r 2 , # 1 6 c l r a

mo v r 3 , a mo v r 4 , a d i _ l o o p :

(18)

MCUV. ASM s u b b a , DPa r 2

j c d i _ s ma l l e r mo v r 4 , a mo v r 3 , b o r l d p l , # 1 d i _ s ma l l e r :

d j n z r 2 , d i _ l o o p p o p 4 h

p o p 3 h p o p 2 h p o p b p o p a c c r e t

(19)

1

Pin Configuration

PDIP/SOIC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 RST/VPP (RXD) P3.0 (TXD) P3.1 XTAL2 XTAL1 (INT0) P3.2 (INT1) P3.3 (TO) P3.4 (T1) P3.5 GND VCC P1.7 P1.6 P1.5 P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1 (AIN1) P1.0 (AIN0) P3.7

Features

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory – Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles • 2.7V to 6V Operating Range

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz • Two-level Program Memory Lock • 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM

• 15 Programmable I/O Lines • Two 16-bit Timer/Counters • Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial UART Channel • Direct LED Drive Outputs

• On-chip Analog Comparator

• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes

Description

The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a power-ful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.

The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for opera-tion down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Rev. 0368E–02/00

8-bit

Microcontroller

with 2K Bytes

Flash

(20)

AT89C2051

2

(21)

AT89C2051

3

Pin Description

VCC

Supply voltage.

GND Ground.

Port 1

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-irectional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 require exter-nal pullups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive input (AIN0) and the negative input (AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision analog comparator. The Port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs. When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source current (I_IL) because of the internal pullups.

Port 1 also receives code data during Flash programming and verification.

Port 3

Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-irectional I/O pins with internal pullups. P3.6 is hard-wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not accessible as a general purpose I/O pin. The Port 3 output buffers can sink 20 mA. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (I_IL) because of the pullups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as listed below:

Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash pro-gramming and verification.

RST

Reset input. All I/O pins are reset to 1s as soon as RST goes high. Holding the RST pin high for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

Each machine cycle takes 12 oscillator or clock cycles.

XTAL1

Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2

Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maxi-mum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

Figure 1. Oscillator Connections

Note: C1, C2 = 30 pF ± 10 pF for Crystals

= 40 pF ± 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators

Figure 2. External Clock Drive Configuration Port Pin Alternate Functions

(22)

AT89C2051

4

Special Function Registers

A map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Func-tion Register (SFR) space is shown in the table below. Note that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoc-cupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return

random data, and write accesses will have an indetermi-nate effect.

User software should not write 1s to these unlisted loca-tions, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.

Table 1. AT89C2051 SFR Map and Reset Values

0F8H 0FFH

0F0H B

00000000

0F7H

0E8H 0EFH

0E0H ACC

00000000

0E7H

0D8H 0DFH

0D0H PSW

00000000

0D7H

0C8H 0CFH

0C0H 0C7H

0B8H IP

XXX00000

0BFH

0B0H P3

11111111

0B7H

0A8H IE

0XX00000

0AFH

0A0H 0A7H

98H SCON

00000000

SBUF XXXXXXXX

9FH

90H P1

11111111

97H

88H TCON

00000000

TMOD 00000000

TL0 00000000

TL1 00000000

TH0 00000000

TH1 00000000

8FH

80H SP

00000111

DPL 00000000

DPH 00000000

PCON 0XXX0000

(23)

AT89C2051

5

Restrictions on Certain Instructions

The AT89C2051 and is an economical and cost-effective member of Atmel’s growing family of microcontrollers. It contains 2K bytes of flash program memory. It is fully com-pati bl e with the MCS-51 arc hitec tur e, and c an be programmed using the MCS-51 instruction set. However, there are a few considerations one must keep in mind when utilizing certain instructions to program this device. All the instructions related to jumping or branching should be restricted such that the destination address falls within the physical program memory space of the device, which is 2K for the AT89C2051. This should be the responsibility of the software programmer. For example, LJMP 7E0H would be a valid instruction for the AT89C2051 (with 2K of memory), whereas LJMP 900H would not.

1. Branching instructions:

LCALL, LJMP, ACALL, AJMP, SJMP, JMP @A+DPTR These unconditional branching instructions will execute correctly as long as the programmer keeps in mind that the destination branching address must fall within the physical boundaries of the program memory size (locations 00H to 7FFH for the 89C2051). Violating the physical space limits may cause unknown program behavior.

CJNE [...], DJNZ [...], JB, JNB, JC, JNC, JBC, JZ, JNZ With these conditional branching instructions the same rule above applies. Again, violating the memory boundaries may cause erratic execution.

For applications involving interrupts the normal interrupt service routine address locations of the 80C51 family archi-tecture have been preserved.

2. MOVX-related instructions, Data Memory:

The AT89C2051 contains 128 bytes of internal data mem-ory. Thus, in the AT89C2051 the stack depth is limited to 128 bytes, the amount of available RAM. External DATA memory access is not supported in this device, nor is exter-nal PROGRAM memory execution. Therefore, no MOVX [...] instructions should be included in the program.

A typical 80C51 assembler will still assemble instructions, even if they are written in violation of the restrictions men-tioned above. It is the responsibility of the controller user to know the physical features and limitations of the device b e i n g u s e d a n d a d j u s t t h e i n s t r u c t i o n s u s e d correspondingly.

Program Memory Lock Bits

On the chip are two lock bits which can be left unpro-grammed (U) or can be prounpro-grammed (P) to obtain the additional features listed in the table below:

Lock Bit Protection Modes

(1)

Note: 1. The Lock Bits can only be erased with the Chip Erase operation.

Idle Mode

In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the spe-cial functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.

P1.0 and P1.1 should be set to “0” if no external pullups are used, or set to “1” if external pullups are used.

It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard-ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

Power-down Mode

In the power down mode the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes power down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Regis-ters retain their values until the power down mode is terminated. The only exit from power down is a hardware reset. Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before V_CC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.

P1.0 and P1.1 should be set to “0” if no external pullups are used, or set to “1” if external pullups are used.

Program Lock Bits

LB1 LB2 Protection Type

1 U U No program lock features.

2 P U Further programming of the Flash is disabled.

(24)

AT89C2051

6

Programming The Flash

The AT89C2051 is shipped with the 2K bytes of on-chip PEROM code memory array in the erased state (i.e., con-tents = FFH) and ready to be programmed. The code memory array is programmed one byte at a time. Once the array is programmed, to re-program any non-blank byte, the entire memory array needs to be erased electrically.

Internal Address Counter: The AT89C2051 contains an internal PEROM address counter which is always reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced by apply-ing a positive goapply-ing pulse to pin XTAL1.

Programming Algorithm: To program the AT89C2051, the following sequence is recommended.

1. Power-up sequence:

Apply power between V_CCand GND pins Set RST and XTAL1 to GND

2. Set pin RST to “H” Set pin P3.2 to “H”

3. Apply the appropriate combination of “H” or “L” logic levels to pins P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.7 to select one of the programming operations shown in the PEROM Pro-gramming Modes table.

To Program and Verify the Array:

4. Apply data for Code byte at location 000H to P1.0 to P1.7.

5. Raise RST to 12V to enable programming.

6. Pulse P3.2 once to program a byte in the PEROM array or the lock bits. The byte-write cycle is self-timed and typically takes 1.2 ms.

7. To verify the programmed data, lower RST from 12V to logic “H” level and set pins P3.3 to P3.7 to the appropiate levels. Output data can be read at the port P1 pins. 8. To program a byte at the next address location, pulse

XTAL1 pin once to advance the internal address counter. Apply new data to the port P1 pins.

9. Repeat steps 5 through 8, changing data and advancing the address counter for the entire 2K bytes array or until the end of the object file is reached.

10.Power-off sequence: set XTAL1 to “L” set RST to “L” Turn V_CC power off

Data Polling: The AT89C2051 features Data Polling to indicate the end of a write cycle. During a write cycle, an attempted read of the last byte written will result in the com-plement of the written data on P1.7. Once the write cycle has been completed, true data is valid on all outputs, and

the next cycle may begin. Data Polling may begin any time after a write cycle has been initiated.

Ready/Busy: The Progress of byte programming can also be monitored by the RDY/BSY output signal. Pin P3.1 is pulled low after P3.2 goes High during programming to indi-cate BUSY. P3.1 is pulled High again when programming is done to indicate READY.

Program Verify: If lock bits LB1 and LB2 have not been programmed code data can be read back via the data lines for verification:

1. Reset the internal address counter to 000H by bringing RST from “L” to “H”.

2. Apply the appropriate control signals for Read Code data and read the output data at the port P1 pins.

3. Pulse pin XTAL1 once to advance the internal address counter.

4. Read the next code data byte at the port P1 pins. 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until the entire array is read. The lock bits cannot be verified directly. Verification of the lock bits is achieved by observing that their features are enabled.

Chip Erase: The entire PEROM array (2K bytes) and the two Lock Bits are erased electrically by using the proper combination of control signals and by holding P3.2 low for 10 ms. The code array is written with all “1”s in the Chip Erase operation and must be executed before any non-blank memory byte can be re-programmed.

Reading the Signature Bytes: The signature bytes are read by the same procedure as a normal verification of locations 000H, 001H, and 002H, except that P3.5 and P3.7 must be pulled to a logic low. The values returned are as follows.

(000H) = 1EH indicates manufactured by Atmel (001H) = 21H indicates 89C2051

Programming Interface

Every code byte in the Flash array can be written and the entire array can be erased by using the appropriate combi-nation of control signals. The write operation cycle is self-timed and once initiated, will automatically time itself to completion.

(25)

AT89C2051

7 Notes: 1. The internal PEROM address counter is reset to 000H on the rising edge of RST and is advanced by a positive pulse at

XTAL 1 pin.

2. Chip Erase requires a 10 ms PROG pulse.

3. P3.1 is pulled Low during programming to indicate RDY/BSY.

Figure 3. Programming the Flash Memory Figure 4. Verifying the Flash Memory

Flash Programming Modes

Mode RST/VPP P3.2/PROG P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.7

Write Code Data(1)(3) 12V L H H H

Read Code Data(1) _H _H _L _L _H _H

Write Lock Bit - 1 12V H H H H

Bit - 2 12V H H L L

Chip Erase 12V H L L L

Read Signature Byte H H L L L L

(2)

(26)

AT89C2051

8

Note: 1. Only used in 12-volt programming mode.

Flash Programming and Verification Waveforms

Flash Programming and Verification Characteristics

T_A = 0°C to 70°C, V_CC = 5.0 ± 10%

Symbol Parameter Min Max Units

VPP Programming Enable Voltage 11.5 12.5 V

I_PP Programming Enable Current 250 µA

tDVGL Data Setup to PROG Low 1.0 µs

tGHDX Data Hold after PROG 1.0 µs

tEHSH P3.4 (ENABLE) High to VPP 1.0 µs

t_SHGL V_PP Setup to PROG Low 10 µs

tGHSL VPP Hold after PROG 10 µs

t_GLGH PROG Width 1 110 µs

tELQV ENABLE Low to Data Valid 1.0 µs

tEHQZ Data Float after ENABLE 0 1.0 µs

tGHBL PROG High to BUSY Low 50 ns

t_WC Byte Write Cycle Time 2.0 ms

tBHIH RDY/BSY\ to Increment Clock Delay 1.0 µs

(27)

AT89C2051

9 Notes: 1. Under steady state (non-transient) conditions, IOL must be externally limited as follows:

Maximum I_OL per port pin: 20 mA

Maximum total IOL for all output pins: 80 mA

If I_OL exceeds the test condition, V_OL may exceed the related specification. Pins are not guaranteed to sink current greater than the listed test conditions.

2. Minimum V_CC for Power-down is 2V.

Absolute Maximum Ratings*

Operating Temperature ... -55°C to +125°C *NOTICE: Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent dam-age to the device. This is a stress rating only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

Storage Temperature ... -65°C to +150°C Voltage on Any Pin

with Respect to Ground ...-1.0V to +7.0V Maximum Operating Voltage ... 6.6V DC Output Current... 25.0 mA

DC Characteristics

T_A = -40°C to 85°C, V_CC = 2.0V to 6.0V (unless otherwise noted)

Symbol Parameter Condition Min Max Units

VIL Input Low-voltage -0.5 0.2 VCC - 0.1 V

V_IH Input High-voltage (Except XTAL1, RST) 0.2 V_CC+ 0.9 V_CC+ 0.5 V

VIH1 Input High-voltage (XTAL1, RST) 0.7 VCC VCC + 0.5 V

VOL Output Low-voltage(1) (Ports 1, 3)

IOL = 20 mA, VCC = 5V IOL = 10 mA, VCC = 2.7V

0.5 V

VOH Output High-voltage (Ports 1, 3)

IOH = -80 µA, VCC = 5V ± 10% 2.4 V

IOH = -30 µA 0.75 VCC V

I_OH = -12 µA 0.9 V_CC V

IIL Logical 0 Input Current (Ports 1, 3)

VIN = 0.45V -50 µA

ITL Logical 1 to 0 Transition Current (Ports 1, 3)

VIN = 2V, VCC = 5V ± 10% -750 µA

ILI Input Leakage Current (Port P1.0, P1.1)

0 < VIN < VCC ±10 µA

VOS Comparator Input Offset Voltage VCC = 5V 20 mV

V_CM Comparator Input Common Mode Voltage

0 V_CC V

RRST Reset Pull-down Resistor 50 300 KΩ

CIO Pin Capacitance Test Freq. = 1 MHz, TA = 25°C 10 pF

I_CC Power Supply Current Active Mode, 12 MHz, V_CC = 6V/3V 15/5.5 mA

Idle Mode, 12 MHz, VCC = 6V/3V P1.0 & P1.1 = 0V or V_CC

5/1 mA

(28)

AT89C2051

10

External Clock Drive Waveforms

External Clock Drive

Symbol Parameter

VCC = 2.7V to 6.0V VCC = 4.0V to 6.0V

Units

Min Max Min Max

1/tCLCL Oscillator Frequency 0 12 0 24 MHz

tCLCL Clock Period 83.3 41.6 ns

tCHCX High Time 30 15 ns

t_CLCX Low Time 30 15 ns

tCLCH Rise Time 20 20 ns

(29)

AT89C2051

11 ()

Shift Register Mode Timing Waveforms

AC Testing Input/Output Waveforms

(1)

Note: 1. AC Inputs during testing are driven at VCC - 0.5V for a logic 1 and 0.45V for a logic 0. Timing measurements are made at VIH min. for a logic 1 and VIL max. for a logic 0.

Float Waveforms

(1)

Note: 1. For timing purposes, a port pin is no longer floating when a 100 mV change from load voltage occurs. A port pin begins to float when 100 mV change frothe loaded V_OH/V_OLlevel occurs.

Serial Port Timing: Shift Register Mode Test Conditions

V_CC = 5.0V ± 20%; Load Capacitance = 80 pF

Symbol Parameter

12 MHz Osc Variable Oscillator

Units

Min Max Min Max

tXLXL Serial Port Clock Cycle Time 1.0 12tCLCL µs

tQVXH Output Data Setup to Clock Rising Edge 700 10tCLCL-133 ns

t_XHQX Output Data Hold after Clock Rising Edge 50 2t_CLCL-117 ns

tXHDX Input Data Hold after Clock Rising Edge 0 0 ns

(30)

AT89C2051

12

AT89C2051 TYPICAL ICC - ACTIVE (85°C)

0 5 10 15 20

0 6 12 18 24

FREQUENCY (MHz) I

C C m A

Vcc=6.0V

Vcc=5.0V

Vcc=3.0V

AT89C2051 TYPICAL ICC - IDLE (85°C)

0 1 2 3

0 3 6 9 12

FREQUENCY (MHz) I

C C m A

Vcc=6.0V

Vcc=5.0V

Vcc=3.0V

AT89C2051

TYPICAL ICC vs. VOLTAGE- POWER DOWN (85°C)

0 5 10 15 20

3.0V 4.0V 5.0V 6.0V

Vcc VOLTAGE I

C C µ A

Notes: 1. XTAL1 tied to GND for I_CC (power-down) 2. P.1.0 and P1.1 = V_CC or GND

(31)

AT89C2051

13

Ordering Information

Speed (MHz)

Power

Supply Ordering Code Package Operation Range

12 2.7V to 6.0V AT89C2051-12PC AT89C2051-12SC

20P3 20S

Commercial (0°C to 70°C) AT89C2051-12PI

AT89C2051-12SI

20P3 20S

Industrial (-40°C to 85°C) 24 4.0V to 6.0V AT89C2051-24PC

AT89C2051-24SC

20P3 20S

Commercial (0°C to 70°C) AT89C2051-24PI

AT89C2051-24SI

20P3 20S

Industrial (-40°C to 85°C)

(32)

AT89C2051

14

Packaging Information

1.060(26.9) .980(24.9) PIN

1

.280(7.11) .240(6.10)

.090(2.29) MAX

.005(.127) MIN

.015(.381) MIN

.022(.559) .014(.356) .070(1.78)

.045(1.13)

.325(8.26) .300(7.62)

0 15REF

.430(10.92) MAX .014(.356)

.008(.203) .110(2.79) .090(2.29) .150(3.81) .115(2.92) SEATING

PLANE .210(5.33)

MAX

.900(22.86) REF

0.299 (7.60) 0.291 (7.39) 0.020 (0.508)

0.013 (0.330)

0.420 (10.7) 0.393 (9.98) PIN 1

.050 (1.27) BSC 0.513 (13.0) 0.497 (12.6)

0.012 (0.305) 0.003 (0.076)

0.105 (2.67) 0.092 (2.34)

0 8REF

0.035 (0.889) 0.015 (0.381)

0.013 (0.330) 0.009 (0.229)

20P3, 20-lead, 0.300" Wide, Plastic Dual Inline Package (PDIP)

Dimensions in Inches and (Millimeters)

JEDEC STANDARD MS-001 AD

20S, 20-lead, 0.300" Wide, Plastic Gull WIng Small Outline (SOIC)

(33)

© Atmel Corporation 2000.

Atmel Corporation makes no warranty for the use of its products, other than those expressly contained in the Company’s standard war-ranty which is detailed in Atmel’s Terms and Conditions located on the Company’s web site. The Company assumes no responsibility for any errors which may appear in this document, reserves the right to change devices or specifications detailed herein at any time without notice, and does not make any commitment to update the information contained herein. No licenses to patents or other intellectual prop-erty of Atmel are granted by the Company in connection with the sale of Atmel products, expressly or by implication. Atmel’s products are not authorized for use as critical components in life suppor t devices or systems.

Atmel Headquarters

Atmel Operations

Corporate Headquarters

2325 Orchard Parkway San Jose, CA 95131 TEL (408) 441-0311 FAX (408) 487-2600

Europe

Atmel U.K., Ltd.

Coliseum Business Centre Riverside Way

Camberley, Surrey GU15 3YL England

TEL (44) 1276-686-677 FAX (44) 1276-686-697

Asia

Atmel Asia, Ltd. Room 1219

Chinachem Golden Plaza 77 Mody Road Tsimhatsui East Kowloon

Hong Kong

TEL (852) 2721-9778 FAX (852) 2722-1369

Japan

Atmel Japan K.K.

9F, Tonetsu Shinkawa Bldg. 1-24-8 Shinkawa

Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033 Japan

TEL (81) 3-3523-3551 FAX (81) 3-3523-7581

Atmel Colorado Springs

1150 E. Cheyenne Mtn. Blvd. Colorado Springs, CO 80906 TEL (719) 576-3300

FAX (719) 540-1759

Atmel Rousset

Zone Industrielle 13106 Rousset Cedex France

TEL (33) 4-4253-6000 FAX (33) 4-4253-6001

Fax-on-Demand

North America: 1-(800) 292-8635 International: 1-(408) 441-0732

e-mail

literature@atmel.com

Web Site

http://www.atmel.com

BBS

1-(408) 436-4309

Printed on recycled paper. Marks bearing ®_and/or™_{are registered trademarks and trademarks of Atmel Corporation.}

(34)

 Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC, 2004 1 Publication Order Number:

LM358, LM258, LM2904,

LM2904A, LM2904V,

NCV2904

Single Supply Dual

Operational Amplifiers

Utilizing the circuit designs perfected for Quad Operational Amplifiers, these dual operational amplifiers feature low power drain,

a common mode input voltage range extending to ground/VEE, and

single supply or split supply operation. The LM358 series is equivalent to one−half of an LM324.

These amplifiers have several distinct advantages over standard operational amplifier types in single supply applications. They can operate at supply voltages as low as 3.0 V or as high as 32 V, with quiescent currents about one−fifth of those associated with the MC1741 (on a per amplifier basis). The common mode input range includes the negative supply, thereby eliminating the necessity for external biasing components in many applications. The output voltage range also includes the negative power supply voltage.

Features

•

Short Circuit Protected Outputs

•

True Differential Input Stage

•

Single Supply Operation: 3.0 V to 32 V

•

Low Input Bias Currents

•

Internally Compensated

•

Common Mode Range Extends to Negative Supply

•

Single and Split Supply Operation

•

ESD Clamps on the Inputs Increase Ruggedness of the Device without Affecting Operation

•

Pb−Free Packages are Available

•

NCV Prefix for Automotive and Other Applications Requiring Site and Control Changes

PDIP−8 N, AN, VN SUFFIX

CASE 626

1 8

SOIC−8 D, VD SUFFIX

CASE 751

1 8

PIN CONNECTIONS

VEE/Gnd

Inputs A

Inputs B Output B Output A V_CC

− − + + 1 2 3 4 8 7 6 5 (Top View)

See general marking information in the device marking section on page 11 of this data sheet.

DEVICE MARKING INFORMATION

See detailed ordering and shipping information in the package dimensions section on page 10 of this data sheet.

(35)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

Single Supply Split Supplies

V_CC

V_EE/Gnd 3.0 V to VCC(max)

1 2

VCC

1 2 VEE

1.5 V to VCC(max)

1.5 V to V_EE(max)

Output

Bias Circuitry Common to Both

Amplifiers

VCC

VEE/Gnd

Inputs

Q2

Q3 Q4 Q5

Q26 Q7

Q8 Q6

Q9

Q11

Q10

Q1 _{2.4 k} Q25 Q22 40 k

Q13 Q14

Q15 Q16

Q19

5.0 pF

Q18

Q17

Q20

Q21

2.0 k

Q24 Q23 Q12

[image:35.612.83.536.54.492.2]

25

Figure 1.

(36)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com MAXIMUM RATINGS (TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

Rating Symbol Value Unit

Power Supply Voltages Single Supply Split Supplies

VCC V_CC, V_EE

32

±16

Vdc

Input Differential Voltage Range (Note 1) VIDR ±32 Vdc

Input Common Mode Voltage Range (Note 2) VICR −0.3 to 32 Vdc

Output Short Circuit Duration tSC Continuous

Junction Temperature T_J 150 °C

Thermal Resistance, Junction−to−Air (Note 3) RJA 238 °C/W

Storage Temperature Range Tstg −55 to +125 °C

ESD Protection at any Pin Human Body Model Machine Model

Vesd

2000 200

V

Operating Ambient Temperature Range

LM258 LM358 LM2904/LM2904A LM2904V, NCV2904 (Note 4)

TA

−25 to +85 0 to +70 −40 to +105 −40 to +125

°C

Maximum ratings are those values beyond which device damage can occur. Maximum ratings applied to the device are individual stress limit values (not normal operating conditions) and are not valid simultaneously. If these limits are exceeded, device functional operation is not implied, damage may occur and reliability may be affected.

1. Split Power Supplies.

2. For Supply Voltages less than 32 V the absolute maximum input voltage is equal to the supply voltage. 3. RJA for Case 846A.

(37)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = GND, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

LM258 LM358

Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit

Input Offset Voltage

VCC = 5.0 V to 30 V, VIC = 0 V to VCC −1.7 V, VO] 1.4 V, RS = 0

V_IO mV

TA = 25°C − 2.0 5.0 − 2.0 7.0

T_A = T_high (Note 5) − − 7.0 − − 9.0

TA = Tlow (Note 5) − − 7.0 − − 9.0

Average Temperature Coefficient of Input Offset Voltage

VIO/T − 7.0 − − 7.0 − V/°C

TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 5)

Input Offset Current I_IO − 3.0 30 − 5.0 50 nA

T_A = T_high to T_low (Note 5) − − 100 − − 150

Input Bias Current IIB − −45 −150 − −45 −250

TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 5) − −50 −300 − −50 −500

Average Temperature Coefficient of Input Offset Current

IIO/T − 10 − − 10 − pA/°C

Input Common Mode Voltage Range (Note 6), VCC = 30 V

VICR 0 − 28.3 0 − 28.3 V

V_CC = 30 V, T_A = T_high to T_low 0 − 28 0 − 28

Differential Input Voltage Range VIDR − − VCC − − VCC V

Large Signal Open Loop Voltage Gain AVOL V/mV

RL = 2.0 k, VCC = 15 V, For Large VO Swing, 50 100 − 25 100 −

TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 5) 25 − − 15 − −

Channel Separation CS − −120 − − −120 − dB

1.0 kHz ≤ f ≤ 20 kHz, Input Referenced

Common Mode Rejection CMR 70 85 − 65 70 − dB

RS≤ 10 k

Power Supply Rejection PSR 65 100 − 65 100 − dB

Output Voltage−High Limit TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 5)

VOH V

VCC = 5.0 V, RL = 2.0 k, TA = 25°C 3.3 3.5 − 3.3 3.5 −

VCC = 30 V, RL = 2.0 k 26 − − 26 − −

VCC = 30 V, RL = 10 k 27 28 − 27 28 −

Output Voltage−Low Limit VOL − 5.0 20 − 5.0 20 mV

VCC = 5.0 V, RL = 10 k, TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 5)

Output Source Current IO+ 20 40 − 20 40 − mA

VID = +1.0 V, VCC = 15 V

Output Sink Current IO−

VID = −1.0 V, VCC = 15 V 10 20 − 10 20 − mA

VID = −1.0 V, VO = 200 mV 12 50 − 12 50 − A

Output Short Circuit to Ground (Note 7) ISC − 40 60 − 40 60 mA

Power Supply Current (Total Device) T_A = T_high to T_low (Note 5)

ICC mA

VCC = 30 V, VO = 0 V, RL = ∞ − 1.5 3.0 − 1.5 3.0

VCC = 5 V, VO = 0 V, RL = ∞ − 0.7 1.2 − 0.7 1.2

5. LM258: Tlow = −25°C, Thigh = +85°C LM358: Tlow = 0°C, Thigh = +70°C

LM2904/LM2904A: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +105°C LM2904V & NCV2904: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +125°C

NCV2904 is qualified for automotive use.

6. The input common mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3 V. The upper end of the common mode voltage range is V_CC − 1.7 V.

(38)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 5.0 V, VEE = Gnd, TA = 25°C, unless otherwise noted.)

LM2904 LM2904A LM2904V, NCV2904 Characteristic Symbol Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Min Typ Max Unit

Input Offset Voltage

VCC = 5.0 V to 30 V, VIC = 0 V to VCC −1.7 V, VO] 1.4 V, RS = 0

VIO mV

TA = 25°C − 2.0 7.0 − 2.0 7.0 − − 7.0

TA = Thigh (Note 8) − − 10 − − 10 − − 13

TA = Tlow (Note 8) − − 10 − − 10 − − 10

Average Temperature Coefficient of Input Offset Voltage

VIO/T − 7.0 − − 7.0 − − 7.0 − V/°C

Input Offset Current IIO − 5.0 50 − 5.0 50 − 5.0 50 nA

TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 8) − 45 200 − 45 200 − 45 200

Input Bias Current IIB − −45 −250 − −45 −100 − −45 −250

T_A = T_high to T_low (Note 8) − −50 −500 − −50 −250 − −50 −500

Average Temperature Coefficient of Input Offset Current

I_IO/T − 10 − − 10 − − 10 − pA/°C

Input Common Mode Voltage Range (Note 9), VCC = 30 V

VICR 0 − 24.3 0 − 24.3 0 − 24.3 V

VCC = 30 V, TA = Thigh to Tlow 0 − 24 0 − 24 0 − 24

Differential Input Voltage Range VIDR − − VCC − − VCC − − VCC V

Large Signal Open Loop Voltage Gain AVOL V/mV

RL = 2.0 k, VCC = 15 V, For Large VO Swing, 25 100 − 25 100 − 25 100 −

T_A = T_highto T_low (Note 8) 15 − − 15 − − 15 − −

Channel Separation CS − −120 − − −120 − − −120 − dB

1.0 kHz ≤ f ≤ 20 kHz, Input Referenced

Common Mode Rejection CMR 50 70 − 50 70 − 50 70 − dB

RS≤ 10 k

Power Supply Rejection PSR 50 100 − 50 100 − 50 100 − dB

Output Voltage−High Limit TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 8)

VOH V

V_CC = 5.0 V, R_L = 2.0 k, T_A = 25°C 3.3 3.5 − 3.3 3.5 − 3.3 3.5 −

VCC = 30 V, RL = 2.0 k 22 − − 22 − − 22 − −

VCC = 30 V, RL = 10 k 23 24 − 23 24 − 23 24 −

Output Voltage−Low Limit VOL − 5.0 20 − 5.0 20 − 5.0 20 mV

VCC = 5.0 V, RL = 10 k, TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 8)

Output Source Current IO+ 20 40 − 20 40 − 20 40 − mA

VID = +1.0 V, VCC = 15 V

Output Sink Current IO−

VID = −1.0 V, VCC = 15 V 10 20 − 10 20 − 10 20 − mA

VID = −1.0 V, VO = 200 mV − − − − − − − − − A

Output Short Circuit to Ground (Note 10) ISC − 40 60 − 40 60 − 40 60 mA

Power Supply Current (Total Device) TA = Thigh to Tlow (Note 8)

ICC mA

V_CC = 30 V, V_O = 0 V, R_L = ∞ − 1.5 3.0 − 1.5 3.0 − 1.5 3.0

VCC = 5 V, VO = 0 V, RL = ∞ − 0.7 1.2 − 0.7 1.2 − 0.7 1.2

8. LM258: Tlow = −25°C, Thigh = +85°C LM358: Tlow = 0°C, Thigh = +70°C

LM2904/LM2904A: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +105°C LM2904V & NCV2904: Tlow = −40°C, Thigh = +125°C

NCV2904 is qualified for automotive use.

9. The input common mode voltage or either input signal voltage should not be allowed to go negative by more than 0.3 V. The upper end of the common mode voltage range is V_CC − 1.7 V.

(39)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

The LM358 series is made using two internally compensated, two−stage operational amplifiers. The first stage of each consists of differential input devices Q20 and Q18 with input buffer transistors Q21 and Q17 and the differential to single ended converter Q3 and Q4. The first stage performs not only the first stage gain function but also performs the level shifting and transconductance reduction functions. By reducing the transconductance, a smaller compensation capacitor (only 5.0 pF) can be employed, thus saving chip area. The transconductance reduction is accomplished by splitting the collectors of Q20 and Q18. Another feature of this input stage is that the input common mode range can include the negative supply or ground, in single supply operation, without saturating either the input devices or the differential to single−ended converter. The second stage consists of a standard current source load amplifier stage.

[image:39.612.326.544.73.220.2]

Each amplifier is biased from an internal−voltage regulator which has a low temperature coefficient thus giving each amplifier good temperature characteristics as well as excellent power supply rejection.

Figure 3. Large Signal Voltage Follower Response

5.0 s/DIV

1.0 V/DIV

VCC = 15 Vdc

R_L = 2.0 k

TA = 25°C

AVOL

, OPEN LOOP

VOL

TAGE GAIN (dB)

V , INPUT

VOL

TAGE (V)

[image:39.612.62.548.384.549.2]

I

Figure 4. Input Voltage Range Figure 5. Large−Signal Open Loop Voltage Gain

18 16 14 12 10 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0 20

0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20 VCC/VEE, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGES (V)

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 −20

1.0 10 100 1.0 k 10 k 100 k 1.0 M f, FREQUENCY (Hz)

Negative

Positive

VCC = 15 V

VEE = Gnd

(40)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

VOR

, OUTPUT

VOL

TAGE RANGE (V

[image:40.612.60.311.53.211.2]

) pp VO , OUTPUT VOL TAGE (mV)

[image:40.612.308.547.54.211.2]

Figure 6. Large−Signal Frequency Response Figure 7. Small Signal Voltage Follower Pulse Response (Noninverting)

Figure 8. Power Supply Current versus Power Supply Voltage

Figure 9. Input Bias Current versus Supply Voltage 14 12 10 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0

1.0 10 100 1000 f, FREQUENCY (kHz)

550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 0

0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 t, TIME (ms)

2.4 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 0.9 0.6 0.3 0

0 5.0 10 15 20 25 30 35

VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V) VCC, POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)

90

80

70

0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10 12 14 16 18 20

I , POWER SUPPL

Y

CURRENT

(mA)

CC I , INPUT

BIAS CURRENT

(nA)

IB

RL = 2.0 k

VCC = 15 V

VEE = Gnd

Gain = −100 RI = 1.0 k

RF = 100 k

Input Output

TA = 25°C

RL = R

VCC = 30 V

VEE = Gnd

[image:40.612.60.548.283.446.2]

(41)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com R1 2 1 R1 T_BP R1 + R2

R1 R1 + R2 1

eo

e1

e2

e_o = C (1 + a + b) (e₂ − e₁) R1 a R1

b R1 R CR − + 1/2 LM358 + − − + _R 1/2 LM358 + − R1 R2 VO Vref Vin VOH VO VOL

VinL =

R1

(V_OL − V_ref)+ V_ref VinH = (VOH − Vref) + Vref

H =

R1 + R2 (VOH − VOL) R1 − + − + − + R C R2 R3 C1 100 k R C R C1 _R2 100 k Vin Vref Vref Vref V_ref Bandpass Output

fo = ₂

RC R1 = QR R2 = R3 = TN R2

C1 = 10 C 1

Notch Output

Vref= VCC

Hysteresis 1/2 LM358 1/2 LM358 1 C R

VinL VinH

Vref 1/2 LM358 1/2 LM358 _1/2 LM358 _1/2 LM358

TBP = Center Frequency Gain

TN = Passband Notch Gain

R C R1 R2 R3 For: − + fo Q TBP TN

= 1.0 kHz = 10 = 1 = 1

= 160 k

= 0.001 F = 1.6 M

= 1.6 M

Where: MC1403 1/2 LM358 − + R1 VCC VCC VO 2.5 V R2 50 k 10 k Vref

V_ref = V_CC 2

5.0 k

R _C R C +

1/2

LM358

−

VO

2 RC 1 For: fo = 1.0 kHz

R = 16 k

C = 0.01 F VO = 2.5 V (1 +R1_R2)

1

VCC

fo =

[image:41.612.73.546.52.489.2]

Figure 10. Voltage Reference Figure 11. Wien Bridge Oscillator

[image:41.612.308.525.56.194.2]

Figure 12. High Impedance Differential Amplifier Figure 13. Comparator with Hysteresis

[image:41.612.321.546.289.437.2] [image:41.612.68.543.509.698.2]

(42)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

2 1

[image:42.612.333.553.50.321.2]

Vref=1₂VCC

Figure 15. Function Generator Figure 16. Multiple Feedback Bandpass Filter

For less than 10% error from operational amplifier.

If source impedance varies, filter may be preceded with voltage follower buffer to stabilize filter parameters.

Where fo and BW are expressed in Hz.

Qo fo

BW < 0.1 Given: fo = center frequency

A(fo) = gain at center frequency

Choose value fo, C

Then: R3 = Q

fo C

R3 R1 = _{2 A(f}

o)

R1 R3 4Q2 R1 −R3 R2 =

+ −

− +

Vref= VCC

Vref

f = R1 + RC 4 CRf R1

R3 = R2 R1 R2 + R1

R2 300 k 75 k

R3 R1 C

Triangle Wave Output

Square Wave Output

VCC

R3 R1

R2

V_ref Vin

C C

VO

CO CO = 10 C

Rf

if,

1/2

LM358

Vref

1/2

LM358

1/2

LM358

[image:42.612.63.328.218.345.2]

(43)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com ORDERING INFORMATION

Device Operating Temperature Range Package Shipping†

LM358D SOIC−8 98 Units/Rail

LM358DR2 SOIC−8 2500 Tape & Reel

LM358DR2G SOIC−8

(Pb−Free)

2500 Tape & Reel

LM358DMR2

0°C to +70°C Micro8 4000 Tape & Reel

LM358DMR2G

0°C to +70°C

Micro8 (Pb−Free)

4000 Tape & Reel

LM358N PDIP−8 50 Units/Rail

LM358NG PDIP−8

(Pb−Free)

50 Units/Rail

LM258DR2G

−25°C to +85°C _(Pb−Free)SOIC−8 2500 Tape & Reel

LM258DMR2 Micro8 4000 Tape & Reel

LM2904DR2G SOIC−8

(Pb−Free)

2500 Tape & Reel

LM2904DMR2

40°C to +105°C

Micro8 2500 Tape & Reel

LM2904DMR2G −40°C to +105°C Micro8

(Pb−Free)

2500 Tape & Reel

LM2904ADMR2 Micro8 4000 Tape & Reel

LM2904AN PDIP−8 50 Units/Rail

LM2904VD SOIC−8 98 Units/Rail

LM2904VDG SOIC−8

(Pb−Free)

98 Units/Rail

LM2904VDR2 SOIC−8 2500 Tape & Reel

LM2904VDMR2 −40°C to +125°C Micro8 4000 Tape & Reel

LM2904VN PDIP−8 50 Units/Rail

NCV2904DR2* SOIC−8 2500 Tape & Reel

NCV2904DMR2* Micro8 4000 Tape & Reel

*NCV2904 is qualified for automotive use.

(44)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com PDIP−8 N SUFFIX CASE 626 SOIC−8 D SUFFIX CASE 751 MARKING DIAGRAMS

x = 2 or 3

A = Assembly Location WL, L = Wafer Lot YY, Y = Year WW, W = Work Week

PDIP−8 AN SUFFIX CASE 626 SOIC−8 VD SUFFIX CASE 751 PDIP−8 VN SUFFIX CASE 626 1 8 LMx58N AWL YYWW 1 8 LM2904AN AWL YYWW 1 8 LM2904N AWL YYWW 1 8 LM2904VN AWL YYWW ALYW LMx58 1 8 ALYW 2904 1 8 ALYW 2904V 1 8 Micro8 DMR2 SUFFIX CASE 846A x58 AYW 1 8 2904 AYW 1 8 904A AYW 1 8 904V AYW 1 8

*This diagram also applies to NCV2904

*

(45)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

PACKAGE DIMENSIONS

PDIP−8 N, AN, VN SUFFIX

CASE 626−05 ISSUE L

NOTES:

1. DIMENSION L TO CENTER OF LEAD WHEN FORMED PARALLEL.

2. PACKAGE CONTOUR OPTIONAL (ROUND OR SQUARE CORNERS).

3. DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING PER ANSI Y14.5M, 1982.

1 4

5 8

F

NOTE 2 −A−

−B−

−T−

SEATING PLANE

H

J

G

D K

N C

L

M

A

M

0.13 (0.005) T B M

DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX INCHES MILLIMETERS

A 9.40 10.16 0.370 0.400

B 6.10 6.60 0.240 0.260

C _3.94 _4.45 _0.155 _0.175

D 0.38 0.51 0.015 0.020

F 1.02 1.78 0.040 0.070

G 2.54 BSC 0.100 BSC

H 0.76 1.27 0.030 0.050

J _0.20 _0.30 _0.008 _0.012

K 2.92 3.43 0.115 0.135

L 7.62 BSC 0.300 BSC

M −−− 10 −−− 10

(46)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com

PACKAGE DIMENSIONS

SOIC−8 D, VD SUFFIX CASE 751−07 ISSUE AB 1.52 0.060 7.0 0.275 0.6 0.024 1.270 0.050 4.0 0.155

ǒ

mm inches

Ǔ

SCALE 6:1

*For additional information on our Pb−Free strategy and soldering details, please download the ON Semiconductor Soldering and Mounting Techniques Reference Manual, SOLDERRM/D.

SOLDERING FOOTPRINT* SEATING PLANE 1 4 5 8 N J

X 45_{_}

K

NOTES:

2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER. 3. DIMENSION A AND B DO NOT INCLUDE

MOLD PROTRUSION.

4. MAXIMUM MOLD PROTRUSION 0.15 (0.006) PER SIDE.

5. DIMENSION D DOES NOT INCLUDE DAMBAR PROTRUSION. ALLOWABLE DAMBAR PROTRUSION SHALL BE 0.127 (0.005) TOTAL IN EXCESS OF THE D DIMENSION AT MAXIMUM MATERIAL CONDITION. 6. 751−01 THRU 751−06 ARE OBSOLETE. NEW

STANDARD IS 751−07.

A B S D H C 0.10 (0.004) DIM A

MIN MAX MIN MAX INCHES 4.80 5.00 0.189 0.197 MILLIMETERS

B 3.80 4.00 0.150 0.157 C 1.35 1.75 0.053 0.069 D 0.33 0.51 0.013 0.020 G 1.27 BSC 0.050 BSC H 0.10 0.25 0.004 0.010 J 0.19 0.25 0.007 0.010 K 0.40 1.27 0.016 0.050 M 0 8 0 8 N 0.25 0.50 0.010 0.020 S 5.80 6.20 0.228 0.244

−X− −Y− G M Y M 0.25 (0.010) −Z− Y M

0.25 (0.010) Z S X S

M

(47)

LM358, LM258, LM2904, LM2904A, LM2904V, NCV2904

http://onsemi.com PACKAGE DIMENSIONS Micro8 DMR2 SUFFIX CASE 846A−02 ISSUE F S B M

0.08 (0.003) T A S DIM MIN MAX MIN MAX

INCHES MILLIMETERS

A 2.90 3.10 0.114 0.122

B 2.90 3.10 0.114 0.122

C −−− 1.10 −−− 0.043

D 0.25 0.40 0.010 0.016

G 0.65 BSC 0.026 BSC

H 0.05 0.15 0.002 0.006

J 0.13 0.23 0.005 0.009

K 4.75 5.05 0.187 0.199

L 0.40 0.70 0.016 0.028

NOTES:

2. CONTROLLING DIMENSION: MILLIMETER. 3. DIMENSION A DOES NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH,

PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS. MOLD FLASH, PROTRUSIONS OR GATE BURRS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.15 (0.006) PER SIDE.

4. DIMENSION B DOES NOT INCLUDE INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSION. INTERLEAD FLASH OR PROTRUSION SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.25 (0.010) PER SIDE.

5. 846A−01 OBSOLETE, NEW STANDARD 846A−02.

−B− −A−

D K

G

PIN 1 ID

8 PL 0.038 (0.0015) −T− SEATING PLANE C

H J L

8X 8X

6X SCALE 8:1

ǒ

_inchesmm

Ǔ

1.04 0.041 0.38 0.015 5.28 0.208 4.24 0.167 3.20 0.126 0.65 0.0256

*For additional information on our Pb−Free strategy and soldering details, please download the ON Semiconductor Soldering and Mounting Techniques Reference Manual, SOLDERRM/D.

SOLDERING FOOTPRINT*

ON Semiconductor and are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC). SCILLC reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be validated for each customer application by customer’s technical experts. SCILLC does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. SCILLC products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as components in systems intended for surgical implant into the body, or other applications intended to support or sustain life, or for any other application in which the failure of the SCILLC product could create a situation where personal injury or death may occur. Should Buyer purchase or use SCILLC products for any such unintended or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold SCILLC and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that SCILLC was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. SCILLC is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner.

PUBLICATION ORDERING INFORMATION

N. American Technical Support: 800−282−9855 Toll Free USA/Canada

Japan: ON Semiconductor, Japan Customer Focus Center 2−9−1 Kamimeguro, Meguro−ku, Tokyo, Japan 153−0051 Phone: 81−3−5773−3850

LM358/D

Micro8 is a trademark of International Rectifier.

LITERATURE FULFILLMENT:

Literature Distribution Center for ON Semiconductor P.O. Box 61312, Phoenix, Arizona 85082−1312 USA Phone: 480−829−7710 or 800−344−3860 Toll Free USA/Canada Fax: 480−829−7709 or 800−344−3867 Toll Free USA/Canada Email: orderlit@onsemi.com

(48)

1

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

1.1 Latar Belakang

Perkembangan bidang ilmu fisika sudah sangat maju. Kemajuan-kemajuan

tersebut tidak lepas dari peranan laboratorium sebagai sarana penunjang dalam