THE TRANSLATION OF MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S BLOODLINE INTO GARIS DARAH BY THREES
SUSILASTUTI
A THESIS
By:
SRI RAHMADHANI SRG Reg. No. 040705002
UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA FACULTY OF LETTERS
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT MEDAN
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ِﻢـﻴـِﺣﱠﺮﻟا
ِﻦـﻤْـﺣﱠﺮﻟا
ِﷲا
ِﻢـْﺴـِﺑ
In the Name of Allah, The All Merciful, The Most Merciful
Alhamdulillah, all praise, gratitude, honor and glory to Allah SWT, Lord of the World, the Beneficent, the Gracious and the merciful for giving me the
guidance, power, patience, love and ability to finish this thesis, so that I can fulfill one of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature
Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatra. My gratitude and praise are also given to the Prophet Muhammad SAW, whose noble life has brought us to the great way of life. May Allah’s bless always be upon Him.
I would like to thank the Dean of Faculty of Letters Drs. Syaifuddin, M.A., Ph.D and all his staff; the Head of English Literature Department Dra. Swesana
Mardia Lubis, M.Hum and the Secretary Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL, for their administrative assistance. I also express my appreciation to all lecturers of English Literature Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatra,
who have given me valuable knowledge during the years of my study.
In particular, my deepest gratitude goes to my Supervisor Drs. Umar Mono,
M.Hum and my Co-supervisor Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed. TESOL, for their great idea, support, guidance and suggestions during the preparation and the process of writing this thesis.
I would like to thank my beloved parents Ali Usman Srg, S.Pd and my beloved mother Rosmawati Simamora, and also my brother Ilham Fauzi and sister
encouragement and praying. After that, I would like to thank for my boyfriend Hartas Muda A.Md, who has given so much loving care, advices and encouraging
support during my breakdowns. May Allah give all you the better ones.
Finally, I would like to thank all my friends in English Literature Department especially Ara, Ika and Maitri for their friendship and ideas and all
those who have helped me whose names can not be mentioned one by one here. May Allah bless us all. Amin.
Medan, June 2008
ABSTRAK
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
SL : Source Language
TL : Target Language
ST : Source Text
TT : Target Text
BL : Bloodline
GD : Garis Darah
i.e. : this is
n : noun
v : verb
adj : adjective
adv : adverb
pg : page
ln : line
+ : added to
→ : to become
‘ ’ : means
( ) : word class
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… i
ABSTRAK ……… iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ……… iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……… v
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Analysis ……….. 1
1.2 Problem of the Analysis ………. 3
1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ………. 4
1.4 Scope of the Analysis ………. 4
1.5 Significances of the Analysis ………. 4
1.6 Method of the Analysis ……….. 4
1.7 Review of Related Literature ………. 6
CHAPTER II A BRIEF OUTLINE ABOUT TRANSLATION 2.1 Definition of Translation ……… 7
2.2 Function of Translation ……….. 11
2.3 Types of Translation ………... 12
2.4 Process of Translation ……… 17
2.5 The Role of Culture in Translation ………… 20
CHAPTER III A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MORPHEME
3.1 Definition of Morpheme ……… 22
3.2 Kinds of Morpheme ……….. 25
3.3 Morphological Process ……….. 26
CHAPTER IV THE TRANSLATION OF MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S BLOODLINE INTO GARIS DARAH BY THREES SUSILASTUTI
4.1 Shifts from morpheme to word ………. 33
4.2 Shifts from morpheme to phrase ……… 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ……… 55
5.2 Suggestions ……… 56
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABSTRAK
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Analysis
Translation means transferring the meaning of the source language into
receptor language (Larson 1984:3). Translation is done because the existence of
various languages in this world and the desire to know and to understand many
kinds of things and information which is written in foreign language. Richards
(1985:299) says, “Translation is the process of changing speech or writing from
one language (source language) into another language (target language).
Process of translation is reproducing the natural equivalent of the source
language (SL) message especially in terms of meaning and style (Nida and Taber
1969:12) in (Kongres Nasional Penerjemahan 2003:36). There must be
correspondence of meaning between source language (SL) and target language
(TL). A translator should have a perfect knowledge of the original language, and a
competence acquaintance with the subject of which it treats. Of course, it is not
easy for the translator to make natural translation and has the exactly same
meaning with the source language, because every language has the different
structures or grammar, for example, English and Bahasa Indonesia has
grammatical differences.
Grammar is a description of the structure of a language and the way in
which linguistic unit, such as words and phrases are combined to produce
sentences in the language (Richards 1985:125). English grammar has units; they
units; they are morpheme, word, phrase, clause and sentence. As what Machali
(2000:20) says, “Dalam tata bahasa, kita mengenali adanya hierarki lima satuan
bahasa : kalimat, klausa, prase, kata, morfem”.
Each of these units has a particular kind of meaningful grammatical
pattern. In addition, each of these units is ordered based on their level. Morpheme
is the smallest level from these five units. As Nida (1967: 1) says, “Morphemes
are the minimal meaningful units which may constitute words or parts of words”.
For examples: like, popular, born, -re, -ly, -un or the combinations likely, reborn
and unpopular.
There are no two identical languages, either in meaning or in the structures
(Nida 1964) in (Venuti 2000:126). Therefore, there can be no absolutely
correspondence between languages. However, a translator is hoped to be able to
adjust the structure of source language to the appropriate structure in target
language and to produce a natural translation.
The possible way to adjust the structure of two different languages is by
making shifts. Vinay and Darbelnet (in Newmark 1988:85) state, “Shifts is a
translation procedure involving a change in the grammar from source language
into target language”. Shift is required when grammatical structure of source
language does not exist in the target language. For example, morpheme –un in
English does not exist in Bahasa Indonesia as morpheme also, but as a word
which has meaning tidak.
Nowadays, many of English books such as novel has been translated into
shift is useful to convey an idea or meaning in source language so that the idea or
meaning in target language can be understood correctly by the readers.
One of the greatest novels that has been translated into Bahasa Indonesia
is Bloodline created by Sidney Sheldon and translated by Threes Susilastuti. The translator makes morphemic shift to establish equivalent and the exact structure in
target language so that the translation could be natural and communicative. For
example, markets in SL translated pasar-pasar into TL. Morpheme –s in SL is
plural form so that to find the same equivalent in TL, it’s translated by repeating
the base form.
The fact that the translator faces the condition that forces him/her to make
shifts to keep the meanings constant so that the messages can be conveyed
naturally and communicatively makes me interested in analyzing it. That is shifts
usually occur in the translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia. In this thesis,
I will analyze the morphemic shifts in the translation of Bloodline into Indonesian
Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti. Thus, the title of this thesis is The Translation of Morphemic Shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti.
1.2 Problem of the Analysis
Based on the background above, the problem of the analysis is how are the
translations of morphemic shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into Garis Darah
1.3 Objective of the Analysis
The objective of analysis concerns with the problem of analysis. That is to
analyze the translations of morphemic shifts in Sidney Sheldon’s Bloodline into
Garis Darah by Threes Susilastuti.
1.4 Scope of the Analysis
The analysis is focused on morphemic shifts that consist of shifts from
morpheme to word and shifts from morpheme to phrase. In this case, I limit the
analysis only in suffixes i.e. the morphemes which are added to the end of a word.
1.5 Significances of the Analysis
This analysis has significance to expand knowledge of the readers,
especially for those who are interested in this subject. Besides that, the result of
this analysis will be useful for teaching and training of translation. Further, this
analysis is expected to be useful as references for those who are interested in the
same subject.
1.6 Method of the Analysis
In doing this analysis, I apply library research to find theories dealing with
this subject from various books and dictionary.
Data of analysis are taken from Sidney Sheldon’s novel Bloodline and
from the translation into Bahasa Indonesia Garis Darah translated by Threes
Bloodline contains 58 chapters and consists of 460 pages. The first page starts on page 17, so the exactly number of pages consist of 443 pages. I choose
some pages as the sample of the analysis. By using systematic sampling which is
introduced by William G. Cochran (1977: 205), the samples can be selected by
using formula N = n.k, where N is number of population, n is number of samples
and k is interval. Thus, with N = 443, k = 10, numbers of samples are:
N = n.k
443 = n.10
n = 443 : 10
n = 44,3
n = 44 (rounded off downward)
So, if the first sample is page 17, then the next samples are page 27, 37,
47,…457.
I use qualitative method to analyze the data that is a procedure or manner
in solving the problem by describing or explaining the data, investigated towards
the factual facts. My analysis will be done with the following steps. First of all, I
read English novel (SL) and also the translation into Bahasa Indonesia (TL).
Then, I go back to the novel and analyze the equivalence between source language
and target language until the shifts are found between the two novels and they are
underlined. After that, I classify the shifts in two-text base on the morpheme.
Lastly, I explain the morphemic shifts between source language and target
1.7 Review of Related Literature
In process of writing this thesis, I refer to some related literature to support
the idea of analysis.
Leonardi (2000) in Equivalence in Translation: Between Myth and Reality
concludes that the notion of equivalence is undoubtedly one of the most
problematic and controversial areas in the field of translation theory. This term
has been analyzed, evaluated and extensively discussed from different points of
view. The difficulty in defining equivalence seems to result in the impossibility of
having a universal approach to this notion.
Zoubi and Ali Rasheed Al-Hassnawi (2001) in Constructing a Model for
Shift Analysis in Translation sum up that phenomenon of 'shift' should be redefined positively as the consequence of the translator's effort to establish
translation equivalence (TE) between two different language-systems: that of the
SL and that of the TL.
Sahrial (2003) in An Analysis of Grammatical Unit Shifts in The
Translation of John Grisham’s The Street Lawyer to Pengacara Jalanan presents about translation shifts in grammatical units that consist of shifts in morpheme,
words, phrase, clause and sentence. He concludes that grammatical unit shifts in
translation occurs because the differences in language systems and grammatical
structures between source language to target language and shifts are done for sake
of natural translation.
Marasi (2000) in An Analysis of Morphological Process Used in Dian
Campus sums up that morphological process which productive in forming a new
CHAPTER II
A BRIEF OUTLINE ABOUT TRANSLATION
2.1 Definition of Translation
The nature of translation studies has multiplied theories of translation.
Many theorists describe what translation is in different ways. They have their own
explanation about translation.
Shuttleworth (1997: 181) says, “Translation is an incredible broad notion
which can be understood in many different ways”. For example, one may talk of
translation as a process or a product, and identity such as literary translation while
more typically it just refers to the transfer of written texts. Translation is
frequently characterized metaphorically, and has been compared to playing a
game or making a map. Each of these analogies however is only intended to
capture one particular facet of translation.
Sadtono (1985:9) defines, “Menerjemahkan ialah menyampaikan berita
yang terkandung dalam bahasa sumber ke dalam bahasa penerima supaya isinya benar-benar mendekati aslinya”. It means there are two different languages in translation; they are source language and target language. Translation is purposed
to transfer message from source language into target language and the message
have to correspondence between two languages.
A translator should try to produce a translation that has the same meaning
with the original text and it does not a translation that imitates the original form of
language. In another words, the things that emphasized in translation is how the
language. It is showing that a radical change is important in forming translated
sentences.
In addition Newmark (1988:5) gives definition as follows, “Translation is
rendering the meaning of a text the author intended the text”. Common sense tells
that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in
one language as in another. He also states that translation as a means of
communication is used for multilingual notices, which have at last appeared
conspicuous increasingly in public places.
Catford (1965:20) in Snell’s book defines, “Translation is the replacement
of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another
language (TL)”. Moreover, he even maintains, “The central problem of translation
practice is that of finding target language translation equivalent”. A central task of
translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation
equivalence.
The other definition of translation proposed by Larson (1984:3) who says,
“Translation is basically a changing of form”. When speak of the form of
language, it refers to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraph
which are spoken or written. These forms are referred to as the surface structure of
a language. It is the structural part of language, which is actually seen in print or
heard in speech. Translation is the process of changing the form of the source
language as well as possible so that the result will approximate the form of the
source language, while the meaning is still constant.
From those definitions, I conclude that translation is the process of
example, from English into Indonesian. The translator must be careful in
transferring the meaning because meaning is very important thing in translation
activity. If the translator cannot get the right meaning from the source language,
the result of the translation will be dangerous.
Moreover, Simatupang (1999:88) says, “Dengan adanya perbedaan
aturan dan bentuk untuk mengungkapkan makna diantara berbagai bahasa, maka terlihat adanya pergeseran yang terjadi dalam terjemahan; pergeseran dalam tataran morfem, tataran sintaksis, kategori kata dan pergeseran pada tataran semantik”. It means there are shifts that occured in translation and it has many kinds of shifts. Each kind of it has own process in translation shifts from source
language into target language. For example, the morphemic shifts in translation
consist of two, shifts from morpheme into word and shifts from morpheme into
phrase.
Shifts from morpheme into word means there are changes of form from
morpheme in source language into word in target language.
For examples:
Source Language Target Language
chairs ‘kursi-kursi’
useless ‘tidak berguna’
Example 1: chair + -s→ chairs ‘kursi-kursi’. The word chairs is a plural
noun which is derived from singular chair + suffix –s to show that the word is a
plural form. Chair is translated into TT to become kursi and with attachment of
suffix –s is total reduplication. It means the repeating of the base form to kursi-kursi.
Example 2: use + -less→useless ‘tidak berguna’. The word useless is an
adjective which is derived from noun use + suffix –less to show that the word is
an adjective. Use is translated into TT to become berguna and with attachment of
suffix –less it is translated to become tidak berguna. It another word the
translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning without.
Shifts from morpheme into phrase means there are changes of form from
morpheme in SL into phrase in TL.
For examples:
Source Language Target Language
He drives the car slowly. ‘Dia mengemudikan mobil itu
dengan perlahan- perlahan’.
His advice is meaningfull. ‘Nasehatnya penuh dengan arti’.
Example 1: slow + -ly → slowly ‘dengan perlahan- perlahan’. The word
slowly is an adverb which is derived from adjective slow + suffix –ly to show that
the word is an adverb. Slow is translated into TT to become perlahan and with
attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become dengan perlahan- perlahan. In
another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the regular occurence of
adjective by using adverb phrase dengan perlahan- perlahan.
Example 2: meaning + -ful → meaningful ‘penuh dengan arti’. The word
meaningful is an adjective which is derived from noun meaning + suffix –ful to
and with attachment of suffix -ful it is translated to become penuh dengan arti. In
another word the translation of suffix –ful is to state the meaning full of by using
adjective phrase penuh dengan arti.
2.2 Function of Translation
The main function of translation is to transfer the meaning and to convey
the messages from source language into target language. Besides that, translation
also functioned to fulfill the desire of the readers to read some textbooks, which
are written in foreign language. The readers will be easier to understand the
content of the textbooks if it is written in reader’s native language.
The other function of translation proposes by Jiri Levy and Katharina
Reiss in (Venuti 2000). Translation is a process of communication; the objective
of translating is to impart the knowledge of the original to the foreign readers
(Levy 1967:148). Moreover, Reiss (1971:160) says, “Translation between two
different languages is a bilingual mediated process of communication, which
ordinarily aims at the production of a target language text that is functionally
equivalent to a source language text”. Besides the two media involved in
translation i.e. SL and TL, there is still one medium, which is a translator who
becomes a secondary sender, thus translating means secondary communication.
The use of two natural languages as well as the employment of the medium of the
translator necessarily and naturally results in a change of message during the
2.3 Types of Translation
A translator translates a text from one language into another language so
that the meaning is correspondent. There are several types of translation exists,
which type of translation is chosen depends upon some factors such as how close
the words of the source and target language are the nature of the message, the
purpose of the translation, the difference of textual material, skill of the translator
and also the target community of the translation or the type of reader.
In general, translation can be divided into two types, literal translation and
free translation. Types of translation may also base on the definition used. For
instance, Larson (1984:15) divides translation into meaning based translation and
form based translation. Moreover, Newmark (1988:45) divides translation into
eight; they are word-for-word translation, literal translation, faithful translation,
semantic translation, adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and
communicative translation. Furthermore, the brief description of these types of
translation will be discussed below:
a. Literal Translation
Literal translation in which the SL grammatical constructions are
converted to their nearest target language equivalents, but the lexical words are
again translated singly (Newmark 1988:45). It means that the literal translation is
a type of translation that follows the form or grammar of the source language but
For example:
English (SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
His heart is in the right place. ‘Hatinya berada di tempat yang
benar’.
If it is analyzed, the translation of target language is compatible with the
English grammar. TL follows the form of SL.
b. Free Translation
Free translation reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content
without the form of the original (Newmark 1988:45). It means that the linguistic
structure of the source language is ignored, and an equivalent is found based upon
the meaning it conveys.
For example:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
His heart is in the right place. ‘Dia baik hati’.
This free translation is often not to find equivalence of word or sentence.
A translator has to be able to catch meaning in SL, such as the example above.
c. Word – for – Word Translation
This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target
language immediately below the source language words. The SL word order is
preserved and the words translated singly (Newmark 1988:45). It means that each
word or morpheme in source language is translated by a word or morpheme in the
For example:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
His heart is in the right place. ‘Kepunyaannya hati adalah dalam
itu benar tempat’.
Each word in the sentence is translated singly.
d. Meaning Based Translation
Meaning based translation makes every effort to communicate the
meaning of the source language text in the natural forms of the target language
(Larson1984:15). Such translation also called idiomatic translation.
For example:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
Be my guest. ‘Silahkan’.
Meaning based translation reproduces the message of the original but
tends to distort nuances of meaning by preferring idioms where these do not exist
in the original like the example above be my guest translated becomes silahkan.
This translated emphasizes for meaning with ignore the form of source language.
e. Form Based Translation
Form based translation attempt to follow the form of the source language
and it is also known as literal translation (Larson1984:15). The translator usually
adjust the word order and grammar enough to use acceptable sentence structure in
the target language, just to avoid wrong meanings, but the unnaturalness still
For example:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
Be my guest. ‘Jadilah tamu saya’.
f. Faithful Translation
A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning
of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures (Newmark
1988:45). It transfers cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and
lexical abnormality in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the
intentions and the text realization of the SL writer.
For example:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
Ben is too well aware ‘Ben menyadari terlalu baik
that he is naughty. bahwa ia nakal’.
This translation is look likes a translation of foreign student who is
studying Indonesian. The meaning of this translation is faith with SL but strange
in TL. It is better if translated ‘Ben sangat sadar bahwa ia nakal’.
g. Semantic Translation
Semantic translation differs from faithful translation only in as far as it
must take more account of the aesthetic value that is the beautiful and natural
sound of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that no
assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished version (Newmark
neutral third or functional terms but no by cultural equivalents and it may make
other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between faithful and
semantic translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the
second is more flexible and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the
original.
For example:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
He is a book-worm. ‘Dia adalah seseorang yang suka sekali membaca’.
This translation is easy to understand though no culture equivalent but
using the same idiom in TL.
h. Adaptation
This is the freest form of translation. It is used mainly for plays and poetry;
the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture converted to the
TL culture and text rewritten by an established dramatist or poet has produces
many poor adaptations, bur other adaptation have rescued period plays (Newmark
1988:46). Besides for plays and poetry, adaptation is used to cultural utterance in
different concept between SL and TL.
For example in formal letter:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
Dear Sir, ‘Dengan Hormat’,
Dear Sir is translated into Bahasa Indonesia becomes dengan hormat. By
i. Communicative Translation
Communicative translation attempts to render the exact contextual
meaning of the original in such a way that both content and language are readily
acceptable and comprehensible to the readership (Newmark 1988:46).
For example:
English ( SL) Bahasa Indonesia (TL)
Beware of the dog. ‘Awas anjing galak’.
SL sentence clearly shows that a dog is vicious without using the vicious
word so that TL has been equivalence with the SL.
2.4 The Process of Translation
Process of translation cannot be away from discussing meaning. Meaning
will reflect the message in the text. There are linguist who have different
perceptions about translation process. The following are some opinions about
translation process.
Newmark (1988:19) says, “Translating process is operational”. It begins
with choosing the method of approach. Secondly, when we are translating, we
translate four levels more or less consciously in mind:
a. The SL text level, the level of language, where we begin and which we
continually but not continuously go back to
b. The referential level, the level of objects and events, real or imaginary,
which we progressively have to visualize and build up, and which is an
c. The cohesive level, which more general and grammatical that traces the
train of thought, the feeling tone (positive or negative) and the various
presuppositions of the SL text. This level encompasses both
comprehension and reproduction, it presents an overall picture, to which
we may have to adjust the language level
d. The level of naturalness, of common langauge appropriate to the writer or
the speaker in a which the translator works, unless he is translating an
authoritative text, in which case he sees the level of naturalness as a point
of reference to determine the deviation – if any – between the author’s
level he is pursuing and the natural level. This level of naturalness is
concerned only with reproduction.
Finally, there is the revision procedure, which may be concentrated or staggered
according to the situation. This procedure constitutes at least half of the complete
process.
While Widyamartaya (1989:40) says, “There are seven steps of translation
process; tuning, analysis, understanding, terminology, restructuring, checking and
discussion”.
a. Tuning, by this we mean getting the feel of the text to be translated. If the
text is difficult or of the type which is not so familiar to the translator, he
may want to read some background literature or consult the author (if
available) or some adviser.
b. Analysis, once the translator has attuned his mind to the framework of the
text to be translated, he will take each sentence in turn and split it up into
c. Understanding, after having split up the sentence to be translated into its
elements, the translator will generally put it together again in a form which
he can understand or respond to emotionally. The extent to which he can
do this will depend on his basic knowledge of the subject matter.
d. Terminology, is to consider the key words and phrases in the sentence to
make sure that apart from understanding than and feeling what they imply.
e. Restructuring, when all the bricks needed for the edifice of the TL text
have been gathered or made, the translator will fit them together in a form
which is in accordance with good usage in the TL.
f. Checking, the translator will doubtless check his draft translation for
typing errors and passages where a second perusal suggests a more
elegant, or more correct, translation.
g. Discussion, a good way to end the translation process is often with a
discussion between the translator and the expert of the subject matter.
Actually, from these processes of translation I can conclude that process of
translation begins from reading the text. Then understanding the context of the
text, what does it mean that content in the text. After that, find the difficult word
or the terminology from the text and get the meaning of it. At last, translate the
2.5 The Role of Culture in Translation
Culture plays a great role in translation. Culture defined as the way of life
and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular
language as its means of expression, underlying the fact that every group has its
own characteristics (Newmark 1988:94). The translation will be easier if the
translator is supported by an adequate knowledge about the culture of both source
language and target language. If a translator does not have broad knowledge or
concept about the linguistic systems and the cultural context of the SL, so he/she
will not be able to comprehend the text properly.
A translator also has to pay attention to the meaning of words. Meaning is
what is referred to or indicated by sounds, words or signs (Hornby 1995:726). In
finding out the meaning of a word, we cannot see simply by the word itself, but
we have to see the cultural context of the language. For instances: the word rice in
English means nasi in Bahasa Indonesia. In Indonesian cultural context, the word
rice has more than one meaning such as nasi, beras, padi, pulut. In addition, the
word living together in sentence they have been living together for ten years has
the different meaning between Indonesian and English culture. In Indonesian
living together means they have been living together with marriage tie, while in
English culture it may means they have been living together without marriage tie
or without certain status.
The meaning of such words can clearly determine from the cultural
context of the speech community. A translator must be aware of the translation
2.6 The Concept of Equivalence in Translation
Equivalence is a term used by many writers to describe the nature and the
extent of the relationships that exist between SL and TL text or smaller linguistic
units (Shuttleworth and Moira Cowie 1997:49). Moreover Catford (1965:21) in
Snell and Honrby (1988: 13) states, “The central problem of translation practice is
that of finding TL translation equivalents; a central task of translation theory is
that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence”. It means
that equivalence in translation is useful to balancing or to correspondence the two
texts between source language and target language.
In addition, Jakobson in Munday (2004:36) says, “The translator recodes
and transmits a message received from another source, thus translation involves
two equivalent messages in two different codes”. For the message to be equivalent
in SL and TL, the code units will be different since they belong to two different
sign systems or languages which partition reality differently. The problem of
meaning and equivalence thus focuses on differences in the structure and
terminology of languages rather than on any inability of one language to render a
message that has been written in another verbal language.
For example, the phrase to give a hand in English is translated in
Indonesian to become mengulurkan tangan. First translation to give a hand is
memberikan tangan, but to make it equivalent in Indonesian it is translated to
CHAPTER III
A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF MORPHEME
3.1 Definition of Morpheme
The word morpheme is derived from Greek word morphe, which meaning
form. Nida (1967:6) says, “Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units of which
the language is composed”. Richard (1985:183) also says, “Morpheme is the
smallest meaningful unit in a language”. While Katamba (1993:20) says, “The
term morpheme is used to refer to the smallest, indivisible units of semantic
content or grammatical function which words are made up of”. By definitions, a
morpheme cannot be decomposed into smaller units which are either meaningful
by themselves or mark a grammatical function like singular or plural number in
the noun.
Nida (1967:7) states that there are six principles that we may apply in
isolating and identifying morphemes. None of the principles is complete in itself;
each is supplementary to the basic definition and must be considered so.
Principle 1
“Forms which have a common semantic distinctiveness and an identical phonemic form in all their occurrences constitute a single morpheme” (Nida 1967:7).
It means that such a form as –er added to verbs in such constructions as
worker, dancer, runner, walker and flier is a morpheme. It always has the same
phonetic form and always has essentially the same meaning, namely that of the
Principle 2
“Forms which have the common semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic form (i.e. the phonemes or order of the phonemes) may constitute a single morpheme provided the distribution of formal differences is phonologically definable” (Nida 1967:14).
It means that forms with some common semantic distinctiveness but with
different phonemes or arrangements of phonemes, we can still put these various
forms together as a single morpheme provided we could discover phonological
conditions which govern the occurrence of such phonologically different forms.
For example, one negative prefix has more than one a single form, compare
intolerable and impossible. The forms in- and im- bear a partial phonetic semantic resemblance and the positions in which they occur are determined by the type of
consonant following. Before t alveolar sounds, the n alveolar nasal occurs in
intolerable and before p bilabial sounds, the m bilabial nasal occurs in impossible. The form of the word to which the prefix is added determines the form of prefix.
It means that the distribution of in- and im- can be defined by phonological
characteristics of the forms with which they occur.
Principle 3
“Forms which have a common semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic form in such a way that their distribution cannot be phonologically defined constitute a single morpheme if the forms are in complementary distribution” (Nida 1967:41).
For examples: roses, oxen and sheep. The three words have the different
Principle 4
“An overt formal difference in a structural series constitutes a morpheme if in any member of such a series; the overt formal difference and a zero structural difference are the only significant features for distinguishing a minimal unit of phonetic-semantic distinctiveness” (Nida 1967:54).
An overt formal difference means a contrast that is indicated by
differences in phonemes or in order of phonemes. For examples foot /fut/ and feet
/fiyt/ is an overt difference because it consists in a difference of phonemes. A
member of a structural series may occur with a zero structural difference and an
overt formal difference. For example, feet /fyit/ as the plural of foot /fut/ has a
structural zero similar to the zero occurring with sheep /syiep/ as the plural of
sheep /syiep/.
Principle 5
“Homophonous forms are identifiable as the same or different morphemes” (Nida 1967:55).
Homophonous forms are phonemically identical. For examples pear, pare
and pair are homophonous and as such they may called homophones.
Principle 6
“A morpheme is isolatable” (Nida 1967:58).
For examples: childish, dancer and happiness. Childish is able to isolated
becomes child and –dish, dancer becomes dance and –er, happiness becomes
3.2 Kinds of Morphem a. Free Morpheme
Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent
word. Richard (1985:31) says, “A morpheme which can be used on its own is
called free morpheme”. While Chaer (1994:151) defines free morpheme as
“morfem yang tanpa kehadiran morfem lain dapat muncul dalam pertuturan”. For
examples: man, book, tea, sweet, cook, fish, sleep.
Cahyono (1995:142) divides free morpheme into two, they are lexical
morpheme and grammatical morpheme. Lexical morpheme is a morpheme which has semantic content. Kaplan (1995:76) states, “Lexical morphemes
express meanings that can be relatively easily specified field by using dictionary
terms or by pointing out examples of things, events or properties which the
morphemes can be used to refer to”. For examples house, book, run. While
grammatical morpheme consist of “function words” such as preposition,
conjunction, and article. Kaplan (1995:76) said that grammatical morphemes have one (or both) of two characteristics. First, they express very common meanings,
meaning which speakers of the language unconsciously consider important
enough to be expressed very often. Second, grammatical morphemes may exhibit
is the expression of relations within a sentence.
b. Bound Morpheme
Bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand-alone and have to be
added to the word in order to have meaning. Richard (1985:31) defines, “Bound
another morpheme”. In addition, Chaer (1994:152) also defines bound morpheme
as “morfem yang tanpa digabung dulu dengan morfem lain tidak dapat muncul dalam pertuturan”. For examples: un-, il-, -ful, -ly, -s, mis-, -ish.
Cahyono (1995:142) also divides bound morpheme into two, derivational
morpheme and inflectional morpheme. Derivational morpheme is a bound
morpheme creating new words by changing either the meaning (e.g. happy vs
unhappy) or the part of speech (syntactic category e.g. ripe [adj] vs ripen [verb]) or both.
While inflectional morpheme is a bound morpheme creating a different
form of the same word by changing neither part of speech nor meaning, but only
refine and give extra grammatical information about the already existing meaning
of a word. For example cat and cats are both nouns and refer the same thing, but
cats, with the plural morpheme –s, contains the additional information that there
are more than one of these things.
3.3 Morphological Process
Morphological process or word formation process is the process of
forming new words with the rules of morphology (Grady 1985:55). There are
many kinds of word formation process as described bellows:
a. Affixation
Affixation is the adding of bound morphemes to the base to form a word
1. Prefixation
The adding of bound morphemes initially to a base is called prefixation
(Grady 1985:62). It means that prefixes are bound morpheme added to the
beginning of the base to form a new word. For examples:
a ‘not, without’ + moral → disagree
The adding of bound morpheme inside the base is called infixation (Grady
1985:62). It means that infixes are bound morpheme added within the base to
form new word. These are not used very much in English but occur frequently in
other languages. For examples:
Tagalog; infix –um-
sulat ‘write’ →sumulat ‘to write’
kuha ‘take, get’ →kumuha ‘to take, to get’
Toba Batak; infixes –um-, -in-, -ar-
godang ‘many, much’ →gumodang ‘more’
buat ‘take’ →binuat ‘to be taken’
tuhor ‘buy’ →tinuhor ‘to be bought’
gantung ‘hang’ → garantung ‘a traditional music made up from hanging boards’
3. Suffixation
The adding of bound morpheme to the end of base is called suffixation
(Grady 1985:62). It means that suffixes are bound morpheme added to the end of
base to form new word. For examples:
read + er ‘the person who carries out the action of a verb’ → reader
book + s ‘used to form plural’ → books
peace + ful ‘full of’ → peaceful
child + ish ‘in the manner of’ → childish
spirit + less ‘without’ → spiritless
dry + ness ‘a quality’ → dryness
friend + ship ‘state of being’ → friendship
b. Compounding
Compounding is the combining of two base forms together to form a new
word (Grady 1985:55). The compounds, as the result of the combining of the base
forms, may be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or other form classes. For
girl + friend → girlfriend (n)
language + laboratory → language laboratory (n)
make + believe → make-believe (v)
type + write → typewrite (v)
deaf + mute → deaf-mute (adj)
ready + made → ready-made (adj)
double + quick → double-quick (adv)
c. Reduplication
Reduplication is the repetition of a syllable a morpheme or a word to form
a word (Grady 1985:77). Reduplication is either total reduplication if all of a
morpheme is doubled or a partial reduplication if a part of it is doubled.
Indonesian uses extensively total reduplication and partial reduplication. The
following are the examples of the total reduplication to form the plurals of some
nouns and of the partial reduplication to form the less serious action of verbs. For
examples:
book ‘buku’ → books ‘buku-buku’
fan ‘kipas’ → fans ‘kipas-kipas’
mencari ‘look for’ → mencari-cari ‘to look for something everywhere’
menari ‘dance’ → menari-nari ‘to dance up and down’
d. Internal Modification
Internal modification is the internal changes of a base to form a word
the morpheme to make a morphological distinction, it is also possible to make
morpheme internal modifications. For examples:
1. the usual pattern of plural formation in English is to add and inflectional
morpheme, but some plurals make an internal modification as follows:
man men
woman women
goose geese
2. the usual pattern of past and past participle formation is add an affix, but
some verbs also an internal change as follows:
ring rang rung
feed fed fed
hold held held
3. some word class changes are also indicated only via internal changes as
follows:
strife (n) strive (v)
teeth (n) teethe (v)
life (n) live (adj)
e. Suppletion
Suppletion is the impossibility of showing a general rule or a regular
relationship between the base and the derived word (Grady 1985:78). Suppletion
is presents two different words which have any systematic difference in form and
good better best
bad worse worst
much more most
little less lest
f. Blending
Blending is the merging of two or more words into each other to form a
word (Grady 1985:81). The first part of one word combines with the second part
of another. For examples:
breakfast + lunch → brunch
smoke + fog → smog
dove + hawk → dawk
sheep + goat → shoat
g. Conversion
Conversion is the shifting of the word class category to another one
without changing the form of the word (Grady 1985:83). Conversion is sometimes
called functional shift because it is the change appears functionally in a sentence.
For examples: a word run can be noun and verb:
The run was too much for his heart (n)
h. Acronym
Acronym is the formation of a word by taking the initial sounds (or letter)
of the words of a phrase and uniting them into a combination which is itself
pronounceable as a separate word or name (Grady 1985:79). For examples:
NATO /neitow/ ‘North Atlantic Treaty Organization ’
UNESCO /yuw’neskow/ ‘United Nations Educational
Scientific and Cultural Organization’
VIP /’vie’ai’pie/ ‘Very Important Person’
i. Back Formation
Back formation is the removal of an affix from an existing word to form a
new word (Grady 1985:80). For examples:
editor → edit
donation → donate
paramedical → paramedic
laser → lase
j. Clipping
Clipping is the informal shortening of a word to make a new form (Grady
1985:82). For examples:
advertisement → ad
influenza → flu
microphone → mike
CHAPTER IV
THE TRANSLATION OF MORPHEMIC SHIFTS IN SIDNEY SHELDON’S BLOODLINE INTO GARIS DARAH
BY THREES SUSILASTUTI
4.1 Shifts from Morpheme to Word
Shifts from morpheme to word means the changes from morpheme in
source text into word in target text in terms of form in which the meaning is still
correspondent.
Shifts from morpheme to word occurred in suffix –s, suffix –es, suffix –less,
suffix –ly, suffix –ful, suffix –er and suffix -ing. Each suffix in ST is shifted into
word in TT. The translation of morphemic shifts in each suffix can be seen as
follow:
a. Suffix –s and its variety as plural marker translated with total reduplication
Suffix –s is a bound morpheme added to noun to show that the noun is a
plural form.
It can be seen below:
1. ST {BL} : … minarets of Istanbul… [pg 17:ln 3]
TT {GD} : … menara-menara Istanbul…[pg 13:ln 4]
The word minarets is a plural noun which is derived from singular minaret
+ suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Minaret is translated into TT to
menara-menara. In another word the translation of suffix –s is total reduplication.
It means the repeating of the base form to menara-menara.
2. ST {BL} : … and the small markets beyond the souks
… [pg 17:ln 9]
TT {GD} : … dan pasar-pasar kecil di daerah souk…
[pg 13:ln 11]
The word markets is a plural noun which is derived from singular market
+ suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Market is translated into TT to
become pasar and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become
pasar-pasar. In another word the translation of suffix –s is total reduplication. It means
the repeating of the base form to pasar-pasar.
3. ST {BL} : The office lights blazed on again,...
[pg 27:ln 29]
TT {GD} : Lampu-lampu ruangan menyala lagi,...
[pg 27:ln 22]
The word lights is a plural noun which is derived from singular light +
suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Light is translated into TT to
become lampu and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become
lampu-lampu. In another word, the translation of suffix –s is total reduplication. It means
Suffix –es is a variety of suffix –s. Suffix –es is added to noun if ended by
vowel o, consonants s or x, cluster (double consonant) ch, sh, ss, andconsonant y
which preceded by consonant also, so y is changed with i.
1. ST {BL} : …comfortable couches… [pg37:ln32]
TT {GD} : ...dipan-dipan nyaman... [pg39:ln5]
The word couches is a plural noun which is derived from singular couch +
suffix -es to show that the word is a plural form. Couch is translated into TT to
become dipan and with attachment of suffix – es it is translated to become
dipan-dipan. In another word the translation of suffix – es is total reduplication. It means
the repeating of the base form to dipan-dipan.
2. ST {BL} : There, in velvet-lined boxes,… [pg77:ln11]
TT {GD} : Itu dia, dalam kotak-kotak berlapis
beludru… [pg87:ln30]
The word boxes is a plural noun which is derived from singular box +
suffix -es to show that the word is a plural form. Box is translated into TT to
become kotak and with attachment of suffix – es it is translated to become
kotak-kotak. In another word the translation of suffix – es is total reduplication. It means
3. ST {BL} : …and entertained the guests with amusing
stories,…[pg187:ln4]
TT {GD} : ...dan menghibur para tamu dengan
cerita-cerita menarik... [pg228:ln19]
The word stories is a plural noun which is derived from singular story +
suffix -es to show that the word is a plural form. Story is translated into TT to
become cerita and with attachment of suffix – es it is translated to become
cerita-cerita. In another word the translation of suffix – es is total reduplication. It means
the repeating of the base form to cerita-cerita.
b. Suffix –s as plural marker translated with partial reduplication
Besides total reduplication, suffix –s also translated in different process
that is partial reduplication.
1. ST {BL} : …Sam’s cousins…[pg27:ln15]
TT {GD} : ...saudara-saudara sepupu Sam...
[pg27:ln6]
The word cousins is a plural noun which is derived from singular cousin +
suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Cousin is translated into TT to
become saudara sepupu and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to
partial reduplication. It means the repeating part of the base form to saudara-saudara sepupu.
2. ST {BL} : …and bookcases lining the walls.
[pg37:ln33]
TT {GD} : ...dan lemari-lemari buku sepanjang
dinding. [pg39:ln7]
The word bookcases is a plural noun which is derived from singular
bookcase + suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Bookcase is translated
into TT to become lemari buku and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to
become lemari-lemari buku. In another word the translation of suffix –s is partial
reduplication. It means the repeating part of the base form to lemari-lemari buku.
3. ST {BL} : …his wife had borne him daughters…
[pg57:ln13]
TT {GD} : ...istrinya hanya memberinya anak-anak
perempuan... [pg63:ln29]
The word daughters is a plural noun which is derived from singular
daughter + suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Daughter is translated
into TT to become anak perempuan and with attachment of suffix –s it is
suffix –s is partial reduplication. It means the repeating part of the base form to
anak-anak perempuan.
c. Suffix –s as plural marker translated by using word semua and para.
1. ST {BL} : … were females. [pg27:ln16]
TT {GD} : … semua perempuan. [pg27:ln6]
The word females is a plural noun which is derived from singular female +
suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Female is translated into TT to
become perempuan and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become
semua perempuan. In another word the translation of suffix –s is by using word
semua to become semua perempuan.
2. ST {BL} : … the servants would be away,..
[pg107:ln19]
TT {GD} : …semua pelayan sedang pergi,…
[pg126:ln22]
The word servants is a plural noun which is derived from singular servant
+ suffix –s to show that the word is a plural form. Servant is translated into TT to
become pelayan and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become semua
pelayan. In another word the translation of suffix –s is by using word semua to
3. ST {BL} : …the girls invited the boys… [pg177:ln13]
TT {GD} : …para gadis mengundang
pemuda-pemuda… [pg214 :ln16]
The word girls is a plural noun which is derived from singular girl + suffix
–s to show that the word is a plural form. Girl is translated into TT to become
gadis and with attachment of suffix –s it is translated to become para gadis. In
another word the translation of suffix –s is by using word para to become para
gadis.
d. Suffix –less
Suffix –less is a bound morpheme added to noun to form an adjective,
which is translated to state the meaning “without” by using word tak.
1. ST {BL} : …a meaningless litany that seemed to be
their only form of communication.
[pg127:ln5]
TT {GD} : ...serangkaian kata-kata tak berarti yang
rupanya merupakan satu-satunya bentuk
komunikasi antar mereka. [pg150:ln4]
The word meaningless is an adjective which is derived from noun meaning
+ suffix –less to show that the word is an adjective. Meaning is translated into TT
tak berarti. It another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning
without by using word tak.
2. ST {BL} : …and those who had time offered him
useless advice.[pg147:ln6]
TT {GD} : ...mereka yang mempunyai waktu itu hanya
memberi saran tak berharga. [pg174:ln24]
The word useless is an adjective which is derived from noun use + suffix –
less to show that the word is an adjective. Use is translated into TT to become
berharga and with attachment of suffix –less it is translated to become tak berharga. It another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning
without by using word tak.
3. ST {BL} : …and he would still be a penniless
nebbich. [pg147:ln14]
TT {GD} : dan dia tetap nebbich yang tak beruang.
[pg175:ln6]
The word penniless is an adjective which is derived from noun penny +
suffix –less to show that the word is an adjective. Penny is translated into TT to
become beruang and with attachment of suffix –less it is translated to become tak
beruang. It another word the translation of suffix –less is to state the meaning
e. Suffix –ly
Suffix –ly is a bound morpheme added to noun and adjective to form an
adjective and an adverb; having the qualities of, regular occurrence, in the manner
of the adjective. It is translated by using words yang, dengan, secara and total
reduplication.
1. ST {BL} : As a wedding gift they bought them a
lovely Schinkel manor house in Wannsee,… [pg37:ln30]
TT {GD} : Sebagai hadiah perkawinan, mereka
membelikan sebuah rumah bangsawan
Schinkel yang indah di Wannsee,…
[pg39:ln3]
The word lovely is an adjective which is derived from noun love + suffix –
ly to show that the word is an adjective. Love is translated into TT to become
indah and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become yang indah. In
another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the quality of adjective by
using word yang to become yang indah.
2. ST {BL} : He was truly an exemplary father,…
[pg57:ln34]
TT {GD} : Dia benar-benar seorang ayah,...
The word truly is an adverb which is derived from adjective true + suffix –
ly to show that the word is an adverb. True is translated into TT to become benar
and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become benar-benar. In
another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the manner of adjective by
using total reduplication to become benar-benar.
3. ST {BL} : …confident that he could handle the
situation easily. [pg317:ln7]
TT {GD} : ...yakin bisa menguasai situasi dengan
mudah. [pg381:ln18]
The word easily is an adverb which is derived from adjective easy + suffix
–ly to show that the word is an adverb. Easy is translated into TT to become
mudah and with attachment of suffix –ly it is translated to become dengan mudah.
In another word the translation of suffix –ly is to show the manner of adjective by
f. Suffix –ful
Suffix -ful is a bound morpheme added to verb and noun to form adjective
and it is translated to state the meaning full of by using words sangat, penuh and
yang.
1. ST {BL} : …he was wonderful to them… [pg57:ln18]
TT {GD} : ...dia sangat memperhatikan mereka...
[pg64:ln4]
The word wonderful is an adjective which is derived from verb wonder +
suffix –ful to show that the word is an adjective. Wonder is translated into TT to
become memperhatikan and with attachment of suffix -ful it is translated to
become sangat memperhatikan. In another word the translation of suffix –ful is to
state the meaning full of by using word sangat to become sangat memperhatikan.
2. ST {BL} : Another exchange of meaningful looks.
[pg277:ln24]
TT {GD} : Lagi-lagi lemparan pandangan penuh arti.
[pg334:ln8]
The word meaningful is an adjective which is derived from noun meaning
+ suffix –ful to show that the word is an adjective. Meaning is translated into TT
arti. In another word the translation of suffix –ful is to state the meaning full of by
using word penuh to become penuh arti.
3. ST {BL} : …and their three beautiful daughters.
[pg297:ln3]
TT {GD} : ...dan ketiga anak kami yang cantik.
[pg356:ln3]
The word beautiful is an adjective which is derived from noun beauty +
suffix –ful to show that the word is an adjective. Beauty is translated into TT to
become cantik and with attachment of suffix -ful it is translated to become yang
cantik. In another word the translation of suffix –ful is to state the meaning full of
by using word yang to become yang cantik.
g. Suffix -er
Suffix –er is a bound morpheme added to noun and adjective to form noun
and to form the comparative of some adjective. It is translated by using words
ahli, orang and lebih.
1. ST {BL} : He had already located a jeweler,…
[pg77:ln14]
TT {GD} : Dia sudah menemukan seorang ahli
The word jeweler is a noun which is derived from noun jewel + suffix –er
to form noun. Jewel is translated into TT to become permata and with attachment
of suffix –er it is translated to become ahli permata. In another word the
translation of suffix –er is to state namely by using word ahli to become ahli
permata.
2. ST {BL} : Two strangers discussing the weather,…
[pg127:ln8]
TT {GD} : Dua orang asing yang membicarakan
cuaca,… [pg150:ln8]
The word stranger is a noun which is derived from adjective strange +
suffix –er to form noun. Strange is translated into TT to become asing and with
attachment of suffix –er it is translated to become orang asing. In another word
the translation of suffix –er is to state namely by using word orang to become
orang asing.
3. ST {BL} : …she felt closer to Samuel and Terenia,…
[pg137:ln8]
TT {GD} : …dia merasa lebih dekat kepada Samuel
dan Terenia,.. [pg137:ln8]
The word closer is an adjective which is derived from adjective close +
become dekat and with attachment of suffix –er it is translated to become lebih dekat. In another word the translation of suffix –er is comparative of adjective by
using word lebih to become lebih dekat.
h. Suffix -ing
Suffix –ing is a bound morpheme added to noun and verb to form
participle in terms of present participle. Participles are also called verbal
adjectives because they may become verbal and adjectival. They are translated by
using words yang and sangat.
1. ST {BL} : …she would search the grounds for the
missing papers. [pg327:ln24]
TT {GD} : …dia akan memeriksa halaman sekitar
villa untuk mencari kertas-kertas yang
hilang. [pg288:ln5]
The word missing is an adjective which isderived from verb miss + suffix
–ing to show that the word is present participle. Miss is translated into TT to
become hilang and with attachment of suffix –ing it is translated to become yang
hilang. In another word the translation of suffix –ing is descriptive adjective by
using word yang to become yang hilang.
2. ST {BL} : She’s charming… [pg307:ln17]
The word charming is an adjective which is derived from noun charm +
suffix –ing to show that the word is present participle. Charm is translated into TT
to become menawan and with attachment of suffix –ing it is translated to become
sangat menawan. In another word the translation of suffix –ing is descriptive
adjective by using word sangat to become sangat menawan.
3. ST {BL} : It was infuriating. [pg317:ln32]
TT {GD} : Hal itu sangat menjengkelkan.
[pg382:ln17]
The word infuriating is an adjective which isderived from verb infuriate +
suffix –ing to show that the word is present participle. Infuriate is translated into
TT to become menjengkelkan and with attachment of suffix –ing it is translated to
become sangat menjengkelkan. In another word the translation of suffix –ing is
