LEXICAL COLLOCATION IN
THE JAKARTA POST
NEWSPAPER
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of
Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Aulia Rakhmawati Reg. Number A33213058
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
ABSTRACT
Rakhmawati, Aulia. 2017. Lexical Collocation in The Jakarta Post Newspaper. State Islamic University of SunanAmpel Surabaya
Advisor : Dr. A. Dzo’ul Milal, M.Pd
Key Word : Lexical Collocation, Articles, Jakarta Post Newspaper
This study analyzes lexical collocation in the context. The meaning of context in this study is articles of each sections (news, sports, opinion, and living) in The Jakarta Post newspaper. This study focuses on the existence and the usage of lexical collocation in non-native newspaper,The Jakarta Post.
This study also provides answers the following problems: (1) What is type of lexical collocation presented in The Jakarta Post newspaper?;And (2) How is the usage of lexical collocation inThe Jakarta Post newspaper?.
This study uses content analysis approach to getting and to analyzing the data. In addition to help analyzing data, this study also uses application dictionary ( English Collocation Dictionary IELTS ) to help researcher search and check the lexical collocation words.Thus, the analysis is based on Benson who said lexical collocation has seven types.
The finding of this study show the articles in The Jakarta Post Newspaper
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ABSTRAK
Rakhmawati, Aulia. 2017. Lexical Collocation in The Jakarta Post Newspaper. State Islamic University of SunanAmpel Surabaya
Advisor : Dr. A. Dzo’ulMilal, M.Pd
Key Word : Lexical Collocation, Articles, Jakarta Post Newspaper
Penelitian ini menganalisa lexical collocation dalam konteks. Konteks yang dimaksud dalam penelitian ini adalah artikel-artikel darisetiap rubric (berita, opini, olahraga, dan kehidupan) di koran The Jakarta Post. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk menunjukkan keberadaan dan eksistensi dari lexical collocation.
Penelitian ini juga menyediakan jawaban-jawaban dari massalah berikut: (1) Apa saja tipe-tipe lexical collocation yang dimunculkan di Koran The Jakarta Post; Dan (2) Bagaimana penggunaan lexical collocation di Koran The Jakarta Post?.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan content analysis untuk mendapatkan dan menganalisa data. Untuk membantu menganalisa data, penelitian ini juga menggunakan kamus aplikasi ( English Collocation Dictionary IELTS ) untuk membantu peneliti mencari dan memeriksa kata-kata lexical collocation yang ditemukan. Dan analisa ini berdasarkan pernyataan Benson, yang mengatakan bahwa ada tujuh tipe-tipe lexical collocation.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover... i
Inside Title... ii
Declaration... iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet... iv
Thesis Examiner’s Approval sheet... v
Motto... vi
Dedication... vii
Acknowledgment... viii
Table of Contents... ix
Abstract... xii
Abstrak... xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION... 1
1.1 Background of the Study... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problems... 8
1.3 Objectives of the Study... 9
1.4 Significance of the Study... 9
1.5 Scope of the Study... 9
x
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 11
2.1 Collocation... 11
2.2 The Usage of Collocation... 12
2.3 Categorization of Collocation... 15
2.3.1 Grammatical Collocation... 15
2.3.2 Lexical Collocation... 18
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY... 20
3.1 Research Design... 20
3.2 Data and Data Source... 20
3.3 Research Instruments... 21
3.4 Technique of Data Collection... 21
3.5 Data Analysis... 23
CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION... 25
4.1 Types of Lexical Collocation... 25
4.1.1 Lexical Collocation in News Section... 25
4.1.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion Section... 30
4.1.3 Lexical Collocation in Sports Section... 38
4.1.4 Lexical Collocation in Living Section... 44
4.2 The Usage of Lexical Collocation... 48
4.2.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion Section... 50
4.2.3 Lexical Collocation in Sports Section... 51
4.2.4 Lexical Collocation in Living Section... 52
4.2.5 Lexical Collocation inThe Jakarta PostNewspaper... 53
4.2.6 Table the Usage of Lexical Collocations inThe Jakarta PostNewspaper ... 54
4.3 Discussion... 55
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION... 59
5.1 Conclusion... 59
5.2 Suggestion... 60
REFERENCES... 62
1
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter is concerned about an overview of lexical collocation which is
presented in The Jakarta Post newspaper. In this part the researcher describes the background of the study, scope and limitation, and definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the Study
There has been some problem for L2 learners ( Second Language Learners )
to learning English. According to Sadeghi (2010), in the field of applied linguistics, a
great deal of research efforts has been dedicated to the grammatical, phonological and
orthographic aspects of language, while the lexical aspect has not aroused the same
degree of interest. The effect of this is the lacking of knowledge about L2 (second
language) lexical problems. Very little attention is paid to the syntagmatic aspect of
lexis ability of items to co-occur, otherwise known as collocation. In this sense, L2
learners often rely on their native language in trying to communicate or translate.
They assume that there always exists a one-to-one correspondence between L1 and
L2 lexical items.
This strategy may be of some help to the learner at the beginning levels of
language learning, but it is also a major cause of errors because even equivalent
lexical items do not always convey the same sense in two languages for various
reasons, including cultural differences which are reflected in the vocabulary of every
language. This false assumption causes the learners to make collocation errors.
2
learning is collocation. Meanwhile, English is full of collocations, recurrent
combinations of words that co-occur more often than expected by chance (Farrokh
2012). So, according to Tatsuya (2010), collocation will help L2 learners become
successful communicators. So, L2 learners also have to know a large number of
collocations to be able to produce and comprehend ideas accurately and fluently.
Despite of the importance of collocation, this study brings collocation into focus to
help readers of this research understand about collocation and to avoid collocation
errors.
McCarthy & O’Dell (2007) stated collocation is combination two words or
more that are often appeared and used together. Collocation appears in the whole
field of the English language such as writing and speaking. There are no spoken
English or written English which is free of collocation (Molaviet.al., 2014).
Collocation in academic writing has also has significant role recently (Peacock 2012).
Collocation is categorized into two major groups, lexical collocation and
grammatical collocation (Benson et. al 1986). A lexical collocation consists of nouns,
adjectives, verbs, or adverbs. While, a grammatical collocation consists of a noun, an
adjective, or a verb, and a preposition or grammatical structure like an infinitive or a
clause (Farrokh 2012).The researcher chooses to analyze lexical collocation. Lexical
collocation is essential to English learners when they want to speak or write naturally.
Lexical collocation is also significance to English learners and not many students
have chance to access it from native speakers and with whom they can try and
3
lexical collocation can help non-native writers and speakers of English to get
collocation’s words.
Some researches about collocation have been done by some researchers
( Chia-Lin Kuo 2009, Matthew Peacock 2012, Nafez Antonious Shammas 2013,
Parisa Farrokh and Mahboobeh Alizadeh 2013, Ahmad Molavi et. al 2014 ).
Chia-Lin Kuo( 2009 ) had examined the usage of collocation by Intermediate
EFL College Students in Taiwan. The data were 98 writing samples written by 49
students. The subjects of this study are college students who expert in English and
students who in a private language school for 4 years. Students were asked to make
an essay about four or five paragraphs (200-300 words), with the same topic in the
same genre. This research focused on lexical collocation. But, this research just
focused on two types of lexical collocation. These are V+N ,and Adj +N. This study
was conducted using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method
was used to analyze collocation error, meanwhile quantitative method was used to
calculate the frequency and the accuracy. The software that used to identify
collocations was The British National Corpus and collocation checker. This research
was aimed to students’ error and students’ struggle to use collocation words correctly.
Error analysis was adopted in this work to provide a measure of students to learning
collocation.
The result of Chia-Lin Kuo (2009) showed that students made more mistakes
with verb(V)+noun(N) collocations than with the Adjective(Adj)+Noun(N)
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to understand. It showed that many students were still lacking to acquire, to use, and
to produce collocation. The lacking of this research was limited to a small number of
students in a school which could not represent all situations. It was worthy to include
more students from different schools. And this research just focused on two types of
lexical collocation, V+N type and Adj+N.
Matthew Peacock (2012) had done a research about the high frequency
collocations of nouns in research articles across eight disciplines. In his research, he
examined how the distribution and the usage of the collocations in 320 research
articles across eight disciplines: Chemistry, Computer Science, Materials Science,
Neuroscience, Economics, Language and Linguistics, Management, and Psychology.
He used corpus-based analysis. The corpus software was WordSmith tools. This
research was aimed to find and list the highest-frequency collocations of nouns and
investigate the frequency of these collocations across eight disciplines. The finding of
Matthew Peacock (2012) showed that five disciplines showed over 50% variance
from the overall results. It was also concluded that the collocations had an important
part in the meanings and functions of the nouns. The lacking of this research was
limited to focus on collocations of noun.
Meanwhile, Nafez Antonious Shammas (2013) examined collocation used by
MA students at Arab Universities. He used questionnaires method to collect the data.
The respondents were scholars and students in Arab Universities. His research was
pointed to get understanding of the usage of collocation by students and scholars and
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Universities. The lacking of this study was the subject of the research. The subject of
the research was limited. The subject of this research was just from students in a
school which the result of this research could not represent all situations. It was
worthy to include more students from different schools. And this research did not
focus on what types of collocation that would be analyzed.
Parisa Farrokh and Mahboobeh Alizadeh (2013) have analyzed English
Grammatical Collocations in Azeri. The data of this research were five English
novels along with their Azeri translations. Those novels were classified and
summarized based on their frequencies for further analysis which come as follows.
This research was corpus-based study, both qualitative and quantitative. This study
was pointed to examine and investigate the Azeri translations of English grammatical
collocations of noun + to-infinitive and English grammatical collocation of
predicative adjective + to-infinitive. The results of the study showed that in the Azeri
translation of English grammatical collocations of noun + to-infinitive and English
grammatical collocation predicative adjective + to-infinitive , infinitive has been used
more than gerund. The advantage of this research was researcher analyzed collocation
from English translation novel by non-native country. The lacking of this study was
just analyzed grammatical collocation. To complete research above, I do research
about lexical collocation. I analyze lexical collocation inThe Jakarta Postnewspaper. And the significant of my research shows the usage of lexical collocation in
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Ahmad Molavi et. al (2014) had analyzed lexical collocation used in EFL
textbooks. The collected data were from the selected course books. The selected
course books were ranked based on corresponding categories and the occurrence of
collocations ( Interchange 2 & 3, American Headway 2 & 3, American File 2 & 3 ) .
He used corpus-based analysis and structural approach to analyze lexical collocation
that presented in EFL textbooks. The process of data collection of this research was
counting, grouping, and recording collocation units from the selected textbooks. This
research pointed the distribution of lexical collocation in EFL textbooks and focused
on pattern of lexical collocation. The finding of this research was types of lexical
collocations Noun(N)+ Verb(V) and Adjective(Adj)+Noun(N) the most presented in
this research. The lacking of this study was the subject of the research. It would be
worthy if the researcher explored the usage of lexical collocation from book which
published by non-native country. In order to know the usage of lexical collocation in
non-native country.
From some researches above, researcher does new type of collocation
research. This research focuses on all types of lexical collocations because there were
many previous studies that did not focus on what types of collocation that would be
analyzed and did not analyze all types of lexical collocations and also almost previous
researchers use subject from native English. Furthermore, this research uses
newspaper to analyze the usage of lexical collocation. Because newspaper is a serial
publication which consists of many type of articles such as news, sport, opinion and
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articles. And also to get description how the usage of lexical collocation in each kind
of the articles. Newspaper typically published daily or weekly. The researcher
analyzes all types of collocations in published English newspaper from non-native
country, The Jakarta Post. And analyzes how the usage of collocation in published English newspaper from non-native country, The Jakarta newspaper. The Jakarta Postis the most familiar English newspaper and the most English newspaper which is read by Indonesian people.
The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office in in the nation’s
capital, Jakarta. It consists from news, sport, opinion and living section (Wikipedia).
Definitely, those subjects have many articles to be analyzed. In order to know how
the usage of lexical collocation in The Jakarta Post, researcher analyzes articles in each sections (news, opinion, sport and living). Also, this research is aimed to help
Indonesian L2 learners, so it will be related if the subject of the research is from
country of the L2 learners.
The researcher analyzes the usage of lexical collocation in some articles of
online published English newspaper by non-native, The Jakarta Post which have been published in 1st-14th May 2017. The researcher analyzes lexical collocation to
help readers get know and acquire collocation’s word easily. The researcher uses The
Jakarta Post newspaper as subject of the research because The Jakarta Post is the most known English newspaper by public. And to get some types of lexical
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living).Furthermore, the researcher takes articles which have been published recently
to get the newest lexical collocation words. And, the researcher focuses on articles of
each sections (news, opinion, sport and living). So, there will be various lexical
collocations words to be analyzed and to know how the usage of lexical collocation in
each sections.
In this research, the researcher adopts content analysis approach. Content
analysis is a research methodology that examines words or phrases within a wide
range of texts such as political speeches, transcribed interviews, and published
literature (Trace, 2001). This research also uses application dictionary ( English
Collocation Dictionary IELTS ) to help researcher search and check the collocation.
So, based on the review of previous studies above. The researcher doesa new
type of research that explore those previous studies. Thus, this research explorestypes
of lexical collocations and how the usage of lexical collocation in published English
newspaper by non-native country, The Jakarta Post. And this research fills the research gap by attempting to get understanding about how the usage of lexical
collocation and to describe types of lexical collocation in published English
newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Postnewspaper.
1.2 Statement of the Problems
This study is conducted to answer the problems formulated in the following
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1. What are types of lexical collocations presented in The Jakarta Post
newspaper?
2. How is the usage of lexical collocations inThe Jakarta Postnewspaper?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
Based on the problems above, the objectives of the study are aimed :
1. To describewhat types of lexical collocations presented inpublished English
newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Post.
2. To describe and to get explanation how the usage of lexical collocation in
published English newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Post.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Lexical collocation is important to know by non-native writers and speakers
of English. This research can help readers to get description about various types of
lexical collocations. This research provides readers to knowing the existence of
lexical collocation. This research also can give explanation how the usage of lexical
collocation in each types of articles (news, opinion, sport and living).
1.5 Scope of the Study
The target of this study is to investigate and to describe the type of lexical
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collocation presented in various kind of articles (news, opinion, sport and living) and
to describe how the usage of lexical collocation of each type of articles(news, opinion,
sport, and living) in published English newspaper by non-native country,The Jakarta Post.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
Collocation
The term ‘collocation’ was from Latin verb ‘collocare’ which has meaning ‘to set in
order or to arrange’. Collocation is defined as arbitrarily restricted two or more
lexeme combination that form a whole meaning (Lewis, 1997).
Lexical Collocation
Lexical collocation is arbitrary recurrent word combination. Lexical collocation
usually consists of nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs ( Benson, 1986 ).
The Jakarta Post Newspaper
The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia. The paper is
owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara, and the head office in in the nation’s capital,
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
To support analysis, this chapter reviews several theories related to this
research. Those are collocation, the usage of collocation, categorization of collocation
and lexical collocation.
2.1 Collocation
Collocation was acquainted by Firth (1957) to describe a combination of
words that associated with each other. Collocation is one of five dimensions of
meaning (phonetic, lexical, morphological, syntactic and semantic). He also wrote
phrase “you shall know a word by the company it keeps”. Sinclair (1991) broke new
ground with his suggestions that word combinations are not random and that they
make an important contribution to the organization of language, while Hoey (1991)
contends that collocation plays an important role in lexical cohesion.Collocation is
also defined as arbitrarily restricted two or more lexeme combination that form a
whole meaning (Lewis 1997). It examines how language learners (L2) to get
understanding and to acquiring collocation word and pattern formed. Gledhill (2000)
stated that collocations are fundamental units in texts, that they validate the existence
of discourse communities, and that they are subconscious efforts to appropriate in
discipline norms. Thus, Stubbs (2002) also stated that there are semantic relations
between the node and collocates.
The same thought is emphasized by Leech (1974) but in different words.
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theassociations a word acquires on account of the meaning of words which tend to
occur in its environment. Meanwhile, Ghazala (2006) argued that collocations are
words which are usually found next to other words, or are ‘co-located’ with one
another. But, all of the definitions above the focus is placed on lexical collocation
rather than grammatical collocation.
2.2 The Usage of Collocation
Thereareseveralreasons the importance of the usage of collocation. One
reason is that collocations help learners use language, both with the development of
fluency and like native.
For developing fluency, Pawley and Syder (1983) argued that there are
hundreds of thousands of ‘lexicalized sentence stems’ that adult native speakers have
at their disposal,andsuggestthatthesecondlanguagelearnermightneedasimilar number
for native-like fluency. So, the chunked expressions allow learners to reduce
cognitive effort, to save processing time, and to have language available for
immediate use.
Meanwhile, Pawley and Syder (1983) also argued that there is usually more
than one possible way to saying something but only one or two of these ways sound
natural like a native speaker of the language. For example, ‘let me off here’ can also
be expressed as ‘halt the car’. The second sentence is strictly grammatical, but the
problem is that native speakers do not say it in that way. This unnatural language use
13
may produce grammatically correct sentences, but many of them may not sound like
native. For example, drawing on their first language, Korean students are likely to say
‘lying story’ for ‘tall story’, ‘artificial teeth’ for ‘false teeth’, ‘thick tea’ for ‘strong
tea’, etc.
Collocation in academic writing also attracted interest recently. Many writers
provided the importance of collocation,collocation has been called an essential
organizing principle of language in use (Schmitt & Carter 2004). Gledhill (2000)
stated that collocations are fundamental units in texts, that they convinced the
existence of discourse communities, and that they are subconscious efforts that took a
part in discipline norms.
Hoey (1991) stated that collocation has an important role in lexical cohesion.
Hoey (2007) examined some evidence through an analysis of the collocates of “sixty”,
“60”, “forty”, and “40” in a corpus of The Guardian newspaper text. Hoey (2007)
concluded that his analysis of these lexical units provides some evidence for such
priming and for the unexpected decisions made by writers.
Gledhill (2000) analyzed salient words which he defined as words that occur
significantly more often in one text or part of a text than another, though the research
is not confined to nouns. He reported collocations in his Pharmaceutical Corpus of
150 RAs from 22 cancer and pharmacology journals, though not focusing on nouns.
Some example collocations were “patients who had tumors” and “both accelerate and
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Ward (2007) examined common nouns and their collocations in Chemical
Engineering textbooks, and compares the collocation frequency that found in four
other engineering disciplines. The three most common nouns were “gas”, “liquid”,
and “heat”. Ward asserts that while collocations are certainly discipline specific, this
is not true of individual words. He observes that the important phrase is not “gas” but
“gas +” and that collocations are a threshold to discipline membership.
Peacock (2012) analyzed the distribution of the high-frequency collocates of
abstract nouns in 320 research articles across eight disciplines: Chemistry, Computer
Science, Materials Science, Neuroscience, Economics, Language and Linguistics,
Management, and Psychology. The result of this research showed that the
collocations express different terminology, different topics, different research
methods, and different content of discussions across the eight disciplines. In this case,
these collocations are very important part of the meanings, and therefore of the
functions, of these nouns. It was also evident that these meanings and functions often
differ by discipline, and that these meanings and functions are expressed by the
collocations.
So, those researches explain how different topics, different articles can
influence type of collocation itself. And also show what the most usage collocation
word in types of articles. In addition of analysis of this study, the writer also uses the
concept of different collocation in different themes by Peacock (2012). Thus,
researcher shows how the usage of all types of lexical collocations on each types
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2.3 Categorization of Collocation
Hsueh (2008) stated, classification of collocation has been divided into two
kinds. According to Benson (1986) collocation can be divided into two main groups,
lexical collocation and grammatical collocation.
2.3.1 Grammatical Collocation
Grammatical collocation is made up of a dominant word, such as a noun, an
adjective, or a verb, and a preposition or grammatical structure like an infinitive or a
clause. Grammatical collocation categorized the grammatical collocations into eight
groups, marked as G1 to G8. Thus, G8 collocations contained nineteen English verb
patterns. (Benson 1986).
i. G1. Noun + preposition
Example: Apathy toward
ii. G2. Noun + to infinitive
Example: He was a fool to do it.
iii. G3. Noun + that + clause
Example: He took an oath that he would do his duty
iv. G4. Preposition + noun
Example: in advance, at anchor
v. G5. Adjective + preposition
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vi. G6. Predicate adjective + to infinitive
Example: It was stupid for them to go.
vii. G7. Adjective + that + clause
Example: She was afraid that she would fail the exam.
viii. G8. There are 19 patterns:
Subject + verb + object+ to object (or) subject + verb + object + object He sent a book to his brother. He sent his brother a book.\
Subject + verb + object + to + object
They described the book to her.
Subject + verb + object + for + object (or) subject + verb + object + object
She bought a shirt for her husband. (or) She bought her husband a shirt.
Subject + verb + preposition + object (or) subject + verb + object +
preposition + object
He came by train. (or) We invited them to the meeting.
Subject + verb+ to infinitive They began to speak.
Subject + verb + infinitive He had better go.
Subject + verb + verb-ing They enjoy watching television.
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She asks me to come.
Subject + verb + object + infinitive She heard them leave.
Subject + verb + object + verb-ing I caught them stealing apples.
Subject + verb+ possessive + verb-ing Please excuse my waking you so early.
Subject + verb + (object) + that + clause They admitted that they were wrong.
Subject verb+ object + to + be + compound We consider her to be very capable.
Subject + verb + object + compound She dyed her hair red.
Subject + verb + object + object We bet her ten pounds.
Subject + verb + (object) + adverbial He carried himself well.
Subject + verb + (object) + wh-word
He wants what I want.
Subject(it) + verb + object+ to infinitive (or) subject(it) + verb + object +
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It surprised me to learn of herdecision. It surprised me that our offer was
rejected.
Subject + verb + compound (adjective or noun) She was enthusiastic. The flowers smellnice.
2.3.2 Lexical Collocation
Lexical collocation is made up of nouns, adjectives, verbs, or adverbs. There
are seven types of lexical collocations, marked as L1 to L7 (Benson 1986):
L1. Verb (donating creation or activation) + noun (pronoun or prep. phrase)
This type is consist of a verb denoting creation or activation and a noun/ a
pronoun.
Example (denoting creation): come to an agreement, compose a music
Example (denoting activation): set an alarm, launch a missile
However, not all verbs denoting creation and activation can be considered
collacable to any nouns. Combinations of verbs, such as build, cause, cook, make,
prepare, etc + nouns are limitless, their meanings are predictable. Therefore these
combinations are not considered as collocations.
L2. Verb (meaning eradication or nullification) + noun
This type is combination between verb (nullification) and noun.
Example: revoke a license, demolish a house, annul a marriage, reject an appeal,
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Some verbs denoting similar meaning and that can be used with large number
nouns are considered as free combination. For example the verb destroycan combine with almost any nouns denoting physical objects.
L3. Adjective + noun
This type is combination between adjective and noun. Thus, more than one
adjective can collocate with same noun.
Example: strong coffee, a rough estimate, strong/weak tea, kind/best regards
L4. Noun + verb
This type is combination between noun and verb. It means the verbs names an
action characteristic of the person or things designated by the noun.
Example: bees buzz, bombs explode, alarms go off, ceasefire agreement
L5. Noun + noun or Noun + of + noun
This type is combination between noun and noun. Or the lexical collocation
which indicates the unit that is associated with a noun.
Example: a pack of dogs, a herdof buffalo, a bit of advice
L6. Adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective
This type is combination between adjective and adverb, or when adverb
combine with adjective.
Example: sound asleep, hopelessly addicted, deeply absorbed, closely acquinted
L7. Verb + adverb
The last type is combination between verb combines and adverb.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This part discusses the methodology of the research. It consists of research
design, data collection, research instrument, data and data source, technique of data
collection, and data analysis.
3.1 Research Design
This study adopted content analysis approach. Content analysis was a method
used to analyze text data. Content analysis approach focused on the characteristic of
the language as communication with attention to the content or contextual meaning of
the text (Weber 1990). Content analysis also counted word to examining language
intensely and to classified large amount text into an efficient number categories that
represent similar meaning. In addition, this research also used application dictionary
(English Collocation Dictionary IELTS) to helped researcher searched and checked
the collocation.
3.2 Data and Data Sources
The data of the research was lexical collocation words used in the articles of
published English newspaper by non-native, The Jakarta Post. The data took from the articles which had been published from e-newspaper of Jakarta Post Newspaper in
1st-14thMay 2017. The researcher took 5 articles randomly from each sections (News,
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3.3 Research Instruments
The instruments of this research was human, application dictionary, table
sheet and charts. In this research, human was the instrument who collected the data
and analyzed the data. Application dictionary (English Collocation Dictionary IELTS)
helped researcher searched and checked the collocation. The table sheet helped the
researcher classified the data. The researcher also used charts to show the percentage
of the result of data.
3.4 Technique of Data Collection
Amount of The Jakarta Post newspaper available published in 1st-14th May
2017. There were about more than 100 articles. Those articles was randomly selected
from each sections (News, Opinion, Sports and Living). Those articles was 20
selected articles which each sections (News, Opinion, Sports and Living) have 5
articles as samples. And those articles was taken from online database The Jakarta Postnewspaper.
1. OpenedThe Jakarta Postnewspaper via browser. Access the newspaperwww.thejakartapost.com.
2. Accessed the database of the articles.
3. Selected the article of each sections (News, Opinion, Sports and Living)
randomly. Each section was needed 5 articles.
4. The researcher took coding based on section of the articles and date and
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Coding for articles :
NA = news articles OA = opinion article
SA=sports article LA = living article
NA1= news article 1 NA2 = news article 2 NA3= news article 3
NA4= news article 4 NA5= news article 5
OA1= opinion article 1 OA2 = opinion article 2 OA3= opinion article 3
OA4= opinion article 4 OA5= opinion article 5
SA1= sports article 1 SA2 = sports article 2 SA3= sports article 3
SA4= sports article 4 SA5= sports article 5
LA1= living article 1 LA2 = living article 2 LA3= living article 3
LA4= living article 4 LA5= living article 5
Example coding for date of articles:
D0105 = date 1, month 5 D0505= date 5, month 5 D1405=date 14, month 5
5. Identified the lexical word by underlining
Read the selected articles. Then, notice the lexical collocation words. After
23
use application dictionary (English Collocation Dictionary IELTS). The
findings were used as data.
3.5 Data Analysis
1. Categorized the lexical collocation which was found based on each types and
each section.
The type of lexical collocation
section words L11 L22 L33 L44 L55 L66 L77
news
opinion
sports
living
2. Determined and calculated. After classified the data researcher counted the
total number of every types lexical collocation (n) times a hundred percent
(100%) then divided the total number of all total data (N). The formulaThe
result explained what type of lexical collocation that was used and how the
L = ver a tive + noun L = ver eradi ation + noun L = adje tive + noun
L = noun + ver L = noun + noun
24
usage of lexical collocation in The Jakarta Post newspaper. And then, the percentage results were showed using charts.
L = ver a tive + noun
No. Type of lexical collocations
25
CHAPTER 4
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the results of the research and is divided into three
sections. The first section presents and describes the examined data from articles of
The Jakarta Post newspaper. The data found are related to the lexical collocation from articles of each sections (news, opinion, sports and living). There are some
examples to make the explanation clear. The second section consists of explanations
on the usage of lexical collocation from articles of each sections (news, opinion,
sports and living) found in The Jakarta Post newspaper and presented in terms of frequency and percentage. And the third section shows a discussion of the data found
in articles. This section presents a deep explanation about the findings of lexical
collocation from articles of each sections (news, opinion, sports and living) in The Jakarta Postnewspaper.
4.1 Types of lexical collocations
This section consists of the examined data from articles of each section (news,
opinion, sports and living) which are presented and used by The Jakarta Post
newspaper.
4.1.1 Lexical Collocation in News section
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of news section. The types are found among lexical collocation = verb (active) +
noun, lexical collocation = adjective + noun, and lexical collocation = noun + noun.
The details are be explained below.
4.1.1.1 Verb (active) + Noun
The findings show 6 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun are used in 5
news articles. But, the researcher only describes 2 findings as samples. And the rest
findings are written in the table.
(Data 1)
As one of the KPK's top investigators, Novel has led the investigationsinto several high-profile cases, such as those related to the procurement of driving simulators by the National Police and the construction of the Hambalang sports complex. (NA3:D0305)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb(active) +
noun). There is written led which is a verb collocated with noun the investigations. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot
be considered as collocation. “Investigation” can be mentioned as collocation if it is just collocated with verb such as, carry out, conduct, pursue, head, complete, lead and
launch. It is written in English Collocation Dictionary IELTS.
(Data 2)
27
It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb(active) + noun).
There is written taken which is collocated with noun a lead. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as
collocation. “Lead” is can be mentioned as collocation if it is just collocated with verb such as, give, take, follow, hold, extend, increase, play, pursue, establish,
maintain, lose and regain. It is written in English Collocation Dictionary IELTS.
Lexical collocation word
Received attention Drawn attention
Spread the message Led the investigation
4.1.1.2 Adjective + Noun
There are 34 lexical collocation = adjective + noun which are found in 5 news
articles. But, the researcher only describes 4 findings the variation of adjective +
noun. The variation is one noun can be used or collocated with different adjectives.
(Data 1)
Rizal said Islamic scholars countering the rhetoric of intolerant groups was nothing new. He mentioned respected figure Nurcholish Madjid, aka Cak Nur, as an Islamic scholar who spread the message of moderate Islam and therefore significantly contained violentreligious ideas. (NA2.D0205)
(Data 2)
28
It can be seen two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective
+ noun, religious ideas and radical ideas. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun use same nounideasbut different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective religious. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectiveradical.
(Data 3)
As Jakartans are still reeling from the most divisive gubernatorial election the city has ever seen, which exacerbated sectarianism and fanned anti-Chinese sentiments, some citizens have called on the government to protect the capital from any threat from radicals. (NA4.D0405)
(Data 4)
The gesture came a few weeks after the Jakarta runoff election, described by experts as the country’s most polarizing election with racial and religious issues overshadowing the city’s most critical problems, including education and infrastructure. (NA4.D0405)
It is presented two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective
+ noun, gubernatorial election and runoff election. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun use same noun election but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective gubernatorial. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectiverunoff.
The rest lexical collocation words adjective + noun is written in table below.
Lexical collocation word
Local communities National commission Hard line
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Former president Written examination Medical treatment
Former chairman Respected figure Public debate
High profile cases Noxious substance Colorful flower
High ranking Official announcement Islamic scholars
Religious sentiment Religious conservatism Political analyst
Religious conservatism Colorful flower Clear sign
Professional background Missing persons
4.1.1.3 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun
There are 20 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 news
articles. But, the researcher only describes 1 findings the variation of noun + noun.
The variation is the combination between noun + noun but there is “of” between them.
(Data 1)
“They include the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the Asian Species Partnership, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and EAZA Passerine TAG [Taxon Advisory Group],” said Tony, who is also director of the Indonesia Safari Park, recently. (NA1:D0105)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation (noun + noun).
30
Lexical collocation word
Conservation bodies Government official City hall
Conservation group Morning prayer Deputy governor
Conservation areas Human rights Police headquarters
Forestry minister Public support Flower arrangements
Education minister Murder case Team member
Sports complex Track records
4.1.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion section
Opinion section is second section fromThe Jakarta Postnewspaper which are analyzed by the researcher. About 67 lexical collocation words are found in 5 articles
of opinion section. The types are found among lexical collocation = verb (active) +
noun, lexical collocation = adjective + noun, lexical collocation = noun + verb,
lexical collocation = noun + noun, lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb +
adjective and lexical collocation adverb + verb. The details are be explained below.
4.1.2.1 Verb (active) + Noun
The findings show 8 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun words are used
in 5 opinion articles. But, the researcher only describes 2 findings as samples. And
31
(Data 1)
Western newspapers often report on problem identification without seeing their role in mobilizing the people to actually care and solve the problem, unlike media in another part of the world. (OA1.D0105)
It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) +
noun). There is written solve which is a verb collocated with noun the problem. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot
be considered as collocation. “Solve” only can be considered as collocation if it is combined with noun such as, case and problem. It is written in English Collocation
Dictionary IELTS.
(Data 2)
Ahok is right toappeal the verdict. (OA3.D1005)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) +
noun). There is written appealwhich is a verb collocated with noun the verdict. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot
be considered as collocation. “Verdict” is considered as collocation if it is combined
with verb, such as, consider, agree, reach, announce, deliver, enter, give, record,
return, pass, pronounce, accept, appeal, reverse, uphold and overturn.It is written in
English Collocation Dictionary IELTS.
Lexical collocation word
Raised questions Follow procedures Carrying banners
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4.1.2.2 Adjective + Noun
There are 30 lexical collocation = adjective + noun words which are found in
5 opinion articles. But, the researcher only describes 5 findings the variation of
adjective + noun. The variation is one noun can be used or collocated with different
adjectives. The rest findings are presented in table below.
(Data 1)
Reportage on major events such as general election and referendums lately has raised questions on the quality, impact and the credibility of journalism itself, along with its wide array of interests. (OA1.D0105)
(Data 2)
We’re still in the post-Jakarta gubernatorial election fever, particularly ahead of May 9, when outgoing Jakarta Governor Basuki “Ahok” TjahajaPurnama is to hear the sentence of his blasphemy trial. (OA2.0705)
It can be seen two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective
+ noun, general election and gubernatorial election. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun above use same noun election but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective general. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectivegubernatorial.
(Data 3)
There is a truth in Financial Times journalist John Lloyd's words, who states that "the decline of physical newspaper and the migration to internet media have put it into the
33
(Data 4)
Ahok has received a considerable morale boost with the thousands of flower boards arriving at City Hall, in what has become the first wave of the nation’s “flower revolution.” (OA2.D0705)
(Data 5)
Then, as the latest rally demanding the jailing of Ahok was held Friday, flower boards of the second wave were still being deployed to the headquarters of the National Police and the Indonesian Military (TNI) — partly in defiance of the burning of the boards around City Hall during May Day rallies. (OA2.D0705)
It is shown the three sentences above have lexical collocation words =
adjective + noun, big wave, first wave and second wave. And three lexical collocation adjective + noun above uses same noun wave but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective big. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjective first. And, the third lexical collocation word uses adjectivesecond.
Lexical Collocation Word
Political events Individual level Fun way
Political parties Important thing National police
Political activities Wide array Daily life
Societal change Professional standard Local government
Social criticism Mass organization Bad precedent
Practical issues Public disturbance Basic principle
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4.1.2.3 Noun + Verb
There are 2 lexical collocation = noun + verb which are found in 5 sports
articles. The findings are described below.
(Data 1)
But today thesupport comeswith many limitations. (OA2.D0705)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + verb. There
is written a noun support collocated withcomes which is a verb. “Support” can be said as collocation noun + verb if it is followed by verb, such as come, grow, rise and
fall.
(Data 2)
Ahok also asked Djarot to anticipate price increases ahead of the Islamic IdulFitri holiday in late June. (OA5.D1405)
It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + verb. There is
written a nounpricecollocated withincreaseswhich is a verb. “Price” can be said as collocation noun + verb if it is followed by verb, such as rise, drop, fall, increase, and
slump.
4.1.2.4 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun
There are 22 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 opinion
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The variation is the combination between noun + noun but there is “of” between them.
And the rest finding are presented in table below.
(Data 1)
But the fact that they preferred to take into consideration the testimony of witnesses, including clerics who had openly expressed hatred against Ahok and even sought his death, overstatements of witnesses who did not see any intention to insult Islam on the defendant’s part, shows signs of a miscarriage of justice in this trial. (OA3.D1005)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation (noun + noun).
There is written “of” between two nouns. There is statements which is noun and collocated withproblemswhich is also noun.
(Data 2)
But the fact that they preferred to take into consideration the testimony of witnesses, including clerics who had openly expressed hatred against Ahok and even sought his death, over statements of witnesses who did not see any intention to insult Islam on the defendant’s part, shows signs of a miscarriage of justice in this trial. (OA3.D1005)
It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation (noun + noun).
There is written “of” between two nouns. There is miscarriage which is noun and collocated withjusticewhich is also noun.
Lexical collocation word
Police officers News media Sociology professor
Police chief Conspiracy theory Key role
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City hall Campaign trail Security forces
Painting exhibition Law minister Flower pots
Military headquarters Deputy governor Human rights
4.1.2.5 Adjective + Adverb or Adverb + Adjective
There is 1 L6 lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective
found in 5 opinion article. The finding is described below.
(Data 1)
The revolution surely doesn’t lie in the courage to stand up against a dictator, but in a revolutionary safe way to make a statement; depending on diverse views, it’s a more timid/cowardly/ strategic/creative/peaceful/laidback and fun way than the massive — also largely peaceful — rallies against Ahok, where participants were also enjoying themselves. (OA2.D0705)
It can be seen the sentence above used L6 lexical collocation adverb +
adjective or adjective + adverb. There is written adverb largely collocated with adjective, peaceful. “Peaceful” is considered as collocation if it is combined with adverb, such as extremely, very, wholly, largely, comparatively, fairly, quiet,
reasonably, relatively, and delightfully.
4.1.2.6 Adverb + Verb
There is 4 lexical collocation adverb + verb found in 5 opinion article. The
findings are described below.
(Data 1)
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charge and had merely demanded a suspended jail term for Ahok for insulting ulema. (OA3.D1005)
It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb. There is
written adverbunanimouslycollocated with verbdeclared. “Declare” can be said as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as virtually, immediately, promptly,
formally, officially, openly, proudly, loudly, brightly, hereby and unanimously. And
there is adverb + verb combination in the sentence above merely demanded. But, it is
not a collocation because “demand” can be considered as collocation if “demand” is combined with adverb, such as aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously,
harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly and sharply.
(Data 2)
But the fact that they preferred to take into consideration the testimony of witnesses, including clerics who hadopenly expressedhatred against Ahok and even sought his death, over statements of witnesses who did not see any intention to insult Islam on the defendant’s part, shows signs of a miscarriage of justice in this trial. (OA3.D1005)
It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb. There is
written adverb openly collocated with verb expressed. “Express” is considered as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as, well, fully, openly, clearly,
cogently, exactly, concisely, and eloquently.
(Data 3)
A popular habit of Ahok and Djarot was to arrive at the office early to meet with peoplepatiently waitingin line to air their grievances directly to them. This tradition began when Jokowi was governor. (OA.D1405)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb.
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as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as, anxiously, eagerly, keenly, and
patiently.
(Data 4)
Practically all by himself, Djarot now bears the responsibility of fiercely guarding
the incumbent’s reputation that serves as a benchmark for other heads of government in Indonesia. (OA.D1405)
It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation adverb + verb.
There is written adverb fiercely collocated with verb guarding. “Guard” is considered as collocation if it is collocated with adverb, such as, well, carefully,
fiercely, and jealously.
4.1.3 Lexical Collocation in Sports section
Sports section is third section from The Jakarta Post newspaper which are analyzed by the researcher. About 35 lexical collocation words are found in 5 articles
of sports section. The types are found among L1 lexical collocation = verb (active) +
noun, L3 lexical collocation = adjective + noun, L4 lexical collocation = noun + verb,
L5 lexical collocation = noun + noun and L6 lexical collocation = adjective + adverb
or adverb + adjective. The details are be explained below.
39
The findings show 3 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun words are used
in 5 sports articles. The 3 findings are explained below.
(Data 1)
However, any change to this policy could allow football's emerging power, China, to
make a bid for the 2030 tournament, just eight years after its AFC colleague, Qatar, controversially hosts the 2022 World Cup.
It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) +
noun). There is writtenmakewhich is a verb collocated with nouna bid. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be
considered as collocation. “Bid” is said as collocation if it is combined with verb, such as, launch, make, mount, submit, increase, raise, accept, and retract.
(Data 2)
The meeting was abruptly cancelled after Saoud Al-Mohannadi, Qatar Football Association's vice-president, was stopped at the very last minute from standing for electionfor the FIFA council.
It can be seen the sentence above uses the variation of lexical collocation =
(verb (active) + noun). There is writtenstanding forwhich is a verb collocated with noun election. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Election” can be considered as collocation if it is collocated with verb, such as, have, hold, call, contest, fight, stand
for, lose, win and rig.
(Data 3)
40
It is shown the sentence above uses lexical collocation = (verb (active) +
noun). The variation is verb (active) + prepositional phrase. There is written won
which is a verb collocated with pronoun phrase his appeal, which are called prepositional phrase because combination between a pronounhiswith a nounappeal. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot
be considered as collocation. “Appeal” can be considered as collocation if it is collocated with verb, such as, issue, make, win, bring, lose, allow, consider, hear,
deny, dismiss, reject, hold, support and launch.
4.1.3.2 Adjective + Noun
There are 15 lexical collocation = adjective + noun which are found in 5
sports articles. But, the researcher only describes 6 findings the variation of adjective
+ noun. The variation is one noun can used or collocated with different adjectives.
(Data 1)
Cristiano Ronaldo proved Atletico Madrid's Champions League destroyer once more with a hat-trick as Real Madrid took a commanding 3-0 semi-final, first leg lead on Tuesday. (SA1.D0305)
(Data 2)
The sides meet again for thesecond legon May 10. (SA3.D0305)
It is presented two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective
41
(Data 3)
Two years on from the corruption crisis which consumed FIFA, football's governing body meets for its latest annual congress in Bahrain this week still far from free of suspicion. (SA5.D0705)
(Data 4)
This vote has been delayed since last September when the AFC took just 27 minutes to abandon theirextraordinary congressin Goa. (SA5.D0705)
It can be seen two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective
+ noun, annual congress and extraordinary congress. And two lexical collocation adjective + noun use same noun congress but different adjective, which is the first lexical collocation word uses adjective annual. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjectiveextraordinary.
(Data 5)
The Spaniard also claimed his 10th title at the Monte Carlo Masters last week as he gears up for to go for his 10th French Open next month. (SA1.0105)
(Data 6)
Atletico boss Diego Simeone, meanwhile, told his side to forget their latest derby demolition and hope for a miracle at the last European match at their Vicente Calderon stadiumnext week. (SA3.D0305)
It is shown two sentences above have lexical collocation words = adjective +
42
uses adjective last. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word uses adjective
next.
The rest of lexical collocation adjective + verb are written in table below.
Lexical collocation word
First game Crucial moment Second half
First appearance Away win Close range
First time Opening stage Second half
4.1.3.3 Noun + Verb
There are 1 lexical collocation = noun + verb which are found in 5 sports
articles. The findings are written and explained below.
(Data 1)
The ball rebounded up perfectly off the heels of Filipe Luis for Ronaldo to blast high past Oblak. (SA3.D03.05)
It can be seen the sentence above used lexical collocation noun + verb. There
43
considered as collocation if it is followed by verb, such as fly, go, roll, sail, hit, land,
bounce, and rebound.
4.1.3.4 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun
There are 15 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 sports
articles. The researcher only describing 2 finding as samples. And the rest finding are
written in table below.
(Data 1)
Rafael Nadal hailed a "dream start" to hisclay courtseason after romping to his 10th Barcelona Open on Sunday with a 6-4, 6-1 win over Austria's Dominic. (SA1.D0105)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There
is written a nounclay collocated with another noun court. “Court” is considered as collocation if it is combined with noun, such as basketball, tennis, squash, clay, and.
(Data 2)
Emre Can scored a sensational overhead bicycle kick as Liverpool galvanised their grip on third place in the Premier League by winning 1-0 at Watford on Monday. (SA2.D0205)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There
is written a noun premier collocated with another noun league. “League” is said as collocation if it is collocated with noun, such as, champions, leader, premier, title,
44
Lexical collocation word
Injury time World player Appeal committee
Penalty box World cup Corruption allegations
Goal kick Champions league Vice president
4.1.3.5 Adjective + Adverb or Adverb + Adjective
There is 1 lexical collocation adjective + adverb or adverb + adjective found
in 5 sports article.
(Data 1)
"The first set wasvitally important," added Nadal. (SA1.D0105)
It can be seen the sentence above used L6 lexical collocation adverb +
adjective or adjective + adverb. There is written adverb vitally collocated with adjective, important. “Important” can be said as collocation if it is combined with adverb, such as, critically, vitally, extremely, enormously, hugely, particularly,
terribly, very, increasingly, internationally, regionally, economically, functionally,
historically, politically, and strategically.
4.1.4 Lexical Collocation in Living section
45
of living section. The types are found among lexical collocation = verb (active) +
noun, lexical collocation = adjective + noun, and lexical collocation = noun + noun.
The details are be explained below.
4.1.4.1 Verb (active) + Noun
The findings show 1 lexical collocation verb (active) + noun words are used
in 5 living articles. The findingis the variation of verb (active) + noun which is verb
(active) + pronoun/prepositional phrase.
(Data 1)
Researchers recruited 40 volunteers who had experienced an “unwanted romantic breakup” in the past six months. (LA4.D0505)
It can be seen the sentence above used variation of lexical collocation = (verb
(active) + noun). The variation is verb (active) + prepositional phrase. There is
written recruitedwhich is a verb collocated with prepositional phrase40 volunteers, which are called prepositional phrase because combination between numeral40with a noun volunteers. Verbs have unlimited combination with many nouns. But, those combinations cannot be considered as collocation. “Volunteer” is said as collocation if it is collocated with verb, appeal for, ask for, call for, look for, find, get, recruit,
provide, encourage, need, want, and work as.
4.1.4.2 Adjective + Noun
There are 36 lexical collocation = adjective + noun words which are found in
46
adjective + noun. The variation is one noun can used or collocated with different
adjectives. The rest findings are presented in table below.
(Data 1)
Last year, UNESCO included the unique culture in its list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanitylast year. (LA1.D0205)
(Data 2)
The team found that engaging in physical activity by using these active games can significantly boost brain functions in people with neurological impairment, as well as maintaining cognitive health in later years, which naturally declines as we age. (LA5.D0605)
It can be seen two sentence above have lexical collocation words = adjective
+ noun, last year andlater years. And first and second lexical collocation adjective + noun uses same noun year but different adjective, which is the first, second uses adjectivelast. Meanwhile the second lexical collocation word used adjectivelater.
(Data 3)
Previous studies have shown that placebos – treatments with no active ingredients – can ease pain in a variety of conditions, including depression. (LA4.D0505)
(Data 4)
This new study is the first to measure the effect of a placebo on emotional pain caused by a heartbreak. (LA4.D0505)
It is shown two data above have L3 lexical collocation words = adjective +
47
Lexical collocation word
Cultural heritage Supporting actor International level
Basic tools Supporting actress National recognition
Long period Political exiles Provincial government
Special award Last month Important message
Open courtyard Broken heart Saline solution
Different species Emotional pain Psychological problem
Small tree Good friend Effective way
Physical activity Previous research
4.1.4.3 Noun + Noun or Noun + of + Noun
There are 14 L5 lexical collocation = noun + noun which are found in 5 living
articles. But, the researcher only describes 2 findings as sample. And the rest finding
are presented in table below.
(Data 1)
Haenyeo, which roughly translates as “women of the sea,” refers to female divers on Jeju Island who harvest marine products using minimaldiving gear. (LA1.D0205)
It can be seen the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There
is written a noun diving collocated with another noun gear. “Gear” is said as collocation if it is combined with noun, such as, stick, diving, running, sports,
swimming, walking, breathing, camping, climbing, fishing, designer, and landing.
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This was the case for the 2015-designated Arirang -- a collection of Korean folk songs– and the Korean traditional sport of ssireum. (LA1.D0205)
It is presented the sentence above uses lexical collocation noun + noun. There
is written a nounfolkscollocated with another noun songs. “Song” can be considered as collocation if it is combined with noun, such as, writer, contest, folk, drinking,
theme, and title.
Lexical collocation word
Saturday evening Film director Egyptian quantities
Vice president Feature film Stone slabs
Title tracks Video games Egyptian gods
Brain regions
4.2 The usage of lexical collocation
Describing the usage of lexical collocation in each sections (news, opinion,
sports and living) which have different disciplines and different themes with the
49
4.2.1 Lexical Collocation in News section
It can be seen from chart above, lexical collocation adjective + noun
dominates the usage of lexical collocation in News section. Lexical collocation
50
which are found in the 5 news articles. In the second place, there is lexical collocation
noun + noun which appeared 20 times (33.30%). The third place, placed by lexical
collocation verb(active) + noun which appeared 6 times (10%). And for lexical
collocation verb(nullification) + noun, noun + verb, adjective + adverb / adverb +
adjective and adverb + verb are not found in articles of news section.
4.2.2 Lexical Collocation in Opinion section
It can be explained from chart above, lexical collocation adjective + noun
dominates the usage of lexical collocation in Opinion section. Lexical collocation
