The Fern of West Timor East Nusa Tenggara

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H E

lyER%$

OF

WEST TIMOR

EAST

N U S R

TENGGARA

MARIA

TEWESIA

LONGA

RLJMA

BIOIOG!

-

99433

"THE

POST

GRADCJATE

PROGRAM

BCrGCaR

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE

(94)

TUHAN DEICAT PADA SETIAP ORANG

YANG EERSERU ICEPADA-NYA,

PADA SETlAP ORANG YANG

(95)

THE FERN

OF

VdEST

TIMOR

EAST NUSA

WFdGGARA

i.ME POST

GRADUATE PRQC2RAiV

(96)

ABSTRACT

The study on Pteridophytes in West Timor was conducted in January to September 2001. The identification of collected specimen and cytological observation were perfomed in Herbarium Bogoriense Bogor. The objectives are to make an inventory to the pteridophytes species and their distribution on different ecosystem types.

Based on this study there are 58 species belonging to 36 genera. They are

Achrosticum (1 species), Adiantum (5 species), Amphineuron (3 species), Asplenium

(4 species), Athyrium (1 species), Belvisia (1 species), Botrycium (1 species),

Ceratopteris (1 species), Christella (4 species), Ctenitis (1 species), Ctenopteris (1 species), Cyathea (1 species), Davallia (2 species), Dennstaedtia (1 species),

Diplazium (2 species), Doryopteris (1 species), Drynaria (2 species), Dryopteris (1 species), Gleichenia (1 species), Heterogoniurn (1 species), Humata (1 species),

Lycopodium (1 species), Microlepia (1 species), Microsorium (1 species),

Nehprolepis (2 species), Oleandra (1 species), Platycerium (1 species), Pleocnemia

(1 species), Pteris (5 species), Pyrrosia (1 species), Sellaginela (1 species), Selliguea

(1 species), Sphaerostephanos (2 species), Tectaria (1 species), Trichomanes (1 species), and Vittaria (1 species).

There are various fiecquency distribution patterns of fern species in West Timor which are depended on their ecosystem. The savanna ecosystem has a lower number of species (12 species), and the mixed tropical monsoon forest ecosystem (26 species), and montane ecosystem (30 species) have higher number species of fern.

Cytological observation show that, at West Timor there are no different on chromosome number in different ecosystem types. Based on cytological study from eight species show that Adiantum cuneatum 2n = 60; Christella parasitica 2n = 140;

(97)

ABSTRAK

Penelitian tumbuhan paku ini, dilakukan dari bulan Januari sampai September 2001. Identifikasi spesirnen yang dikoleksi dan pengamatan sitologi dilakukan di Herbarium Boeoriense Boeor. Tuiuan ~enelitian ini adalah untuk meneetahui

-

0

-

keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan paku dan pola persebarannya, pada berbagai tipe ekosistern rnelalui pendekatan ekologi, morfologi, dan sitologi.

~erdasark& hasil peneliti& diperoleh 58 jenis tumbuhan paku yang tergolong dalam 36 marga yaitu : Achrosticum (1 jenis), Adiantum (5 jenis),

Amphineuron (3 jenis), Asplenium

(4

jenis), Athyrium (1 jenis), Belvisia (1 jenis),

Botrycium (1 jenis), Ceratopteris (1 jenis), Christella (4 jenis), Ctenitis (1 jenis),

Ctenopterzs (1 jenis), Cyathea (1 jenis), Davallia (2 jenis), Dennstaedtia (1 jenis),

Diplazium (2 jenis), Doryopteris (1 jenis), Drynaria (2 jenis), Dryopteris

(1

jenis),

Gleicheniu (1 jenis), Heterogonium (1 jenis), Humata (1 jenis), Lycopodium (1 jenis),

Microlepia (1 jenis), Microsorium (1 jenis), Nehprolepis (2 jenis), Oleandra (1 jenis),

Platycerium (1 jenis), Pleocnemia (1 jenis), Pteris

(5

jenis), Pyrrosia

(1

jenis),

Sellaginela (1 jenis), Selliguea (1 jenis), Sphaerostephanos (2 jenis), Tectaria (1 jenis), Trichomanes (1 jenis), dan Vittaria (1 jenis).

Di Timor Barat terdapat pola variasi jenis yang beragam, pada setiap tipe ekosistem tempat diiana tumbuham paku hidup. Tipe ekosistem savana memiliki jumlah jenis yang paling sedikit (12 jenis), sedangkan tipe ekosistem hutan monsun tropis campuran merniliki jumlah jenis yang banyak (26 jenis), demikian pula pada tipe ekosistem pegunungan memiliki jumlah jenis yang paling tinggi (30 jenis).

(98)

SURAT PERNYATAAN

Dengan ini, saya menyatakan bahwa Tesis dengan judul :

THE FERN OF WEST TIMOR

EAST NUSA TENGGARA

Adalah benar merupakan hasil karya saya sendiri dan belum pernah dipublikasikan oleh orang lain.

Bogor, Mei 2002

1

(99)

THE FERN OF WEST TIMOR

EAST NUSA TENGGARA

Thesis submitted for the Master Degree At

The Graduate School Bogor Institute of Agriculture

THE POST GRADUATE PROGRAM BOGOR INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE

(100)

Thesis Title : THE FERN OF WEST TIMOR EAST NUSA TENGGARA

Name : Maria Teresia Longa Ruma

Reg. Number : 99433

Study Program : Biology I Plant Taxonomy

Appoved by Supervisor Committee

Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Edi Gubardia. MSc. Supervisor

Dr. Dedv Darnaedi, MSc. Supervisor

(101)

CURRICULUM VITAE

Maria Teresia Longa Ruma was born in Ngada - Flores on April 16, 1967, the

fourth daughter with ten brothers from father Johanes Ruma and mother Juliana Beo.

She passed her Elementary school in 1980, Junior High School (SMPK

Slamet Ryadi Soa - Flores) in 1983, and Senior High School (SMAN 435 Bajawa -

Flores) in 1986. She was graduated from the Faculty of Teacher Training and

Education in Nusa Cendana University in Kupang in 1991.

. ' In 1993, she was started working in University of Nusa Cendana Kupang as

an Lecturer. Since 1999, she received scholarship program from

DUE

to continue her

study on Biology program, sub program Plant Taxonomy at Graduate school of

(102)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to record my thanks to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ir. Edi Guhardja,

M.Sc. (IPB), Dr. Dedy Darnaedi, M.Sc. for their advices, guidance and

encouragement throughout the thesis. Thank for their kindness, patience and all hard

work in the correction my thesis.

I would like to thanks to Director of the Post Graduate Program of Bogor

Institute of Agriculture and Head of Biological Study Program for opportunity given

to me to undertake this study. I am also grateful to Dr. Irawati, Head of Herbarium

Bogoriense, for granting me permission to conduct research and providing some

facilities; Drs. Uway Warsita Mahyar, Ujang Hapid, Melani and all the technicians of

Herbarium Bogoriense who helped me to provide the herbarium specimens,

cytological observation and equipment during my work in Herbarium Bogoriense;

Head of library and all librarian (mbak Rina, pak Tiyono) in the Herbarium

Bogoriense who helped me to provide some literatures.

I would like to thank to Rector of Nusa Cendana University, Dean of Teacher

Training and Education Faculty of Nusa Cendana University in Kupang, who gave

me the chance to take the Post Graduate Program. Particularly, I would like to thank

to the Development for Undergraduate Education (DUE) Project through the Local

Project Implementation Unit (LPIU) Undana, for giving me scholarship for a master

degree at the Post Graduate Program of IPB.

(103)

I would like to thank to all of my friends, especially for Dra. Maria Teresia

Danong,MSi, Ir. Yucundianus Lepa,MSi, Drs. Nikolaus T. Saka,MSi, Dra.Yulianthy,

Kristina Moi Nono,SSi, mbak Wiwi, bu Asma, pak Darmadi, Yel, Nia, Linda, Eny,

for giving me support and motivation in my study,

Many thanks and love for my parents, bapa Jan and mama Juli; my father - in

- law bapa Bastian and mama Len; my sister ibu Opi, kak Sintha, Heny, pak Vinsen

and his family, Wempi,

Frans,

Damian, Marlin, Eman, Santy, Menty; my brother - in

-law ma Ona, ma Beth, ma

Rick,

Ellen, Yo, Emy and his family, also Rosy for moral

support, praying and love along my study.

My very special thank to my husband Endy and my children Sonya and Sofia

for most of all his love, support, advice, and patient being there separated fiom his

(104)

LIST OF FIGURE

Figure 1

.

Site of Fern inventory

...

8

...

Figure 2

.

Chromosome number of pteridophytes at two ecosystem types 13

(107)

LIST OF TABLE

(108)

INTRODUCTION

Background

Indonesia is one of the countries which has the highest diversity of flora in the

world. One of the flora groups that has a high diversity is fern. Until to day, the group

of fern are less of interest compared with the other groups; although many species of

fern have significant economic and ecological benefit for human life.

Ferns have been relatively abundant in the fossil record from the carboniferous

period to the present. To day, ferns number about 11,000 species; they are the largest

group of plants other than the flowering plants, and the most diverse (Raven et al.,

1992). Of the 11,000 species, 1300 species are prediceted in Malesia region which

mostly the archipelago of Indonesia (Sastrapradja e! al., 1979).

Fern have limited distribution areas, but some have a wide distribution areas.

They can fastly grow covering empty lands. Fern can be found in coasts, mangrove

forest, lowlands forest, swampy lands, ricefields, dry fields, gardens and high

mountains; it also can be found at steep mountain sides, river sides, or near trees.

Generally, the fern prefer to live at humid places, especially on higlands. The number

of species and populations at the places like these are relatively higher than those on

the lowlands (Sastrapradja e! al., 1979).

The fern has various benefit to human life. The role on economic aspect can be

seen that some species of fern have enchantment and beautiful son structure, so they

(109)

such as Asplenium nidus, Adiantum sp., Platycerium, Angiopteris evecta, Lycopodium

cernuum, Nephrolepis sp., Cyathea and Pteris. In some regions such

as

West Java and

West Sumatra, ferns are consumed as food. The species which are consumed as food

are Nephrolepis hirsutula (as vegetable spice), Tectaria coadunate (its young fronds

used

as

vegetable, it can also be eaten as raw vegetable) Stenochlaena palustris (the top

of the leaf is edible as raw vegetable, also it can be used

as

spice for vegetable), and

Phymatosorus nigrescens is also edible. Heyne (1987), it is known that many species

of ferns have benefit as medicines. This means that fern potency as medicines need to

be improved. Manicham (1992), recorded that some species can be used as traditional

medicine, such

as

Diyopteris hirtipes (rhizome can be used

as

anthelmintic), Pteridium

aquilinum (the rhizome can be used as anthelminyic, prevents diarrhea, inflammation

of interior cavity and mucus membrane), Hypolepis glandulifera (fronds can be used as

abscess paste), Nephrolepis auriculata (fronds can be used to ease cough), Asplenium

nidus (sedative medicine), Drynaria quercifolia (for cough and dyspepsia medicine),

Azola pinnata (for boifertilization) and Salvinia molesta species can be used

as

pulp in

paper industry.

Several species of fern such as Alsophila and Cyathea, their stem usually are

used as wall layer plate, orchid growing media, a@ also can be used as house pillar.

The outer surface of the stem fern has leaves scars which is interesting so that it can be

used as handicraft material and decoration ornamen. The dry leaves are also used

as

the

(110)

Some species of fern are composition of animal food or probably used as food

material by human or cut and

dry

out for. Lycopodium which is climbing is used in

making bouquet for party, they spora can be used to demonstrate the length of sound

wave for physical experiments (Polunin, 1994).

From ecological aspect, the fern prefer wet and humid place so that this plant

became ground plant and contribute important role in the sustaenability of the

ecosystem, and also in hydro-orological functions.

West Timor is one part of the Timor Island, with 14.394,OO

km2

area, which

located at 123" 18' - 125' 12' east and 8' 56' - 10' 22' south latitudes. Generally

climate type is B to F (Schmidt & Fergusson, 1951) with the largest area in

E

climate

type (49%). Area with this type of climate is semiarid area which is affected by

dry

and

wet season, where rainy season is very short (November-Maret), and long

dry

season

(April-October). Rainfall is between 500 - 3000 mmlyear, with average of rainy day 30

- 130 daysfyear, maximum temperature is 31,6' and minimum 21,s" C (Anonimous,

1998).

Based on the climate and rainfall, West Timor has various type of ecosystems

and in general as seasonal forest type, but in several area belong to rain forest type

which are spread around mt. Mutis and mt. Timau. Generally West Timor has E

climate type which occurs in part of the east coast of Kupang regency and the biggest

part of mountain area is D climate type, while at the northern part of Timor Tengah

Selatan is B climate type (mt. Mutis) (Anonimous, 1998). The variations of ecosystem

(111)

such as Rhizopora, Bruguiera, Avicenia, and Sonneratia; Mixed Tropical Monsoon

Forest, with specific genera such as Tectona grandis, Eucalyptus, Pterocarpus, Acacia

leucoceploea, Schleichera oleosa, and Tamarindus indica; savanna with specific

genera such as Borrasus, Corypha, Acacia, Eucalyptus, and Casuarina; Montane, with

specific genera such as Eucalyptus (ampupu) (Kmtawinata, 1977 and Monk, et al,

2000).

The first fern specimens in the Lesser Sunda Island (LSI) were collected by

French botanist in Timor in 1801; this island

was

much visited in those days by

expeditions to Australia and Pacific. Posthumus (1944), mentioned that there are 290

species of the fern in LSI. Since that moment research has not been conducted. French

botanists who visited Timor (Posthumus, 1944) are : Antoine Guichenot (]Sol), L.TH.

Leschenault (1 803), CH. Gaudichaud-Beaupre (1 818), A.Zippe1(1828), J.B. Spanoghe

(1833-1834), J.E. Teysmann (1854), FR. Naumann (1875), Mrs.

M.E.

Walsh-Held

(1929), C.N.A. De Voogd (1933-1937), and S. Bloembergen (1939).

Based on the specimens in Herbarium Bogoriense, fern specimen from Timor

still few in number, so that it is important to conduct the research to find out the species

diversity of fern species, especially at West Timor. Also still few researchers who

(112)

Objectives

This research is to understand the diversity of fern species at West Timor and

the distribution pattern, at different ecosystem types through ecological, morphological,

and cytological approaches.

Benefits

The expected result is to make identification key of fern at West Timor and

understand the consept of species and genera by using ecological, morphological, and

cytological characters. Data and information which are obtained,

are

expected to be

(113)

METHODOLOGY

Location

The research was carried out in eight months, from January to September 2001.

Taking and collecting specimens were done at West Timor (Fig.

1)

based on ecosystem

types which Kupang regency represents mangrove ecosystem, savanna ecosystem, and

mixed tropical monsoon forest, and Timor Tengah Selatan regency represents montane

ecosystem types. Ecological observation was carried out in the field, morphological

observation and specimen identification and also cytological observation were carried

out at Herbarium Bogoriense Puslit Biologi LIP1 Bogor.

Equipment and Material

Equipment and material were used for collecting specimens are altimeter, stek

shears, compas, loupe, camera, alcohol 70%, plastic bag, label, and stationary. While to

make cytological preparate are fern, object glass, cover glass, hydroxyquinolin, HzS04,

HCL, orcein, tweezers, draple plat, and spirtus lamp.

Methods

The mothods used in this study are exploration and description, by collecting

fern samples at several locations wich represent ecosystem types at West Timor.

Ecology

At savanna ecosystem types exploration was conducted by cruising Oenesu and

Baumata watershed, other wise for mixed tropical .monsoon forest, exploration route

begins from Oekabiti village and Camplong village. Data sampling at these two

(114)

(mt. Mutis), the exploration cruising route begins from Fatumnasi village at the altitude

1500 m asl. and ended at the altitude of 1800 m as]. at Oenino forest. Data sampling

was done using 5 x 5 square sampling method, with 20 m distance, for savanna and

mixed tropics monsoon forest ecosystem types, but at montane ecosystem (mt. Mutis)

sampling was based on site altitudes, with 50 m interval.

Beside collecting herbarium specimens as the material research, the vegetation

analysis was also done to complete the information of diversity and population of fern

at West Timor.

Morphology

The fern specimens which collected were observed and recorded on their

morphological characters. Grouping are based on morphological characters such as

living characters, leaves shape, site and son shape. Identification of species was done

based on their specific morphology, using Holnum (1966) as a reference, and compared

with the specimens collected at the Herbarium Bogoriense Bogor. The arrangement of

the identification key each genera and species was based on Vogel(1987).

Cytology

The fern which were found at two or three ecosystem types, were taken and

planted for cytological study, both on meiosis and mitosis periods. Unfortunately

meiosis study could not be conducted since there were no fertile leaf. In the mitosis

study chromosomal number was identified at the cytology laboratory Herbarium

Bogoriense. The method used in making cytological preparate follows Darnaedi (1994)

(115)

Fig. 1. Site of Fern inventory

[image:115.562.66.476.44.831.2]

(116)

RESULT

AND DISCUSSION

Introduction

Based on the specimens collected (127 collection numbers) from 43

sampling sites in field there are 58 species of pterydophytes belonging to 36 genera,

Achrosticum (1 species), Adiantum (5 species), Amphineuron (3 species), Asplenium

(4 species), Athyrium (1 species), Belvisia (1 species), Botrycium (1 species),

Ceratopteris (1 species), Christella (4 species), Ctenitis ( l species), Ctenopteris (1

species), Cyathea (1 species), Davallia (2 species), Dennstaedtia (1 species),

Diplazium (2 species), Doryopteris (1 species), Drynaria (2 species), Diyopteris (1

species), Gleichenia (1 species), Heterogonium (1 species), Humata (1 species),

Lycopodium (1 species), Microlepia (1 species), Microsorium (1 species),

Nephrolepis (2 species), Oleandra (I species), Platycerium (1 species), Pleocnemia

(1 species), Pteris (5 species), Pyrosia (1 species), Selaginella (1 species), Selligua

(1 species), Sphaerosthephanos (3 species), Tectaria (1 species), Trichomanes (1

species), and Vittaria (1 species).

The various frequency distribution pattern of fern species in West Timor are

depended on the ecosystem type where they live. There are physical conditions that

effected the frequency distribution of fern. The montane ecosystem type is the higher

frequency of the epiphytic fern and higher various of the fern.

The savanna ecosystem type has the lower number of species of fern (12),

(117)

number of fern species. The mixed tropical monsoon forest ecosystem type are

dominated by Christella, Sphaerostephanos, and Pteris. The montane ecosystem is

dominated by Pteris and Asplenium, these genera has many species.

There are two species who are tolerant at three ecosystem types, those are

Nephrolepis bisserata, Pteris vittata. There are five species which are tolerant at two

ecosystem types namely Adiantum cuneatum, Drynaria sparsisora, Christella

parasitica, Sphaerostephanos unitus (savanna and mixed tropical monsoon forest),

Asplenium nidus (mixed tropical monsoon forest and montane), Davallia solida live

in savanna and montane ecosystem.

There are species which specialized only in one ecosystem. In savanna

ecosystem (5 species) those are Amphineuron opulentum, Amphineuron terminans,

Diplazium esculentum, Drynaria pleuridioides, and Heterogonium wigmanii. In

mixed tropical monsoon forest ecosystem (19 species) those are Acrostichum

aureum, Adiantum caudatum, Adiantum soboliferum, Adiantum philippense,

Amphineuron immersum, Aslenium polyodon, Ceratopteris thalicthroides, Christella

arida, Christella papilio, Christella subpubescens, Ctenitis vilis, Diplazium

polypodioides, Dryopteris heterocarpa, Microsorium scolopendria, Platycerium

coronarium, Pleocnemia olivacea, Pteris longipinula, P. venulosa, and

Sphaerostephanos invisus. Species found only in montane ecosystem (26 species) are

Adiantum hispidulum, Asplenium aethiopicum, Asplenium normale, Athyrium

asperum, Belvisia validinervis, Botrycium lanuginosum, Ctenopteris Jirscafum,

(118)

concolor, Gleichenia linearis, Humata repens, Lycopodium proliferum, Microlepia

speluncae, Nephrolepis hirsutula, Oleandra musifolia, Pteris cretica, P. scabripes,

Pyrosia chiystii, Sellaginela inaequalifolia, Selliguea enervis, Sphaerostephanos

porphyricola, Tectaria dissecia, Trichomanes gracile, and Vittaria elongaia.

At the mixed tropical monsoon forest (MTMF) ecosystem was found an

uniqueness, that is Achrosticum aureum which live in here. This is because in MTMF

the physical condition support it with the existiny swamp for they life. This is an

uniqueness for MTMF ecosystem in West Timor. Futher research is needed to find

out the affect of environment factors to their life. Mangrove ecosystem does not have

fern species.

Based on cytology of Drynaria sparsisora which live on different ecosystem

(savanna and mixed tropical monsoon forest), does not have different chromosome

number, at both ecosystem types with the chromosome number 2n = 74. Adiantum

cuneatum which show at different ecosystems, (savanna and mixed tropical monsoon

forest) does not have different chromosome number, at both ecosystem with

chrornosorne number 2n = 60. Christella parasitica has the same chromosome

number 2n = 140, in two ecosystem types (savanna and mixed tropical monsoon

forest). Pteris vittata at three different ecosystem does not have different

chromosome number, 2n = 116; Nephrolepis biserrata has chromosome number 2n

(119)

The making of cytology preparate of Adiantum cuneafum, Cristella

purasifica. Diynaria sparsisora, Nephrolepis biserrata, and Pteris viftata are a new

record for chromosome number which come from West Timor, because the research

about chromosome number of these species has not been done before. Chromosome

number of Christellaparasitica is the new cytological record.

1

MTL 111

1

MTL 112

I

No

1. Adiantum cuneafurn

Savanna

2n = 60

I I

I

parasitica

sparsisora

Mixed Tropical Monsoon forest 2n = 60

biserrata

I

MTL 124,125

1

MTL 126

I

MTL 127 Montane

2n = 140 MTL 113,114 2n = 74

[image:119.567.28.494.29.554.2]

5.

Table 1. Chromosome number of pteridophytes at the three ecosystem type of West T i o r

2n = 140 MTL 115,116 2n = 74

MTL117,118 2n = 82

Pferis viftafa

MTL119

2n = 82 2n = 82 MTL120,121

2n= 116

MTL122 2n= 116

(120)

[image:120.524.73.487.49.702.2]

Fig. 2. Chromosome number of pteridophytes at two ecosystem types;

a.

savanna

ecosystem type;

b.

mixed

tropical monsoon forest ecosystem type,

1. m apmisora 2n = 74

(121)

Fig.

3.

Chromosome number of Pterydophytes

at hr-t

ecosystem type; a. savanna

ecosystem

type,

b. mixed tropical monsoon forest ecosystem type, c. montane

ecosystem

type

[image:121.524.73.483.49.672.2]

(122)

Distribution

(123)

[image:123.570.54.474.100.744.2]

Table 1. List of pteridophytes species at West Timor.

As listed in table I., there are two species tolerant in three

ecosystem types namely Nephrolepis biserrata and Pteris vittata, six species tolerant

in two ecosystems those are Adiantum cuneatum, Asplenium nidus, Christella

parasitica, Davalia sollida, Drynaria sparsisora, and Sphaerostephanos unitus.

Many species only tolerant in one ecosystem types, 5 species tolerant only in

savanna ecosystem, 19 species tolerant only in mixed tropical monsoon forest

(124)

Taxonomy

Key to the genera of Pteridophytes in West Timor

1 a

.

Aquatic ferns

...

2

b

.

Terestrial ferns

...

3 2 a

.

Leaves pinnate

...

1

.

Achrostichum

b

.

Leaves tripinnatifid

...

8

.

Ceratopteris 3 a

.

Tree-ferns

...

12

.

Cyathea b

.

Herbaceous ferns

...

4 4 a

.

Epiphytes

...

5

b

.

Terestrial

...

14

5 a

.

Leaves simple

...

6 b

.

Leaves lobed, simply pinnate

...

7

6 a

.

Rhizome scales latticed

...

8

b

.

Rhizome scales not latticed

...

9 7 a

.

Sori linear or oblique to midrib

...

4

.

Aspleniurn b

.

Sori linear along the submarginal vein

...

36

.

Vittaria

8 a

.

Fertile fronds acrostichoid

...

10 b

.

Fertile fronds not acrostichoid

...

11 9 a

.

Sporangia confined to the narrow apical part of frond

...

6

.

Belvisia b

.

Sporangia over whole surface of frond

...

12 10 a

.

Sori close to each side of the midrib, not terminal on the veins

...

26.Oleandra b

.

Sori near edge, terminal on the vein

...

21

.

Humata 11 a

.

Distinct "neast leaves" at the base

...

17.Drynaria

.

b

.

Leaves all slmllar

...

13 12 a

.

Lamina simple, sori round or linear

...

30.Pyrrosia

b

.

Lamina variously, dichotomously divided, sori forming large

(125)

13 a

.

Sori whole of fionds or medial veins

...

32.SeNiguea b

.

Sori only at the margin of frond

...

13 Davallia

...

14 a

.

Rhizome scales not latticed 15

b

.

Rhizome scales latticed

...

16 15 a

.

Double son not connected at their distal ends

...

15.Diplazium b

.

Double sori connected at their distal ends

...

5Athyrium

...

16 a

.

Fronds pinnate 17

...

b

.

Fronds pinnatifid 19

.

17 a

.

Pinnae joint to the rachis

...

25 Nephrolepis b

.

Pinnae not joint to the rachis

...

18 1 8 a

.

Basal pinnae deeply lobed, basal basiscopic lobe not largest

...

20.Heterogonium b

.

Basal pinnae lobeb or not; if lobeb basal basiscopic lobed largest

...

34.Tectaria 19 a

.

Fonds bipinnate

...

20 b

.

Fronds tripinnate or more divided

...

.'.

...

22

20 a

.

Son quite continuous along edge

...

16.Doryopteris b

.

Sori otherwise

...

21 21 a

.

Sori terminal on the veins

...

11.Ctenopteris b

.

Sori not terminal on the veins

...

28.Pleocnemia 22 a

.

Primary rachis - branches forked

...

23

b

.

Primary rachis not forked

...

25 23 a

.

The whole rachis covered by short pina

...

14.Dennsraedtia

...

b

.

The whole rachis not covered by short pina 24 24 a

.

Lateral veins simple or once forked

...

19.Gleichenia b

.

Lateral veins forked at least twice

...

26

(126)

26 a. Lamina simple

...

27

...

b. Lamina pinnately divided 28

27 a. Pinnae sessile oblique

...

29. Pteris b. Pinnae deeply lobed

...

29 28 a. Sori median or supramedian on vein

...

33.Sphaerostephanos b. Sori terminal on the vein

...

23. Microlepia 29 a. Frond monomrphic or dimorphic

...

30 b. Frond simple

...

3 1 30 a. Sori on the surface of reflexed marginal flaps

...

2. Adiantum

b. Sori on the surface not protected by reflexed margin

...

32 31 a. Leaves very small, imbricate, oblong

...

31. Sellaginela

b. Leaves numerous small, not imbricate, linear-lanceolate

...

22. Lycopodium 32 a. Sori confined to the pinnae lobes

...

3. Amphineuron

b. Sori distributed unlobed parts of the pinne

...

33

33 a. Sori median or supramedian

...

9 . Christella b. Sori parallel to the midrib or on the veins

...

34 34. a. Sori in one to several irregular rows between costa to margin

...

24Microsorium b. Son at the ends of margin

...

35 35 a. Lamina largest, deltoid, bipinnate

...

18.Dryopteris b. Lamina small, linearis, tripolitea

...

:.

...

35.Trichomanes

I. Achrosticum Linnaeus. Sp. PI., 2 : 1068 (1753)

Stock stout, erect, covered with large scales and bearing thick fleshy street-

roots which have a loculiar cortex. Scales broad, not peltate at the base, not hairy.

Fronds large, simply pinnae; pinnae stalked, narrowly oblong or lanceolate, fleshy,

the lower ones always sterile, a varying proportion of upper ones fertile. Fertile

pinnae somewhat smaller than sterile, the whole lower surface covered with

(127)

1. Achrosticum aureum Linn. Spec. PI. 2: 1069, 73. (1753). Bedd., Handb. 440; Holttum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2(1966) 409.

Rhizome erect, densely covered by scales all over. Stipe up to 35 cm long, dark brown and scaly at the base. Lamina up to 2 m, oblong, simply pinnae; pinnae up to 90 cm long, base narrowly cuneate, oblique, margin entire. Pinnae many, simple, only the upper ones fertile. Sterile pinnae oblique; fertile pinnae shaped like sterile but smaller. Texture coriaceous, pinnae glabrous all over above and below. Sori acrostichoid.

Distribution and ecology. A pantropic species. It is abundant in mangrove in all parts of Malaya (Holttum, 1966). West Timor it grows in mixed tropical monsoon forest, it grows on terrestrial swamp on open places, at elevation 500 m sea level. Uses. In Malaya and Bomeo, the rhizome is pounded and grated and is applied as a paste to wounds and boils. Fertile fronds are used for syphilitic ulcers in Bomeo, Rhizome usehizome used for and bladder complaints in China (Manicham, 1992), in Timor the leaves used for the vegetable and for the roof.

Specimen examined. MTL 006; 009.

2. Adianturn Linnaeus Sp. PI. : 1094 (1753)

Rhizome creeping or suberect. Scales usually narrow, not peltate at the base, concolorous. Stipe slender, nearly black, often polished, sometimes more or less hairy. Frond simply pinnate to tripinate, sometimes almost dichotomously branched. Leaflets fan-shaped to parallelogram shaped, subentire or more or less deeply lobed. Sori on the under surface of small reflexed marginal flaps, the sporangia attached along the veins which are continued into flaps.

Key to the species

(128)

2 a. Fronds rooting by apical bud, pinnae densely hairy all over

...

A. caudatum b. Fronds not rooting by apical bud, pinnae glabrous

...

3 3 a. Pinnae on slender stalks; stalks to 1 cm or more long

...

A. philippense

...

b. Pinnae almost sessile :. 4

4 a. The young leaves many brown colour

...

A. cuneatum b. The young leaves not brown colour

...

A. soboliferum 2. Adiantum philippense L., Sp. PI. 1094. (1753). - A. Iunulatum Brun., Fl. Ind.

235. (1768). Bedd,. Handb. 82; Holttum, Rev. Fl. Mal. 2 (1966) 598.

Stock short, erect or suberect, bearing a tuft of fionds. Stipes nearly black,

polished, grooved, glabrous, 10

-

26 cm long. Fronds 10 - 30 cm long. Simply

pinnae, alternate pinnae on each side of rachis. Leaflets born on slender black stalks,

the lowest stalks longest, pinnae 2-3 cm long and 1-1,s cm wide. Texture thin. Sori

rounded and entire the lobes.

Distribution and Ecology. Throughout the tropics of the Old World; Malaya; Java (Holltum, 1966).In West Timor : it is grows on rocks in open places, in mixed

tropical monsoon forest, at elevation 600 m sea level.

Uses. This species usually for the ornamental species.

Specimens examined. MTL 028% 028b, 032a, 032b; Jaag 110,679, 1344.

3. Adiantum hispidulum Sw., Schrad. Journ. 180012 : 82. (1801). Bedd., Handb. 86; F. S. I. T. 3; Holttum, Rev. FI. Mal. 2 (1966) 603.

Stock short, erect or suberect, bearing many fronds close together. Stipe slender,

nearly black, more or less scaly towards base, up to 40 cm long. Fronds

dichotomously branched, the basal dichotomy not quite equal; each primary branch

forked again and the outer branch of the second forking forked once or twice again,

the whole fiond up to 25 cm long. Texture thin but

firm.

Son on circular reflexed

flaps attached at the base of small sinuses in the upper and outer edges of the leaflets

(129)

Distribution. From east Africa and Southern India, through Malaysia to Polynesia

and New %eland, Java (Holttum, 1966).In West Timor grows in montane, at elevation

1550-1600 m sea level.

Uses. For the ornamental plants.

Specimens examined. MTL 072; 108; Forbes 3593; 3476; Teysmann 16408; Jaag

1 13 1, 1 126; Afriastini 1596 A.

4. Adiantum caudatum L., Mantissa 308 (1771). Bedd., Handb. 83; Holttum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2 (1966) 599.

Rhizome short, erect, bearing a dense tuft of fronds. Stipes up to 7 cm long, dark purple to nearly black. Fronds up to 22 cm long, simply pinnae with many close

subsessile pinnae. Texture of pinnae thin but stiff; both surfaces more or less densely

hairy. Sori on the apices of the lobed, the reflexed flaps almost circular or somewhat

elongate.

Distribution. Very widely in the Old World tropics, from Africa to the Pacific;

Malaya (Holltum, 1966). In West Timor grows

in

mixed tropical monsoon forest, at

elevation 600 m sea level.

Specimens examined. MTL 38; Holltum 20497; Borsum 2538

5. Adiantum cuneatum Langsd. Et Fisch., PI. Vot. Russes Monde 23, T. 26. (1810) nom. Illeg.

Rhizome short, creeping, pale brown. Stipes compact, 17 - 22,s cm long, dark

brown to black, flexible if dark brown, scaly at the base. Fronds 15 - 22 cm long.

Lamina deltoid

-

ovate, 3,5 - 8,5 cm long, usually tripinnate, very rarely

quadripinnate. Texture thin herbaceous. Sori two to seven to each pinnule, rounded or

reniform, born at the semiorbicular or circular notches.

Distribution. Throughout Tropical area. In West Timor it is grows in two ecosystem

type savanna and mixed tropical monsoon forest, at elevation 200-600 m sea level.

(130)

Specimens examined. MTL 11, 14a, 14b; Jaag 1070; Backer 2472. Cytology. 2n = 60 (MTL 11 1,112).

Adianrum soboliferum Wall. apud. Hk., Spec. Fil. 2 : 13 (1851);

-

Adiantum metteni Kuhn., Fil. Afi. 65. (nom. Nud.); Hk. Et Bdk., Syn. Fil. Ed. 2 472 (1874); Holttum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2 (1966) : 298.

Stock short, erect or suberect, bearing a tuft of fronds. Stipes 2,5 - 10 cm long, nearly black, polished, grooved, glabrous. Fronds 10

-

20 cm long. Simply pinnate. Rachis and pinnae stalk with shoot crisped hairs on the upper. Lowest pinnae broader, less crescent - shaped. Texture thin. Sori shorter, rounded and entire the lobes.

Distribution. Throughout the Tropics of the Old World, Northern Malaya. (Holttum, 1966). In West Timor grows in mixed tropical monsoon forest, at elevation 500 m sea level.

Specimens examined. MTL 12,16a, 16b; Posthumus 3681,3418; Forbes 3753.

3. Amphineuron Holtturn

Blumea 19 : 45 (1971); Blumea 23 : 205 (1977)

Caudex erect, short - long creeping; scales narrow, setiferous. Stipe minutely hairy, scaly at the base. Lamina often very large, pinnate, pinna in most species deeply lobed; basal pinnae much narrowed at the bases; aerophores at the bases of pinnae, usually narrowly elliptic and discolored; not swollen; veins pinnae in the pinnae lobes, simple, basal veins either free and passing to the margin separately. Sori in most species median or supramedian.

Key to the species

1 a. Rhizome long creeping

...

A. terminans

b. Rhizome short creeping

...

2

2 a. Basal pinnae reduced

...

A.

opulentum

(131)

7. Amphineuron immersum (Bl.) Holltum in Nayar and Kaur, Comp. To Bedd. (1974). 203; Holttum, Fl. Mal. 1 (1959) 547.

Rhizome erect. Stipe 29-39 cm long, green when living. Fronds 31 - 55 cm long.

Lamina 5,s - 17 cm long, and 1 - 2,l cm wide, fertile at a much smaller size; pinnae

close, drying pale - olivaceous, lobed 2 mm from costa, lobes, except distally, almost at right angles to costa, separated by wide sinuses; upper surface with hairs on costae.

Texture thin. Son supramedial, in depressions in the lamina.

Distribution. Assam, Hainan, Southern Thailand; throughout Malesia; Queensland; New Hebrides, New Caledonia (Holttum, 1959). In West Timor grows in mixed

Specimens examined. MTL 13a, 13b, 15a,15b; de Voogd 2047; Meijer 10609.

8. Amphineuron opulentum (Kaulf.) Holttum. Blumea 19 (1971). 45; Holttum, F1. Mal. I (1959) 548.

Caudex short - creeping. Stipe 26 cm long, rufescent. Fronds 32

-

38 cm long.

Lamina 6 - 11 cm long, and

1

- 1,5 cm wide, a pair of much - reduced basal pinnae;

apex of frond narrowly acurninate, deeply lobed in its basal part and grading into the

upper pinnae; lobed of pinnae 4 rnm from costa.

Sori confined to lobes of pinnae, supramedial, in slight depressions.

Distribution. East Africa; Seychelles; S. India and Ceylon; Burma, Thailand; Malesia; N. Queensland; island of the Pacific to Tahiti; naturalized at various places

in tropical America Holttum, 1959). In West Timor grows in savanna, at elevation

250 m sea level.

(132)

9. Amphineuron terminans (Hook.) Holltum. In Am. Fern. J. 63 : 82. (1973); Holttum, F1. Mal. 1 (1959) 545.

Rhizome creeping. Stipes up to 40 cm long, flushed dull reddish, glabrescent abaxially, basal scales, dark brown and denselly scaly at the base, glabrous above. Frond up to 60 cm long. Lamina 10-24 cm long, 1- 2,l cm wide, apex acuminate edges, lobed 5

mm

fron costa. Texture herbaceous; thin, soft. Sori close to margins of lobes, not on lower veins.

Distribution. Ceylon and S. India; Burma to Hainan and Macao; throughout Malesia; Queensland. (Holltum, 1959). In West Timor grows in savanna, at elevation 300 m sea level.

Specimens examined. MTL 43a, 43b; Jaag 272,266,305; Posthumus 3 109.

4. Asplenium Linnaeus Sp. P1.2 : 1078 (1753)

Rhizome stout, erect or short creeping, bearing a close group of stipes or rossete of fronds at apex, epiphytic; scales usually small, thin dark and clathrate. Stipes black, dark purplish - brown. Fronds simple, pinnae or more finely disected, with free veins. Lamina pinnate; pinnae narrowly cuneate at the lower base and cuneate or truncate at the upper base; the apex subtruncate or narrowed gradually to long acuminate from the base. Sori usually rather long, along and on the auricle.

Key

to the species.

1 A. nidus

b. Frond otherwise

...

2 2 a. Stipe and rachis scaly

...

A. aethiopichum

b. Stipe and rachis glabrous

...

3 3 a. Pinnae narrowly lobed

...

A. polydodon

(133)

10. Asplenium nidus L. Spec. PI. 2 : 1079 (1753).; Holltum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2 (1966) 419.

Rhizome stout, erect, with thin dark clatrate, scales 2

-

3 cm long and 0,2 - 0,5 cm wide, bearing a rossete of fronds at apex, and below with numerous hairy roots. Stipes black, 2 - 3 cm. Fronds simple, to about 90 cm long. Narrowed gradually and acuminate to the apex. Prominent midrib raised on the lower surface. Texture of frond coriaceous. Sori linear, long, on both lateral vein branches.

Distribution and Ecology. Tropics of the Old World (Holttum, 1966). In West Timor this species is altitudinally widespread. It grows epiphytically on trees, in mixed tropical monsoon forest and montane, at elevation 600-1800

m

sea level. The species rare.

Uses. It is used as a deputative and sedative in Philippines (Dixit and Vohra 1986); also used as ornamental plaiting (Fosberg 1942).

Specimen examined. MTL 22,47.

11. Asplenium aetiophicum (Bum. f.) Bechere in caudoliea, 6: 23 (1935).

Rhizome erect or suberect, densely clothed by scales inter mingled with long wooly hairs. Stipes 0,5 - 28 cm long, dark brown, densely clothed by scales on hairs. Fronds 17 cm long. Lamina bipinnate. Texture subcoriaceous; abaxial and adaxial side of the pinnae and rachis densely covered by long, slender, soft scales. Sori up to

1 cm long. narrowing at the ends.

Distribution. South India (Palni, Kolli, Shavaroy hills). In West Timor it grows in montane, in shaded places, at elevation 1500 m sea level.

Specimen examined. MTL 63; Posthumus 3576

12. Asplenium normale Don. Prodr. F1. Nepal. 7 (1825); Holttum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2 (1966) 436.

(134)

7- 25 cm long, 1,5-2,5 cm wide. Pinnae 1-1,4 cm long. The upper base truncate an

slightly auricle, the lowes base narrowly cuneate, the apex subtruncate. Texture of

pinnae thin but finn. Sori one on the auricle and a few other on distal part of the pinnae.

Distribution. East Africa, Tropical Asia, Polynesia to Hawai (Holtturn, 1966). In

West Timor grows in montane ecosystem type, in shaded places, at elevation 1700-

1800 m sea level.

Specimens examined. MTL 87,94; JPM 579; Surbeck 88.

13. Aspleniumpolyodon G. Foster. Prod. 80. (1786); sledge, Bot. J. Soc. 84 : 4 (1982)

Rhizome erect. Stipes tufted 16

-

25 cm long, dark brown to black, scaly at the

base, soft, pale brown. Fronds 15 - 64 cm long. Lamina lanceolate. Terminal pinnae

trilobed or bilobed. Texture subcoriaceous. Son linear, median or submedian along

the veins, paralllel, uniformly distributed.

Distribution. South India, North Africa, Madras. In West Timor grows in mixed tropical monsoon forest, at elevation 600 m sea level.

Uses. The plant is used in enlargement of the spleen, incontinence of urine, calculus,

jaundice and malaria in Noah Africa and Madras (Manicham, 1992).

Specimens examined. MTL 26a, 26b; 33.

5. Athyrium Roth Tent. F1. Germ. 3 : 58 (1799)

Rhizome short, erect, fairly stout, bearing a tuft of fronds; scales pale to dark not

laticed

,

edges entire or toothed. Stipes relatively stout, bearing papillae or spines near the base or throughout. Lamina simple to bipinnate, broadly ovate to oblong-

lanceolate, thin; pinnae pale or dark green, glabrous. Texture herbaceous. Sori

(135)

14. Athyrium asperum (Bl.) Milde, Bot. Zeit. (1970) 353; Holttum, Rev. Fl. Mal. 2

(1966) 571.

Rhizome erect, stout. Stipes stout, to about 75 cm long, clothed thickly at the

base. Lamina bipinnate, to about 47 cm long, 18 cm wide, shortly stalked at the

pinnae; apex acuminate, lobes slightly oblique. Rachiles and costae glabrescent, the

costae sometimes with small narrow scales. Texture thin to firm. Sori present on almost all veins, from the base half-way or more to the edge.

Distribution. Malaya, North Siam, Hainan, Philippines, New Guinea (Holttum

1966). In West Timor grows in montane, at elevation 1700 m sea level.

Specimens examined. MTL 103a, 103b, 105a,105b.

6. Belvisia Mirbel

Hist. Nat. Gen. 4 : 65 (1803); Copel, Gen. Fil. : 191 (1947)

Rhizome short, creeping; brown scales, entire. Central cells thickwalled. Fronds

scattered. Stipes articulated to rhizome. Lamina linear, narrowed to apex and base,

glabrous. Spike continuous with lamina constricted, broad to linear. Sori close to the

midrib and covering the entire lamina when ripe.

15. Belvisia validinervis (Kunze.) Copel., Gen. Fil. (1947) 192; Fern F1. Philipp. 3 (1960) 467; Holttum, Fl. Mal. 3 (1998) 32.

Rhizome creeping, internodes 0,3 - 0,6 cm long, 3

m m

thick, brown scales,

entire, central cells thick - walled, marginal cells thinwalled. Fronds subsessile to

clearly stalked, 9-35 cm long. Stipes between 3-6 cm long. Lamina linear 8-17,5 cm

long, 0,3-0,5 cm wide, narrowed to apex and base, glabrous. Spike continuous with

lamina constricted, broad to linear. Sori close to the midrib and covering the entire

lamina when ripe.

Distribution. Throughout Malesia, New Ireland, New Hebrides, New Caledonia

(Hovenkamp & Franken, 1993). In the West Timor in Mutis montane it is grows

epiphytically on trees, at the altitude 1500 - 1600 m sea level.

(136)

7. Botryciwn Swartz

Schrd. J. Bot. 1800 (2) : 8. 110 (1801)

Small to median plants, rhizome subteranean, tuberous with thick fleshy, wiry,

roots. Stipes solitary fleshy. Lamina divided into three bi or tripinnatifid branches,

veins forked, free; lamina pubescent below or on both side. Sporangia born on a

separate tripinnate spike which arises on or below the sterile blade; spores trilete.

16. Bolycium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., Icon. Fil. 1: PI. 79 (1831)

Rhizome erect, solitary or tufted, young bud arising from the matured rhizome. Stipe about 28 cm long, pale green, fleshy, plicate when

dry.

Fronds 1 1 - 17 cm long. Lamina angulate - ovate or deltoid, pale green; divided into three primary sterile

branches, each sterile branch bipinnatifid or tripinnatifid,

with

1

-

2 cm long stalk.

Pinnae 2 -- 4,5 cm long, margin lobed. Texture soft herbaceous. Sporangia born in

groups or in two alternate rows in the ultimate segments, spores pale green.

Distribution.Palni Hills, South India (Manicham, 1992). In West Timor it is grows

in montane, in shaded places, at elevation 1500- 1800 m sea level.

Specimen examined. MTL 75,91.

8. Ceratopteris Brongniart

Bull. Sc. Soc. Philom. Paris 8 : 186 (1821)

Aquatic plants. Stock short, erect, bearing a rossete of leaves. Scales an stock -

apex and young fronds thin, translucent with dark lateral cell - walls. Stipes fleshy, rounded and ribbed on the abaxial side, flattened and smooth on the adaxial side.

Fronds dimorphous, sterile fronds bipinnatifid with broad lobes. Fertile fronds more

deeply dissected,

with

narrow lobes.~Sporangia solitary, scattered along the veins.

(137)

17. Ceratopteris thalichoides (L.) Brongn. Bull. Soc. Philom. (1821) : 86. Bedd., Handb. 123; Holttum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2 (1966) 578.

Aquatic plants; stock erect or suberect, bearing, thich fibrous or fleshy. Whole plants light green. Stipes up to 17 cm long. Fronds arranged in rossete, fleshy, pale green. Sterile fronds shorter than fertile, deeply bipinnatifid, the lobes of the pinnae lobed again. Fertile fronds up to 45 cm bipinnatifid, edges of the lamina of pinnules thin and translucent, colourless. Texture soft herbaceous. Spores trilete.

Distribution. Throughout the lowland of Malaya (Holttum, 1966). In West Timor it is grows in swamp places in mixed tropical monsoon forest, at elevation 500 sea level.

Uses. Rhizome and roots are used by tribals

as

a general tonic (Dixit 1959). The santhals prescribe a preparation from the roots for sickness attributed to witchcraft or the evil (Manicham & Irudayaraj 1992). In Timor the young fronds used as vegetable. Specimen examined. MTL 007.

9. Christella Lev

Fl. Kouy-tcheou : 472 (1915) emend. Holttum, Blumea 19 :43 (1971); Taxon 20 :533(1971).

Rhizome erect, suberect or creeping, slender and wide-creeping; scales almost always narrow with many superficial hairs. Fronds simply pinnate, stipes adaxially grooved, abaxially rounded. Lamina in almost pairs of lower pinnae gradually decrescent. largest pinnae shallowly to deeply lobed, bearing erect acicular hairs on all parts of the lower surfaces, margin entire. Son round, median or supramedian on veins indusiate.

ey to the species

1 a. Lower pinnae not or hardly reduced

...

Ch. Parasitica

b. Lower pinnae reduced

...

2 2 a. Hairs on lower surface of costae

...

Ch. Papilio

(138)

3 a. Rhizome long creeping

.

. .

. . .

...

.. .

...

.

. . ...

. . .

. .

...

. .. . . .

. .

. . .

Ch. arida b. Rhizome short creeping

. .

. . .

.

. . . .... . . ... ...

.

. . . ....

Ch subpubescent

18. Chrisrella parasitica (L.) Lev. F1. Kouytcheou (1915) 475; Holttum, F1. Mal. 1 (1959) 559.

Rhizome short to long creeping, rhizome scales linear-lanceolate. Stipes to about

40 cm long, copicuously hairy. Lamina to about 68 cm long, rachis copicuosly

covered by hairs; pinnae up to 17 cm long, 2,3 cm wide, opposite at the base, sub

opposite or alternate at the distal part, magin lobed, costae densely covered by hairs

above and below, dark green. Texture thin. Son medial or supramedial on the veins. Distribution. Wetter parts of tropics and subtropics of Asia, throughout Malesia;

Queensland; Pacific to Tahiti and Hawai; E. Africa, St. Helena (Holttum, 1959). In

West Timor it is grows

in

open places, in mixed tropical monsoon forest, at elevation

600 m sea level

Specimens examined. MTL 3a, 3b, 3c; Posthumus 3942; Surbeck 33% 33b.

Cytology. 2 n = 140(MTL 113, 114, 115, 116)

19. Christellapapilio (Hope.) Holttum in Nayar & Kaur, Comp. To Bedd (1974) 208; Holttum (1959) 556.

Rhizome short creeping, erect, scales lanceolate. Stipes to about 9-24 cm long,

minutely hairy. Lamina to about 62 vm long, pinnae gradually decrescent, broadly

triangular strongly auricled on acroscopic base, margins above base shallowly lobed,

apex acurninate with short cauda edges lobed 0,5 cm to costae, pinnae pale green,

glabrous all over above and below. Son medial.

Distribution. Southern India and Ceylon; N.E. India, Thailand; Malesia : to northern

Malaya (~olttum; 1959). In West Tirnor it is grows in mixed tropical monsoon forest

on sloping grown at elevation 600 m sea level.

(139)

20. Christella arida (D.Don.) Holttum in Nayar & Kaur, Comp. To Bedd. (1974) 206; Holttum, (1959) 555.

Rhizome long creeping. Stipes to about 29 cm long, glabrous except in groove, basal scales narrow. Lamina to about 18 cm long, 1,4 cm wide Texture very

firm.

Sori medial lower ones divergent.

Distribution. N.W. India to Southern China, Thailand & Viatnam; throughout Malesia : N. Queensland, New Hebrides, New Caledonia, Fiji, Samoa (Holttum, 1959). In West Timor it is grows in mixed tropical monsoon forest, at elevation 600 m sea level.

Specimens examined. MTL 17; Jaag 315,2047; Holttum 21 124; Kato 6802.

21. Christella subpubescent (B1.) Holttum, Webbia 30 (1976); Holttum, (1959) 558.

Rhizome short-creeping. Stipes short, minutely hainy. Lamina varying much in size, to about 60 cm long. 1 cm wide; lower surface of rachis, costae and costules bearing minute hairs, upper surface of costae bearing

hairs,

scattered longer hairs sometimes present on costules and veins, minute suberect hairs usually present between veins. Texture papyraceous. Sori medial.

Distribution. N.E. India to S.W. China, Burma, Thailand, Vietnam; throughout Malesia : N. Queensland, New Hebrides, Fiji (Holmun,1959). In West Timor shade in mixed tropical monsoon forest, also in slightly shaded places elswhere in lowlands, at elevation 500 m sea level.

Specimens examined. MTL 004,006; Jaag 3942; Surbeck 33% 33b.

10. Ctenitis C. Chr. & Ching.

Bull.

Fan.

Mem. Inst. Biol. 8 : 375 (1938); Holttum, Blumea 31 : 1-38 (1935)

Stock short. Fronds rather amply divided with kee veins, the lowest basiscopic vein of a group springing from the costule, not from the costa; bases of upper pinnae

(140)

22. Ctenitis vilis (Kze,) Ching, Bull. Mem. Inst. Bot. 8 : 290. (1938); Holttum, Rev. F1. Mal. 2 (1966) 496; Blumea 31 (1985) 20.

Stock short, erect. Stipes up to 35 cm long, dloted throughout with very short jointed brown hairs and with numerous hair - like dark scales. Fronds up to 32 cm

long. Lamina 10-42 cm long, bipinnate, all rather oblique the lowest longest and

differing from the others in having the basal basiscopic pinnules much longer than the

corresponding acroscopic pinnules, deeply lobed, with the basal lobes free. Pinnae

shortly stalked, the basal pair of pinnules free, one sorus being usually present near

the base of the acroscopic branch.

Distribution. Malaysia. Holttum, (1966). In West Timor it is grows in mixed

Specimens examined. MTL 36,41a, 41b

11. Ctenopterk Blume Bot. Zeit. 4 : 425 (1846)

Fronds pinnate with pinnae broadly adnate to the costa, the lower pinnae

gradually reduced; surfaces more or less hairy, hairs reddish. Sori terminal on the

veins, receptacle often elongate, deeply obliquelly immersed in cavities opening at or

near the edge of the lamina.

23.

Ctenopterisficscata

(BI.) Kze., Bot. Zeit. (1846) : 425; Holttum, Rev.

F1.

Mal. 2 (1 966) 227.

Rhizome short, erect, 0,6 cm thick; scales 0,4 cm long. Stipes 1 - 3 cm long, scaly. Fronds up to 16 cm long. Pinnae separated reduced towards base of fronds;

pinnae oblong, slightly oblique, edges entire, apex rounded. Texture fleshy, upper and

lower surfaces throughout bearing scattered hairs like those on the rachis. Sori litlle,

(141)

Distribution. Sumatra to Philippines (Holttum, 1966). In West T i o r it is grows in

forest in montane, at elevation 1700-1800 m sea level.

Specimen examined. MTL 106,114.

12. Cyathea Smith

Smith, Mem. Ac. Turin 5 (1793); Swartz, Syn. Fil. (1806)

Tree ferns. Stipes glaucus, roughed at the base and short spiny; purplish, almost

black, dark

-

brown or dark; scales pale brown, dark shining. Main rachis pale,

glabrescent; rachises purplish, subglabrous below and dark hairy above, smooth an

lower surfaces; pinnae lowest reduced; pinnules of middle pinnae unequal truncate at

the base and acute at the apex, sessile, rounded A d slightly toothed; veins 3 - 12

pairs, mostly forked. Sori near or close

The Fern of West Timor East Nusa Tenggara

WEST TIMOR

EAST NUSA

Achrosticum (1 species), Adiantum (5 species), Amphineuron (3 species), Asplenium

ABSTRAK

Amphineuron (3 jenis), Asplenium

SURAT PERNYATAAN

EAST NUSA TENGGARA

Thesis submitted for the Master Degree At

THE POST GRADUATE PROGRAM BOGOR INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE

Thesis Title : THE FERN OF WEST TIMOR EAST NUSA TENGGARA

CURRICULUM VITAE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Frans,

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER

LIST OF FIGURE

Objectives

METHODOLOGY

Morphology

Cytology

Fig. 1. Site of Fern inventory

RESULT

Introduction

concolor, Gleichenia linearis, Humata repens, Lycopodium proliferum, Microlepia

parasitica

savanna

ecosystem type;

mixed

1. m apmisora 2n = 74

Chromosome number of Pterydophytes

Distribution

parasitica, Davalia sollida, Drynaria sparsisora, and Sphaerostephanos unitus.

Key to the species

1 A. nidus

16. Bolycium lanuginosum Wall. ex Hook. & Grev., Icon. Fil. 1: PI. 79 (1831)

ey to the species

hairs,

Ctenopterisficscata