Eyewitness
&KXUFK FHQVHUIRU
EXUQLQJ LQFHQVH
0HGLHYDOVWRQH FDUYLQJRID ZRPDQpVKHDG
6KHSKHUGpV KRUQSLSH
WKFHQWXU\ UHOLTXDU\FDVNHW
%DJSLSHV &DUYHGZRRGHQ
DQJHOIURP DPHGLHYDO FKXUFKQDYH
0HUFKDQWpVFRLQER[ :ULWLQJTXLOOV
+RUQLQNZHOOV
Eyewitness
MEDIEVAL
LIFE
:ULWWHQE\
$1'5(:/$1*/(<
0HGLHYDOEDGJH RI&KULVW (PEOHPRIWKH
9LUJLQ0DU\
3KRWRJUDSKHGE\
*(2))%5,*+7/,1* *(2))'$11
7UHVWOHWDEOH
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI
3URMHFWHGLWRU%ULGJHW+RSNLQVRQ
$UWHGLWRU9LFN\:KDUWRQ
'HVLJQHU.DWL3R\QRU
0DQDJLQJHGLWRU*LOOLDQ'HQWRQ
0DQDJLQJDUWHGLWRU-XOLD+DUULV
5HVHDUFKHU&ÆOLQH&DUH]
3URGXFWLRQ&KDUORWWH7UDLO
3LFWXUHUHVHDUFK.DWK\/RFNOH\
&RQVXOWDQWV3HWHU%UHDUV &KDUOHV.LJKWO\
7ȩȪȴ(ȥȪȵȪȰȯ
(GLWRUV/RUULH0DFN6WHYH6HWIRUG-HVVDP\:RRG
$UWHGLWRUV5HEHFFD-RKQV3HWHU5DGFOLIIH
0DQDJLQJHGLWRUV-XOLH)HUULV-DQH<RUNH
0DQDJLQJDUWHGLWRUV2ZHQ3H\WRQ-RQHV-DQH7KRPDV
$VVRFLDWHSXEOLVKHU$QGUHZ0DFLQW\UH
3URGXFWLRQ$QG\+LOOLDUG-HQQ\-DFRE\+LWHVK3DWHO
3LFWXUHUHVHDUFK+DUULHW0LOOV6DUDK3RZQDOO
'73GHVLJQHU6LX<LQ+R
-DFNHWHGLWRU$GDP3RZOH\
86HGLWRU0DUJDUHW3DUULVK
7KLV(\HZLWQHVV*XLGHKDVEHHQFRQFHLYHGE\ 'RUOLQJ.LQGHUVOH\/LPLWHGDQG(GLWLRQV*DOOLPDUG
)LUVWSXEOLVKHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLQ 7KLVUHYLVHGHGLWLRQSXEOLVKHGLQWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVLQ
E\'.3XEOLVKLQJ
+XGVRQ6WUHHW1HZ<RUN1HZ<RUN &RS\ULJKW'RUOLQJ.LQGHUVOH\/LPLWHG
u
$OOULJKWVUHVHUYHGXQGHU,QWHUQDWLRQDODQG3DQ$PHULFDQ&RS\ULJKW &RQYHQWLRQV1RSDUWRIWKLVSXEOLFDWLRQPD\EHUHSURGXFHGVWRUHG LQDUHWULHYDOV\VWHPRUWUDQVPLWWHGLQDQ\IRUPRUE\DQ\PHDQV
HOHFWURQLFPHFKDQLFDOSKRWRFRS\LQJUHFRUGLQJRURWKHUZLVH ZLWKRXWWKHSULRUZULWWHQSHUPLVVLRQRIWKHFRS\ULJKWRZQHU
3XEOLVKHGLQ*UHDW%ULWDLQE\'RUOLQJ.LQGHUVOH\/LPLWHG $FDWDORJUHFRUGIRUWKLVERRNLVDYDLODEOHIURPWKH/LEUDU\RI&RQJUHVV
,6%1+DUGFRYHU ,6%1/LEUDU\%LQGLQJ
&RORUUHSURGXFWLRQE\&RORXUVFDQ 6LQJDSRUH0'38.
3ULQWHGDQGERXQGE\7RSSDQ3ULQWLQJ&R 6KHQ]KHQ/WG&KLQD
'LVFRYHUPRUHDW
+DUS
0HGLHYDOUHHG LQVWUXPHQW
RUVKDZP
6SRRQV FXWIURP KRUQ
:RRGHQ IRRG ERZO
'HFRUDWHG FHUDPLFSLWFKHUV
IRUZLQHRUDOH
'ULQNLQJ YHVVHO
q%DFNrVWRRO
7DEOHVHWWLQJ 6WRQHFDUYLQJRIDPDQ
Contents
7KH0LGGOH$JHV
0HGLHYDOVRFLHW\
$SHDVDQWpVOLIH
7LHGWRWKHVRLO
5XQQLQJDPDQRU
$PHGLHYDOKRPH
)URPNLWFKHQWRWDEOH
0HGLHYDOZRPHQ
7KHJUHDWEDURQV
7KHUR\DOFRXUW
7KHPHGLHYDOVROGLHU
7KH&KXUFK
%XLOGLQJDFDWKHGUDO
7KHDUWRIGHFRUDWLRQ
+RO\RUGHUV
/LIHLQDPRQDVWHU\
7KHZULWWHQZRUG
6DLQWVDQGSLOJULPV
7KH,VODPLFZRUOG
7UDGHDQGFRPPHUFH
/LIHLQWKHWRZQ
7KHJXLOGPDVWHUV
7KHVWRQHPDVRQV
)DLUVDQGIHDVWGD\V
0HGLHYDOPXVLF
3OD\VDQGSDUDGHV
'HDWKDQGGLVHDVH
7KHELUWKRIDQHZDJH
'LG\RXNQRZ"
:KRpVZKR"
)LQGRXWPRUH
*ORVVDU\
,QGH[
The Middle Ages
7
ȩȦȵȦȳȮqȮȦȥȪȦȷȢȭrȤȰȮȦȴ
IURPWKH/DWLQ
PHGLXPDHYXP
ZKLFKPHDQVqWKHPLGGOHDJHVr
%XWZKHQZHUHWKH0LGGOH$JHV"%HIRUHWKHP
FDPHWKH&ODVVLFDO$JHRIDQFLHQW*UHHFHDQG5RPH
DQGDIWHUFDPHWKH5HQDLVVDQFHS7KH0LGGOH
$JHVFRYHUHGWKHSHULRGURXJKO\LQEHWZHHQIURP
WKHWKFHQWXU\WRWKHHQGRIWKHWK,QPDQ\ZD\V
PHGLHYDOWLPHVVHHPUHPRWHDQGP\VWHULRXVSHRSOHG
E\NQLJKWVDQGODGLHVNLQJVDQGELVKRSVPRQNVDQG
SLOJULPV<HW(XURSHDQFLWLHVVWDWHVSDUOLDPHQWV
EDQNLQJV\VWHPVDQGXQLYHUVLWLHVDOOKDYHWKHLUURRWV
WKHUHDQGSDUWVRIWKHODQGVFDSH
DUHVWLOOGRPLQDWHGE\WKHJUHDW
PHGLHYDOFDVWOHVDQGFDWKHGUDOV
$/,*+7,17+('$5.
'XULQJWKH'DUN$JHVDUWDQGOHDUQLQJ VXUYLYHGLQUHPRWHPRQDVWHULHV7KLV LOOXPLQDWHGOHWWHUFRPHVIURPWKH%RRN RI.HOOVFZKLFKZDVNHSWDW 6W&ROXPEDpVPRQDVWHU\LQ,UHODQG
7+(%<=$17,1((03,5(
:KHQWKH5RPDQ(PSLUHVSOLWLQWZR WKHZHVWHUQKDOIEDVHGLQ5RPH GHFOLQHGEXWWKHHDVWHUQKDOI EDVHGLQWKH%\]DQWLQHFDSLWDO RI&RQVWDQWLQRSOHQRZ ,VWDQEXOIORXULVKHG,WV JUHDWHVWUXOHUZDVWKH &KULVWLDQHPSHURU -XVWLQLDQ, Ft
6($5$,'(56
7KH9LNLQJVEHJDQ WRUDLGWKHFRDVWVRI (XURSHWRZDUG WKHHQGRIWKH
WKFHQWXU\ 7KH0DJ\DUWULEHV27727+(*5($7
WKDWIORRGHGLQWR (XURSHLQWKHWK FHQWXU\ZHUHVWRSSHG E\WKH*HUPDQNLQJ 2WWR,t+H EHFDPH&KDUOHPDJQHpV VXFFHVVRUZKHQWKH 3RSHPDGHKLP +RO\5RPDQ(PSHURU LQ+LVUHDOPLQ ZHVWHUQ(XURSH EHFDPHNQRZQDVWKH +RO\5RPDQ(PSLUH
7+('$5.$*(6
,QWKHWKFHQWXU\WKH5RPDQ(PSLUHVORZO\IHOODSDUWDV*HUPDQLFWULEHVIURPWKH QRUWKSXVKHGDFURVVLWVIURQWLHUVGHVWUR\LQJWRZQVDQGWUDGHURXWHV6D[RQVVHWWOHG LQ%ULWDLQ)UDQNVWRRNRYHU*DXO)UDQFHDQG*RWKVLQYDGHG,WDO\LWVHOI,Q WKHODVW5RPDQHPSHURUORVWKLVWKURQH7KHIROORZLQJFHQWXULHVRIGLVRUGHUEHFDPH NQRZQDVWKHq'DUN$JHVrEXWWKLVZDVQRWDQHQWLUHO\DFFXUDWHGHVFULSWLRQ8QGHU WKHWKFHQWXU\HPSHURU-XVWLQLDQ,WKH%\]DQWLQHFDSLWDORI&RQVWDQWLQRSOH EHFDPHRQHRIWKHPRVWPDJQLILFHQWFLWLHVLQWKHZRUOG%\WKHWKFHQWXU\WKH JUHDW)UDQNLVKUXOHU&KDUOHPDJQHKDGRQFHPRUHXQLWHGDODUJHSDUWRI(XURSH HQFRXUDJLQJWKHVSUHDGRIOHDUQLQJDQG&KULVWLDQLW\WKURXJKRXWKLVHPSLUH
7+(*5($7/($'(56
7KH&KULVWLDQNLQJ&KDUOHPDJQHVXSSRUWHGWKH3RSHDVKHWULHG WRGULYHWKHEDUEDULDQLQYDGHUVRXWRI,WDO\DQGLQWKH3RSH FURZQHGKLPq+RO\5RPDQ(PSHURUrLQJUDWLWXGH(XURSHZDV WKUHDWHQHGE\LQYDGHUVWKURXJKRXWWKHWKDQGWKFHQWXULHVu 9LNLQJVUDLGHGWKHQRUWKHUQFRDVWVDQGWKHILHUFH0DJ\DUV SUHVVHGLQIURPFHQWUDO$VLD%XWJUDGXDOO\QHZQDWLRQVEHJDQ WRHPHUJH7KHODQGVRIWKH)UDQNVEHFDPH)UDQFH$OIUHG WKH*UHDWFtGHIHDWHGWKH9LNLQJVWREHFRPHNLQJ RI(QJODQGDQG2WWR,RI*HUPDQ\IRXJKWRIIWKH0DJ\DUV
.,1*2)(8523(
&KDUOHVWKH*UHDWRU &KDUOHPDJQHt XQLWHGDQHPSLUHFRYHULQJ PXFKRIPRGHUQ)UDQFH DQG*HUPDQ\+HZDVD JUHDW&KULVWLDQOHDGHUDV ZHOODVDVNLOOIXOZDUULRU
ʛ ʛ
67$%,/,7<
$IWHUOLIHLQ(XURSHEHFDPHPRUHVWDEOH 6XSSRUWHGE\WKHIHXGDOV\VWHPSVWURQJ UXOHUVEURXJKWRUGHUWRWKHQHZQDWLRQV7KLV HQFRXUDJHGWUDGHDQGWKHJURZWKRIWRZQVDQG FLWLHVDQGWKHSRSXODWLRQURVH7KH&DWKROLF &KXUFKSUHDFKHGWKHSHDNRILWVSRZHUDV JUHDWFDWKHGUDOVZHUHEXLOWDQGQHZPRQDVWLF RUGHUVZHUHIRUPHGS7KHILUVW(XURSHDQ XQLYHUVLW\ZDVIRXQGHGLQ,WDO\
81,),(5
7KLVEHDXWLIXO JLOGHGKHDG UHSUHVHQWVWKH SRZHUIXO+RO\ 5RPDQHPSHURU )UHGHULFN, RU%DUEDURVVD Ft ZKREURXJKW XQLW\WRWKH *HUPDQVWDWHVLQ WKHWKFHQWXU\ *HUPDQ
FUXVDGHUpV KHOPHW
7+(&586$'(6
7KH&UXVDGHVS EHJDQLQDVD &KULVWLDQFDPSDLJQ WRGULYHWKH0XVOLPV RXWRI3DOHVWLQH -HUXVDOHPZDV FDSWXUHGLQ EXWODWHU FUXVDGHVZHUH XQVXFFHVVIXO
1250$161257+$1'6287+
$V:LOOLDPRI1RUPDQG\Ft ZDVFRQTXHULQJ(QJODQGLQRWKHU 1RUPDQQREOHVZHUHFDUYLQJRXW DQHPSLUHLQ,WDO\DQG6LFLO\
7+(*5($73/$*8(
7KH%ODFN'HDWKKDGD ODVWLQJHIIHFWRQ(XURSHDQ VRFLHW\6RPDQ\SHDVDQWV GLHGWKDWWKHUHZHUH
KDUGO\HQRXJKSHRSOH OHIWWRIDUPWKHODQG
,QFUHDVHGGHPDQGV RQWKHLUODERU FDXVHGWKHSHDVDQWV WRUHYROWLQERWK )UDQFHDQG(QJODQG
%LVKRSpVFURRN RUFUR]LHU
5(1$,66$1&(*(1,86
0LFKHODQJHORt ZDVRQHRIWKHJUHDWHVW 5HQDLVVDQFHVFXOSWRUV +LVPRVWIDPRXVZRUNLV WKHEHDXWLIXOPDUEOHVWDWXH WKH'DYLGQRZLQ)ORUHQFH
',662/9,1*7+(021$67(5,(6
:KHQWKH(QJOLVKNLQJ+HQU\9,,, tTXDUUHOHGZLWKWKH&DWKROLF &KXUFKKHDSSRLQWHGKLPVHOIKHDGRIWKH &KXUFKLQ(QJODQGDQGqGLVVROYHGrWKHJUHDW PRQDVWHULHVWDNLQJWKHLUODQGVDQGSURSHUW\
1(:%(*,11,1*6
7KHWKFHQWXU\ZDVDWLPHRIFKDQJH 6FKRODUVDQGDUWLVWVH[SORUHGQHZLGHDVDQG DUWLVWLFVW\OHVLQWKH5HQDLVVDQFHSDQG LQWKHVUHOLJLRXVUHIRUPHUVEURNHDZD\ IURPWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKLQWKH5HIRUPDWLRQ S7KLVZDVDOVRDJUHDWDJHRIGLVFRYHU\ ([SORUHUVIURP6SDLQDQG3RUWXJDOFURVVHG WKH$WODQWLFDQG,QGLDQRFHDQVRSHQLQJQHZ KRUL]RQVIRUWUDGHDQGGHYHORSPHQWS
3/$*8($1':$5
7KHWKFHQWXU\VDZDVHULHVRIGLVDVWHUV VWULNH(XURSH%DGKDUYHVWVFDXVHGIDPLQH DQGWKH%ODFN'HDWKSNLOOHGRQHWKLUG RIWKHSRSXODWLRQ(QJODQGDQG)UDQFHEHJDQ WKH+XQGUHG<HDUVp:DULQDQGFKXUFK OHDGHUVVTXDEEOHGRYHUWKHWLWOHRISRSH +RZHYHUWKHUHZDVDOVRDQH[SDQVLRQLQ WUDGHVSHDUKHDGHGLQQRUWKHUQ(XURSHE\ WKHSURVSHURXV+DQVHDWLF/HDJXHS
7+(&+85&+
7KH&DWKROLF&KXUFK ZDVRQHRIWKHPRVW SRZHUIXOLQVWLWXWLRQV RIWKH0LGGOH$JHV 'XULQJWKHWK FHQWXU\WKHUHOLJLRXV ,QTXLVLWLRQZDV HVWDEOLVKHGWRKXQWRXW WKRVHZKRGLVDJUHHG ZLWKLWVWHDFKLQJV 7KRVHIRXQGJXLOW\ FRXOGEHSXQLVKHG ZLWKH[FRPPXQLFDWLRQ EHLQJFXWRIIIURPWKH &KXUFKRUHYHQGHDWK
Medieval society
6
ȰȤȪȦȵȺȪȯȮȶȤȩȰȧȮȦȥȪȦȷȢȭ
(XURSH
ZDVRUJDQL]HGLQWRDqIHXGDOrV\VWHP
ZKLFKZDVEDVHGRQWKHDOORFDWLRQRI
ODQGLQUHWXUQIRUVHUYLFHV7KHNLQJ
JDYHJUDQWVRIODQGRUILHIVWRKLVPRVW
LPSRUWDQWQREOHPHQEDURQVDQGELVKRSV
DQGLQUHWXUQHDFKQREOHSURPLVHGWR
VXSSO\WKHNLQJZLWKVROGLHUVLQWLPHRI
ZDU$QREOHSOHGJHGKLPVHOIWREHWKH
NLQJpVVHUYDQWRUYDVVDODWDVSHFLDO
FHUHPRQ\uNQHHOLQJEHIRUHWKHNLQJKH
VZRUHDQRDWKRIOR\DOW\ZLWKWKHZRUGV
q6LUH,EHFRPH\RXUPDQr7KHJUHDW
QREOHVRIWHQGLYLGHGWKHLUODQGVDPRQJ
ORZHUORUGVRUNQLJKWVZKRLQWXUQ
EHFDPHWKHLUYDVVDOV,QWKLVZD\
IHXGDOLVPVWUHWFKHGIURPWKHWRS
WRWKHERWWRPRIVRFLHW\$WWKH
YHU\ERWWRPZHUHWKHSHDVDQWV
ZKRZRUNHGWKHODQGLWVHOI
7KH\KDGIHZULJKWVOLWWOH
SURSHUW\DQGQRYDVVDOV
*2'p6'(387<
0HGLHYDONLQJVZHUHVHHQDV *RGpVGHSXWLHVRQ(DUWK$ FRURQDWLRQZDVDPDJQLILFHQW UHOLJLRXVFHUHPRQ\DWZKLFK DUFKELVKRSVDQRLQWHGWKH QHZNLQJZLWKKRO\RLO DVDVLJQRIKLVVWDWXV
7$;(6127$;(6
%\DERXWPDQ\YDVVDOVZHUHXQZLOOLQJWR ILJKWIRUWKHLUNLQJ,QVWHDGWKH\ZHUHDOORZHG WRSD\DVXPRIFDVKFDOOHGqVFXWDJHrRUVKLHOG PRQH\WKDWFRXOGEHXVHGWRKLUHVROGLHUV 6FXWDJHZDVRQHRIWKHILUVWUHJXODUPRQH\ WD[HVOHYLHGE\NLQJVIURPWKHLUQREOHPHQ $V\VWHPRIWD[FROOHFWRUVDERYHPDGH VXUHWKDWWKHIXOODPRXQWVZHUHSDLG
7+(%$5216
%DURQVSZHUHWKHPRVWSRZHUIXO DQGZHDOWK\QREOHPHQZKRUHFHLYHG WKHLUILHIVGLUHFWO\IURPWKHNLQJ:KHQ :LOOLDPRI1RUPDQG\SFRQTXHUHG (QJODQGLQKHKDGDERXW EDURQV(DFKSURYLGHGWKHNLQJZLWKD SRVVLEOHDUP\RIPRUHWKDQPHQ
7+(/25'6
/RUGVUXOHGRYHUILHIVRUPDQRUVSUHQWLQJ RXWPRVWRIWKHLUODQGWRWKHSHDVDQWVZKR ZRUNHGIRUWKHP7KH\ZHUHDOVRWKHZDUULRUV RIPHGLHYDOVRFLHW\$VWUDLQHGNQLJKWVWKH\ ZHUHERXQGE\RDWKWRVHUYHWKHJUHDWQREOHV ZKRJUDQWHGWKHPWKHLUILHIVDQGWKH\FRXOG EHFDOOHGWREDWWOHDWDQ\WLPH
7+(3($6$176
7KHSHDVDQWVZHUHDWWKHERWWRPRIWKH IHXGDOWUHH7KH\ZHUHWKHZRUNHUVZKR IDUPHGWKHODQGWRSURYLGHIRRGIRU HYHU\RQHHOVH0RVWSHDVDQWVZRUNHGIRUD ORUGZKROHWWKHPIDUPDSLHFHRIODQGIRU WKHPVHOYHVLQUHWXUQIRUWKHLUODERUS
7232)7+(75((
528*+-867,&(
,QWKH0LGGOH$JHVRUGLQDU\SHRSOH KDGIHZULJKWV7KRVHZKREURNHWKHODZ ZHUHWULHGLQWKHFRXUWRIWKHLUORUGZKR KDGDOPRVWFRPSOHWHSRZHURYHUWKHP 3XQLVKPHQWIRUFULPHVZDVRIWHQKDUVKu DFRQYLFWHGFULPLQDOPLJKWEHGUDJJHG EHKLQGDKRUVHZKLSSHGORFNHGLQWKH VWRFNVRUKDQJHGGHSHQGLQJRQWKHQDWXUH RIKLVRUKHUFULPH%XWEHLQJDWWKHWRSRIWKH IHXGDOV\VWHPGLGQRWDOZD\VHQVXUHEHWWHU WUHDWPHQW/RUGVDQGEDURQVVRPHWLPHVKDG WRSD\WKHLUNLQJODUJHVXPVRIPRQH\WRJHW DIDLUWULDO7KHPHGLHYDO&KXUFKRSHUDWHGLWV RZQMXVWLFHV\VWHPZLWKLWVRZQODZVWKH FDQRQODZVDQGFRXUWVSWKDWZHUH RXWVLGHWKHMXULVGLFWLRQRIWKHNLQJ
7+(%,6+236
%LVKRSVFRXOGZLHOGDVPXFKSRZHUDVWKHEDURQV 7KH\UXOHGRYHUDUHDVFDOOHGGLRFHVHVSDQGDOO WKHSULHVWVDQGPRQDVWHULHVZLWKLQWKHP7KHUHJXODU FROOHFWLRQRIWLWKHVSDQGRWKHUWD[HVIURPWKHLU GLRFHVHVPDGHPDQ\ELVKRSVH[WUHPHO\ULFK
7+(.,1*
)HZNLQJVKDGHQRXJKZHDOWKWRPDLQWDLQD VWDQGLQJDUP\VRWKH\GHSHQGHGRQWKHLUEDURQV WRSURYLGHNQLJKWVDQGVROGLHUV%XWNLQJVKDGWR ZRUNKDUGWRNHHSWKHLUEDURQVXQGHUFRQWURO S,QPDQ\FDVHVHVSHFLDOO\LQ)UDQFHDQG *HUPDQ\WKHJUHDWEDURQVJUHZYHU\SRZHUIXO DQGJRYHUQHGWKHLUILHIVDVLQGHSHQGHQWVWDWHV
.LQJLVPRFNLQJO\ SRUWUD\HGZLWKD FDWRQKLVKHDG %LVKRSZHDUV
A peasant’s life
$
ȤȤȰȳȥȪȯȨȵȰȵȩȦȭȢȸ
PRVWPHGLHYDO
SHDVDQWVRZQHGQRWKLQJH[FHSWWKHLURZQ
VWRPDFKV(YHU\WKLQJuLQFOXGLQJWKHLU
ODQGWKHLUDQLPDOVWKHLUKRPHVWKHLU
FORWKHVDQGHYHQWKHLUIRRGuEHORQJHG
WRWKHORUGRIWKHPDQRUS
.QRZQDVVHUIVRUYLOOHLQVSHDVDQWV
ZHUHERXQGWRZRUNIRUWKHLUORUGZKRDOORZHG
WKHPWRIDUPWKHLURZQSLHFHRIODQGLQUHWXUQ
7KHLUOLYHVFRQVLVWHGRIDOPRVWFRQVWDQWWRLO
0RVWVWUXJJOHGWRSURGXFHHQRXJKIRRGWR
IHHGWKHLUIDPLOLHVDQGWR
IXOILOOWKHLUGXWLHVWRWKH
ORUG)RUELGGHQIURP
OHDYLQJWKHPDQRUZLWKRXW
SHUPLVVLRQWKHRQO\ZD\IRUD
SHDVDQWWRJDLQIUHHGRPZDV
E\VDYLQJHQRXJKPRQH\WR
EX\DSORWRIODQGRUE\
PDUU\LQJDIUHHSHUVRQ
'$,/<*5,1'
3HDVDQWVZRUNHG KDUGHYHU\GD\ H[FHSW6XQGD\V DQGKRO\GD\V LQEOD]LQJVXQ UDLQRUVQRZ &RPELQHGZLWK DSRRUGLHWLW ZDVQpWVXUSULVLQJ WKDWPDQ\(XURSHDQ SHDVDQWVLQ OLYHGQRORQJHU WKDQ\HDUV
6WDWXHRID )UHQFKSHDVDQW
F
6LPSOHVSRRQV FDQEHFXWIURP KRUQ
6KHSKHUGpV KRUQSLSH
'2,7<2856(/)
3HDVDQWVPDGHVRPHRIWKHLURZQWRROV DQGXWHQVLOVDOWKRXJKVNLOOHGFUDIWVPHQ SURGXFHGWKHLUSRWWHU\OHDWKHUZRUN DQGLURQ%HVLGHVZRRGDQGOHDWKHUWKH PRVWLPSRUWDQWPDWHULDOZDVKRUQIURP FDWWOHRUVKHHS/LJKWDQGVWURQJLWGLG QRWDEVRUEIODYRUVOLNHZRRGDQGGLGQRW UHTXLUHJUHDWHQHUJ\WRVKDSHS+RUQ VSRRQVVDYHGRQGLVKZDVKLQJDFFRUGLQJWR RQHZULWHUqZLWKDOLWWOHOLFNLQJWKH\ZLOO DOZD\VEHNHSWDVFOHDQDVDGLHr
7LUHGSHDVDQW ZLSHVWKHVZHDW IURPKLVEURZ
:DW7\OHULV NLOOHGE\DEORZ IURPDVZRUG
7+(3($6$176p5(92/7
3($6$17&277$*(
0RVWSHDVDQWVOLYHGLQVLPSOHKRPHVOLNHWKLV UHFRQVWUXFWHGWKFHQWXU\FRWWDJH7KHZDOOV DUHPDGHIURPORFDOIOLQWEXWWKH\ZHUHPRUH RIWHQPDGHIURPZDWWOHDQGGDXEuZRYHQVWULSV RIZRRGFRYHUHGZLWKDPL[WXUHRIGXQJVWUDZ DQGFOD\,QVLGHWKHIORRUZDVRIEDUHWUDPSOHG GLUW0RVWFRWWDJHVKDGRQO\RQHRUWZRURRPV ZKLFKFRQWDLQHGEDVLFIXUQLWXUHVXFKDVDWUHVWOH WDEOHDQGEHQFKDFKHVWIRUFORWKHVDQGVWUDZ PDWWUHVVHVWRVOHHSRQ7KHUHZDVDVWRQHKHDUWK LQWKHFHQWHURIWKHPDLQURRPEXWQRFKLPQH\ VRLWPXVWKDYHEHHQYHU\GDUNDQGVPRN\
/HDWKHUZRUNLQJERRW
3/$,1&/27+(6
7KHVHDUHWKHNLQGRIFORWKHVWKDW ZRXOGKDYHEHHQZRUQE\DSHDVDQW LQWKHV&ORWKHVOLNHWRROVZHUH PRVWO\KRPHPDGHIURPORFDOPDWHULDOV 3HDVDQWZRPHQVSHQWPXFKRIWKHLUWLPH VSLQQLQJZRROLQWRFRDUVHWKUHDGZKLFK ZDVWKHQZRYHQLQWRFORWKDQGPDGHLQWR JDUPHQWV6KHHSVNLQFORDNVZHUHZRUQLQ ZLQWHUWRNHHSRXWWKHFROGDQGUDLQDQG ZRRGHQSDWWHQVSFRXOGEHSXWRQ RYHUOHDWKHUERRWVLQPXGG\FRQGLWLRQV $OWKRXJKRXWHUFORWKHVZHUHQHYHU ZDVKHGOLQHQXQGHUZHDUZDV ODXQGHUHGUHJXODUO\3HRSOHpV FORWKHVJHQHUDOO\VPHOOHGRI ZRRGVPRNHZKLFKKDGD GHRGRUL]LQJHIIHFW
:RROHQqVSOLWrKRVH FDQEHUROOHGGRZQ IRUZRUNLQJ
3HDVDQWVZRUNLQJ ZLWKWKHLUKRVH
UROOHGGRZQ
/LQHQXQGHUSDQWV RUEUDHV
/LQHQVKLUW
%OXHZRROHQGRXEOHW IDVWHQHGZLWKODFHV RUSRLQWV
%URZQZRROHQMDFNHW OLQHGZLWKOLQHQ
)HOWKDWGHFRUDWHG ZLWKDURRVWHU IHDWKHUDQGD qIOHXUGHO\VrSLQ &KHDSSHZWHU
SLQIRU JRRGOXFN 6WUDZKDWWRSURWHFW
WKHKHDGRQKRWGD\V
/HDWKHUIODVNRU FRVWUHOIRUFDUU\LQJ DOHLQWRWKHILHOGV
62:,1*7+(6(('
,QWKHqWKUHHILHOGV\VWHPrRQO\WZRILHOGVZHUH VRZQZLWKFURSVLQRQH\HDUZKLOHWKHWKLUG
ZDVOHIWHPSW\RUIDOORZVRLWFRXOGUHFRYHU LWVIHUWLOLW\2QHILHOGZDVVRZQZLWKZKHDW
LQZLQWHUWKHQH[WVSULQJWKHVHFRQG ZDVVRZQZLWKU\HEDUOH\RURDWV
6HHGVZHUHVFDWWHUHGRU EURDGFDVWE\KDQG
Tied to the soil
,
ȯȮȦȥȪȦȷȢȭȦȶȳȰȱȦ
PRUHWKDQ
SHUFHQWRIWKHSRSXODWLRQOLYHGDQG
ZRUNHGRQWKHODQG)DUPLQJZDVDIXOOWLPH
MREVLQFHPHWKRGVZHUHDQFLHQWDQGQRWYHU\
HIILFLHQW7KHFURSJURZLQJDUHDVDURXQGD
YLOODJHZHUHXVXDOO\GLYLGHGLQWRWKUHHELJ
ILHOGV3HDVDQWVZHUHDOORWWHGVRPHODQGLQ
HDFKVRWKDWJRRGDQGEDGVRLOZDV
GLYLGHGHTXDOO\7KH\KRHGDQG
KDUYHVWHGWKHLURZQSORWVRUVWULSV
EXWZRUNHGWRJHWKHURQELJMREV
VXFKDVSORZLQJDQGKD\PDNLQJ
$IDLOHGKDUYHVWFRXOGPHDQ
VWDUYDWLRQIRUWKHZKROHYLOODJH
)$//$&2516
(YHU\IDOOWKHORUGRIWKH PDQRUDOORZHGKLVVHUIVWRUXQ WKHLUSLJVLQKLVSULYDWHZRRGV ZKHUHWKH\FRXOGIHHGRQDFRUQV DQGEHHFKQXWV6KHHSJHHVH
DQGJRDWVJUD]HGRQFRPPRQ ZDVWHODQGDWWKHHGJHRIWKH
YLOODJH$OOWKHVDPHPRVW
DQLPDOVZHUHWKLQDQGZLU\ 3HDVDQWVZRUNLQJWRJHWKHU
DWKDUYHVWWLPH
+$59(677,0(
,QODWHVXPPHUZRPHQDQGFKLOGUHQZRUNHGDORQJVLGH WKHPHQWREULQJLQWKHKDUYHVW7KH\FXWWKHZKHDWZLWK VLFNOHVJUDVSLQJHDFKFOXPSILUPO\VRWKDWWKHJUDLQV ZRXOGQpWVKDNHORRVH7KHZKHDWZDVWKHQWLHGLQ EXQGOHVRUVKHDYHVVHWLQVWRRNVLQWKHILHOGWRULSHQ ORDGHGRQWRDFDUWDQGWDNHQWRWKHEDUQ2QFHWKH KDUYHVWZDVLQWKHZKHDWZDVWKUHVKHGuEHDWHQZLWKD KLQJHGVWLFNRUIODLOWRORRVHQWKHJUDLQVIURPWKHHDUV
6HHGVIDOOLQWKH SORZHGIXUURZVEXW PDQ\DUHORVWWR KXQJU\ELUGV
%DVNHWRIVHHGV FDOOHGDVHHGOLS
+XQJU\SLJ
0DQNQRFNLQJ DFRUQVRXWRIDQRDN WUHHIRUKLVSLJV
)DUPHUEURDGFDVWV WKHVHHGVLQD VZHHSLQJDUF
6KDIWVIRUSXOOLQJ WKHFDUW
7,7+(%$51
7KLVKXJHWKFHQWXU\EDUQZDVXVHG WRVWRUHWLWKHV9LOODJHUVKDGWRJLYH WKHORFDOSULHVWDWHQWKRUWLWKHRI HYHU\WKLQJWKH\SURGXFHGIURP FURSVDQGILUHZRRGWRHJJVDQG IORXU7LWKHVPDGHVRPHFKXUFKHV YHU\ZHDOWK\uDQGYHU\XQSRSXODU
0$18$//$%25
:LWKQRPDFKLQHVDOO IDUPZRUNZDVGRQH E\KDQGXVLQJVLPSOH WRROVOLNHWKHVH0RVWMREV LQYROYHGEDFNEUHDNLQJ ODERUIURPEUHDNLQJ FORGVOXPSVRIVRLO WRKRHLQJ\RXQJFURSV
&$57('2))
0HGLHYDOSHDVDQWV ZRXOGKDYH WUDQVSRUWHGWKHLU ZKHDWVWUDZDQG KD\LQFDUWVOLNHWKLV 6WUDZWKHOHIWRYHU VWDONVIURPWKHKDUYHVW ZDVXVHGIRUQXPHURXV SXUSRVHVIURPWKDWFKLQJ URRIVWRPDNLQJPDWWUHVVHV +D\ZDVDQRWKHULPSRUWDQW FURS$ORQJZLWKZKHDWVWUDZ DQGGULHGEHDQVLWSURYLGHGWKH RQO\ZLQWHUIHHGIRUIDUPDQLPDOV (YHQWKHQWKHUHZDVUDUHO\HQRXJK WRJRDURXQGDQGPRVWFDWWOHSLJV DQGJRDWVKDGWREHNLOOHGLQODWHIDOO (YHU\SHDVDQWKDGDVKDUHLQWKHYLOODJHpVKD\ PHDGRZDQGKD\PDNLQJZDVDFRPPXQDOWDVN
%LOOKRRNIRU PDLQWDLQLQJKHGJHV
6LFNOHIRU KDUYHVWLQJFURSV
7KUHVKHGZKHDW VWDONVRUVWUDZ
5HDUJDWHLV WLHGWRNHHSWKH VWUDZIURP IDOOLQJRXW
/DUJHZKHHOV DOORZWKHFDUWWR ULGHRYHUELJ EXPSVDQGUXWV
5LPRIZRRGHQ ZKHHOLVFODGZLWK VL[LURQqVWUDNHVr IRUH[WUDVWUHQJWK
6+($5352),7
Running a manor
0
ȰȴȵȤȰȶȯȵȳȺȱȦȰȱȭȦȭȪȷȦȥ
RQDPDQRUWKDWFRQVLVWHGRID
YLOODJHWKHORUGpVKRXVHRUFDVWOHDFKXUFKDQGWKHVXUURXQGLQJ
IDUPODQG7KHORUGRIWKHPDQRUJRYHUQHGWKHFRPPXQLW\DQG
DSSRLQWHGRIILFLDOVZKRPDGHVXUHWKDWWKHYLOODJHUVSHUIRUPHG
WKHLUGXWLHV7KHVHLQYROYHGIDUPLQJWKHORUGpVODQGRUGHPHVQH
DQGSD\LQJUHQWVLQWKHIRUPRISURGXFH7KHORUGDOVRDFWHGDV
DMXGJHLQWKHPDQRUFRXUWDQGKDGWKHSRZHUWRILQHWKRVHZKR
EURNHWKHODZ6LQFHPDQRUVZHUHRIWHQLVRODWHGWKHYLOODJHUVKDG
WRSURGXFHHYHU\WKLQJWKH\QHHGHGWKHPVHOYHV)HZJRRGVH[FHSW
VDOWIRUFXULQJPHDWDQGLURQIRUWRROVFDPH
IURPRXWVLGH7KHRQO\YLVLWRUVZHUHSHGODUV
SLOJULPVRUVROGLHUVDQGIHZSHRSOHHYHU
WUDYHOHGIDUIURPWKHLURZQYLOODJH
27+(5'87,(6
7KHORUGZDVILUVWDQGIRUHPRVWD NQLJKWSZKRSURYLGHGPHQWR ILJKWIRUWKHNLQJZKHQHYHUKH QHHGHGWKHP7KHVHNQLJKWVDUH
UHFHLYLQJWKHLUVZRUGV
6WHZDUG GLVFXVVHV IDUPEXVLQHVV ZLWKKLVORUG
0HGLHYDO ZDWHULQJSRW
7+(67(:$5'
7KHORUGOHIWWKHGDLO\UXQQLQJRIKLVPDQRU WRDQXPEHURIRIILFLDOV7KHPRVWLPSRUWDQW ZDVWKHVWHZDUGZKRRUJDQL]HGIDUPZRUN NHSWDFFRXQWVRIWKHHVWDWHpVPRQH\DQG SUHVLGHGDWWKHPDQRUFRXUWLIKLVPDVWHU ZDVDZD\6WHZDUGVZHUHZHOOSDLG SRZHUIXOILJXUHVLQWKHGLVWULFW
7+(/25'$1'/$'<
7KHORUGDQGODG\RIWKHPDQRUKDGWRRYHUVHHWKH UXQQLQJRIWKHHVWDWHDQGWKHLUKRXVHKROGEXWWKH\ DOVRKDGDIDLUDPRXQWRIIUHHWLPHWRSXUVXHOHLVXUH DFWLYLWLHV7KLV)UHQFKWDSHVWU\VKRZVWZRDQJHOV KROGLQJDFDQRS\RYHUWKHKHDGVRIDQREOHDQGKLV ODG\SHUKDSVV\PEROL]LQJWKHLUFKDUPHGOLYHV
7+(0$125+286(
7KHORUGDQGKLVIDPLO\OLYHGLQDODUJHKRXVHWKDW ZDVRIWHQEXLOWRIVWRQH,WZDVVXUURXQGHGE\
JDUGHQVDQGVWDEOHVDQGZDVSURWHFWHGE\DKLJK ZDOODQGVRPHWLPHVE\DPRDW$VLGHIURP
WKHFKXUFKWKHPDQRUKRXVHZDVWKHFHQWHU RIFRPPXQLW\OLIHuLWVJUHDWKDOOVHUYHGDV
)DYRULWHKDZNVZHUH FDUULHGHYHU\ZKHUH HYHQLQWRFKXUFK
3HDNNHHSVVXQOLJKWRXW RIWKHH\HVDQGZKHQ UHYHUVHGDOORZV
UDLQZDWHUWRUXQRII )HOWKDW %URZQ GRXEOHW
+$33<+817,1*
/RUGVDQGODGLHVVSHQWPXFKRIWKHLUWLPH KXQWLQJZKLFKZDVFRQVLGHUHGDQREOH SXUVXLW0DQ\NHSWKDZNVWRIO\DIWHUUDEELWV RUGRYHVDQGSDFNVRIKRXQGVIRUFKDVLQJ GHHURUZLOGERDULQWKHLUSULYDWHZRRGODQG
7+(%$,/,))
1H[WLQ LPSRUWDQFHWR WKHVWHZDUGZDVWKH EDLOLII+HZDVXVXDOO\ DSHDVDQWZKLFKFDQEH VHHQIURPKLVFORWKHV ULJKWuWKH\ZHUHPDGH IURPEHWWHUFORWKWKDQWKRVH RIDIDUPODERUHUEXWZHUH EDVLFDOO\WKHVDPHVW\OH +RZHYHUWKHEDLOLIIZDVQRW DVHUISEXWDIUHHKROGHU ZKRRZQHGKLVRZQODQG +HZDVLQFKDUJHRI DOORWWLQJMREVWRWKH SHDVDQWVORRNLQJDIWHU WKHGHPHVQHpVFDWWOH DQGWDNLQJFDUHRI UHSDLUVWREXLOGLQJV DQGWRROVIRUZKLFK KHKLUHGVNLOOHG FUDIWVPHQVXFK DVFDUSHQWHUV DQGVPLWKV
:RROHQOLQHQOLQHG MDFNHWZLWKSHZWHU EXWWRQV
-DFNHWKDVD ORQJHUFXW WKDQWKDWRI DODERUHUpV MDFNHW
6WLUUXSVSXOOHG WKHKRVHFORVHU WRWKHOHJIRUD IDVKLRQDEO\ VOHQGHUVLOKRXHWWH
/HDWKHU ERRWV
7+(5((9(
7KHUHHYHZDVWKHEDLOLIIpVULJKWKDQG PDQ+HZDVDSHDVDQWFKRVHQE\ WKHRWKHUYLOODJHUV&DUU\LQJD ZKLWHVWLFNDVDEDGJHRIRIILFH WKHUHHYHVXSHUYLVHGZRUN RQWKHORUGpVGHPHVQH FKHFNLQJWKDWHYHU\RQH EHJDQRQWLPHDQG HQVXULQJWKDWQRQH RIWKHSURGXFH ZDVVWROHQ
*2,1*727+(0,//
A medieval home
0
ȦȥȪȦȷȢȭȩȰȮȦȴȸȦȳȦȷȦȳȺȥȪȧȧȦȳȦȯȵȧȳȰȮȰȶȳȴ
3HDVDQWVVSHQW
PRVWRIWKHGD\OLJKWKRXUVRXWVLGHVRWKHGUDIWVDQGOLWWOHOLJKWIURPWKHLU
XQJOD]HGZLQGRZVGLGQRWWURXEOHWKHP,QVLGHWKH\NHSWEHORZWKH
VPRNHRIWKHILUHE\VLWWLQJRQORZVWRROV)RUOLJKWLQJWKH\SHHOHG
ILHOGUXVKHVDQGGLSSHGWKHPLQIDWZKLFKPDGHWKHPEXUQOLNHVPDOO
FDQGOHV(YHU\WKLQJZDVNHSWDVFOHDQDVSRVVLEOHuWKHGLUWIORRUV
ZHUHRIWHQZRUQKROORZDVDUHVXOWRIFRQVWDQWVZHHSLQJ'RPHVWLF
OLIHZDVPXFKPRUHFRPPXQDOWKDQRXUVZLWKZKROHIDPLOLHVHDWLQJ
VOHHSLQJDQGVSHQGLQJIUHHWLPHWRJHWKHULQWKHLURQHRUWZRURRPHG
KRXVHVS7KHKRPHVRIWKHZHDOWK\ZHUHPXFKPRUH
HODERUDWH%\WKHWKFHQWXU\VRPHQREOHPHQKDG
DSULYDWHIDPLO\URRPWKHVRODU7KH\SDYHGWKHLU
IORRUVZLWKGHFRUDWHGWLOHVDQGKXQJ
EULJKWWDSHVWULHVRQWKHLUZDOOV
:,1'2:217+(:25/'
,WZDVSRVVLEOHWRMXGJHWKHVRFLDOVWDWXVRIDKRXVHKROGE\ ORRNLQJDWLWVZLQGRZV7KHSRRUKDGVPDOOKROHVFRYHUHG ZLWKZRRGHQVKXWWHUVWKDWFRXOGEHFORVHGDWQLJKWRU LQFROGZHDWKHU7KHEHWWHURIIPLJKWKDYHIHQHVWUDO ZLQGRZVuODWWLFHIUDPHVFRYHUHGLQOLQHQWKDWKDG EHHQVRDNHGLQUHVLQDQGWDOORZ7KHVHOHWLQOLJKWDQG NHSWRXWGUDIWVDQGFRXOGEHUHPRYHGRQVXQQ\GD\V
*/$6668%67,787(
,QWKH0LGGOH$JHVJODVVZDVUDUHDQGH[SHQVLYH DQGRQO\FKXUFKHVRUUR\DOSDODFHVFRXOGDIIRUGJODVVZLQGRZV 1REOHPHQDQGPHUFKDQWVRIWHQPDGHGRZLWKZLQGRZVPDGH IURPSDQHVRISROLVKHGKRUQ7KHVHZHUHFKHDSHUDQGWRXJKHU
WKDQJODVVDQGOHWLQORWVRIOLJKWDOWKRXJKWKH\ZHUHD ELWGLIILFXOWWRVHHWKURXJK
+2512)3/(17<
+RUQKDVEHHQFDOOHGWKHSODVWLFRIWKH0LGGOH $JHVEHFDXVHLWZDVFKHDSDQGSOLDEOH7RPDNH DKRUQZLQGRZSDQHWKHKRUQZDVILUVWVRIWHQHG LQZDWHUIRUWKUHHPRQWKVWKHQXQZRXQGVSOLW DQGSROLVKHGXQWLOLWZDVWUDQVSDUHQW
6KXWWHUVDUH FORVHGDWQLJKW
&XUO\VKHHSpV KRUQ
8QZRXQG KRUQ
&HQWUDOSDUWLV VSOLWDQGSROLVKHG
6RPHFDVWOH SULYLHVHPSWLHG GLUHFWO\LQWR WKHPRDW 8ULQDOXULQH ZDVRIWHQVDYHG WREHXVHGIRU FORWKILQLVKLQJ DQGG\HLQJ SURFHVVHV
+RUQSDQHVDUH VORWWHGLQWRDZRRGHQ ZLQGRZIUDPH :DWWOHDQGGDXE ZDOOS
.((3,1*:$50
0HGLHYDOKRPHVKDGKHDUWKVLQWKH FHQWHURIWKHURRPuDZD\IURP ZRRGHQZDOOVWRPLQLPL]HWKHULVN RIILUH%\WKHVPRUHSHRSOH FRXOGDIIRUGVWRQHFKLPQH\VVR ILUHSODFHVZHUHPRUHFRPPRQ
7+(60$//(675220
$5220:,7+,1$5220
%HWWHURIISHRSOHVOHSWLQEHGVPDGHIURPVWURQJ ZRRGHQEHDPVZLWKDFDQRS\RYHUKHDGDQGFXUWDLQV DWWKHVLGHV7KHULFKPD\KDYHKDGIHDWKHUILOOHG PDWWUHVVHVEXWPRVWSHRSOHpVZHUHPDGHRIVWUDZ :KHQWKHFXUWDLQVZHUHGUDZQWKHEHGEHFDPHD VQXJSULYDWHVSDFH7KLVEHGZRXOGKDYHEHORQJHG WRDEDLOLIISLQWKHODWHWKRUHDUO\WKFHQWXU\
.((3,1*%8*6$7%$<
+HUEVVXFKDVODYHQGHUWDQV\DQGODGLHVp EHGVWUDZZHUHVWUHZQRQVWUDZPDWWUHVVHV 7KHLUVWURQJVFHQWVQRWRQO\PDGHWKHEHG VPHOOVZHHWHUEXWDOVRNHSWDZD\IOHDV
52&.ʜ$ʜ%<(%$%<
7KLVQREOHEDE\pVURFNLQJFUDGOH ZDVSUREDEO\WKHPRVWFRPIRUWDEOH EHGLQWKHKRXVH+RZHYHULQIDQF\ ZDVDGDQJHURXVWLPHuPRUH WKDQRQHLQWKUHHEDELHVGLHG XVXDOO\IURPGLVHDVH
6($767268,7
,QPRVWKRPHVSHRSOHVDW RQSODLQVWRROVRUEHQFKHV 2QO\DORUGZDVOLNHO\WR KDYHDFKDLUZLWKDEDFN DQGDUPUHVWVDQGKHZDV WKXVFDOOHGWKHqFKDLUPDQr
%('7,0(
$WKFHQWXU\VHUYDQWVpERRNJLYHVVWULFWLQVWUXFWLRQV RQSXWWLQJWKHORUGWREHG$IWHUXQGUHVVLQJKLP FRPELQJKLVKDLUDQGSXOOLQJRQKLV QLJKWFDSWKHVHUYDQWVKRXOGqGUDZ WKHFXUWDLQVURXQGDERXWWKHEHGVHW WKHUHKLVQLJKWOLJKWGULYHRXWWKH GRJDQGFDWJLYLQJWKHPDFORXW WDNHQROHDYHRI\RXUORUGEXW ERZORZWRKLPDQGUHWLUHr
/DYHQGHU 7DQV\ /DGLHVp EHGVWUDZ
q7UXFNOHrEHGFDQ EHZKHHOHGRXW IRUFKLOGUHQ VHUYDQWVDQG RWKHUVWRVOHHSRQ :RYHQVWUDZPDWWUHVV
:RROHQEODQNHW
/LQHQSLOORZ VWXIIHGZLWK FKRSSHGVWUDZ :DUPZRROHQ FXUWDLQVNHHS RXWGUDIWV &DQRS\RUWHVWHU
/LQHQVKHHW :KLWHURVHRIWKH 9LUJLQ0DU\PDQ\ GHFRUDWLRQVERUH UHOLJLRXVPRWLIV
+$1*,1*6
3DLQWHGOLQHQZRYHQ WDSHVWULHVDQGILQHZRRO FORWKVZHUHKXQJIURP ZDOOVDQGGRRUZD\V 7KH\PDGHURRPV ZDUPHUE\NHHSLQJ RXWGUDIWVDQG SURYLGLQJLQVXODWLRQ 7KH\DOVRDGGHG EULJKWQHVVWR GLPLQWHULRUV7KLV GRRUZD\DQGSDLQWHG OLQHQZDOOKDQJLQJ FRPHIURPWKHKRPH RIDZHDOWK\PHUFKDQW
&UDGOHFDQ EHURFNHGE\ PRWKHUpVIRRW ZKLOHVKH VHZVRUVSLQV
From kitchen to table
3
ȦȰȱȭȦpȴȥȪȦȵȴ
LQ
WKH0LGGOH$JHVYDULHG
DFFRUGLQJWRWKHLUPHDQV
5LFKQREOHPHQDQGPHUFKDQWV
FRXOGDIIRUGWRHDWDZLGHUDQJHRI
IRRGSLQFOXGLQJH[SHQVLYHGULHG
IUXLWVDOPRQGVDQGVSLFHVIURP$VLD
$OWKRXJKRQHSRHWEHOLHYHGWKHSRRU
VKRXOGOLYHRQqQHWWOHVUHHGVEULDUVDQG
SHDVKHOOVrWKHLUGLHWZDVJHQHUDOO\EHWWHU
WKDQWKDW2UGLQDU\SHRSOHDWHGDUNFRDUVH
EUHDGPDGHIURPZKHDWPL[HGZLWKU\HRU
RDWPHDOJDUGHQYHJHWDEOHVDQGPHDWHVSHFLDOO\
SRUNIURPWKHLUOLYHVWRFN'XULQJWKHZLQWHUWKH\
KDGWRPDNHGRZLWKPHDWDQGILVKWKDWKDGEHHQ
SUHVHUYHGLQVDOWDQGFRRNVGHYLVHGFOHYHUZD\V
RIPDVNLQJWKHWDVWHE\DGGLQJRDWPHDOSHDVEHDQV
RUEUHDGFUXPEVWRWKHSRW&RZVVKHHSDQGJRDWV
SURYLGHGPLONIRUGDLU\IRRGVZKLFK
ZHUHNQRZQDVqZKLWHPHDWVr
+22.6)25&22.60RVWSHRSOHERLOHGWKHLUIRRGLQLURQ SRWVWKDWHLWKHUKXQJIURPKRRNVRYHU WKHILUHRUVWRRGLQWKHKRWDVKHV2QFH FRRNHGFKXQNVRIPHDWZHUHSXOOHGRXW RIWKHSRWZLWKDIOHVKKRRN9HJHWDEOHV DQGJUDLQVZHUHDGGHGWRWKHOHIWRYHU OLTXLGWRPDNHDVRXS\qSRWWDJHrZKLFK ZDVDVWDSOHSDUWRIHYHU\RQHpVGLHW7KLV FRXOGEHWXUQHGLQWRDWKLFNSXGGLQJ FDOOHGIUXPHQW\E\PL[LQJLWZLWKZKHDW FUXVKHGDOPRQGVDQGHJJ\RONV)$67 )22'
7KH&KXUFK RUGHUHGWKDW :HGQHVGD\V )ULGD\VDQG 6DWXUGD\VZHUH qIDVWrGD\VZKHQQR PHDWVKRXOGEHHDWHQ)LVKZDV DOORZHGDQGLWEHFDPHDYLWDOSDUWRI WKHGLHW2UGLQDU\SHRSOHDWHPDLQO\VDOWHGRUSLFNOHGKHUULQJ IUHVKHHOVDQGVKHOOILVK7KHZHDOWK\FRXOGHDWFDUSDQGSLNH IURPWKHLUILVKSRQGVDQGDZLGHYDULHW\RIULYHUDQGVHDILVK
)UHVKULYHUWURXW )OHVKKRRNIRU UHPRYLQJPHDWIURP DERLOLQJFDXOGURQ
7KUHHOHJJHGFDXOGURQ FDQVWDQGLQWKHILUHRU KDQJIURPDSRWKRRN
3RWVWDQG RUWULYHW
)LUHZRRG
6WRQHKHDUWK 3RWKRRNLV
VXVSHQGHGIURP DQDGMXVWDEOH SRWKDQJHUWRDOORZ
WKHFDXOGURQWREH UDLVHGRUORZHUHG
LQWRWKHILUH
/DUJHSRWKRRNIRU DKXJHFDXOGURQ $GMXVWDEOH
+($'&22.
,QDSHDVDQWKRXVHKROG WKHZLIHSUHSDUHGWKH IDPLO\pVIRRGVLPPHULQJ SRWWDJHRQWKHILUHDQG EDNLQJEUHDGRQDKRW VWRQH,QPDQRURUFDVWOH NLWFKHQVWKHKHDGFRRNV ZHUHDOZD\VPHQ7KH\ URDVWHGEURLOHGDQGEDNHG YDVWTXDQWLWLHVRIIRRGLQ JUHDWILUHSODFHVDQGRYHQV $VPDOODUP\RINLWFKHQ ER\VRUVFXOOLRQVZHUH UHVSRQVLEOHIRUGRLQJ WKHFOHDQXS
5DEELWVRUFRQH\V ZHUHDFRPPRQ VRXUFHRIIUHVKPHDW
IRURUGLQDU\SHRSOH $JRRVHZDVRIWHQIDWWHQHGIRUD VSHFLDORFFDVLRQ
:RRGSLJHRQV FRXOGEHZUDSSHG LQFOD\DQGEDNHG LQKRWDVKHV
,17+(3$175<
)OHVKSDQWULHVZHUHKXQJZLWKDOO NLQGVRIELUGVDQGEHDVWV%HVLGHV PXWWRQEHHIDQGSRUNWKHUHZDV UDEELWGXFNSLJHRQYHQLVRQDQG ZLOGERDU1RELUGZDVVDIHIURPWKH KXQWHUuHYHU\WKLQJIURPVZDQVDQG KHURQVWREODFNELUGVDQGJUHHQILQFKHV ZDVFDXJKWIRUWKHNLWFKHQ
0HDWEHLQJSUHSDUHGRQD FXWWLQJERDUG
q)LUHGRJVrVXSSRUW
WKHEOD]LQJORJV )RUNDQGSRNHU
IRUWHQGLQJILUH )ODYRULQJKHUEVZHUHZLGHO\XVHGLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVWR$+$1')8/2)+(5%6
JLYHLQWHUHVWLQJWDVWHVWRIRRGWKDWZDVRIWHQGXOORUVDOW\ 9HJHWDEOHVVXFKDVWXUQLSVOHHNVRQLRQVDQGFDEEDJHVZHUH DOVRNQRZQDVqSRWKHUEVr1RWUHJDUGHGDVIRRGLQWKHLURZQ ULJKWWKH\ZHUHWKURZQLQWRWKHSRWWRILOORXWVRXSVDQGVWHZV
3DUVOH\ 5RVHPDU\
0LQW 6DJH
.LQGOLQJ
&XUIHZIURPWKH)UHQFK
FRXYUHOHIHXWRFRYHU WKHHPEHUVDWQLJKW
217+(+($57+
:DWWOHDQGGDXESHDVDQWFRWWDJHVS KDGQRFKLPQH\VVRFRRNLQJZDVGRQHRQ DVLPSOHVWRQHKHDUWKLQWKHFHQWHURIWKH URRP*UHDWFDVWOHVDQGPDQRUKRXVHVKDG PXFKELJJHUILUHSODFHVZLWKKXJHVWRQH FKLPQH\VZKHUHPHDWFRXOGEHURDVWHGRQ VSLWV7KHILUHVLQWKHNLWFKHQVRI(QJODQGpV .LQJ-RKQtZHUHODUJHHQRXJK WRURDVWWZRZKROHR[HQDWWKHVDPHWLPH 6LQFHWKH\SRVHGDVHULRXVILUHKD]DUG NLWFKHQVZHUHKRXVHGLQVHSDUDWH EXLOGLQJVDZD\IURPWKHPDLQKDOO
'LQQHUZDVWKHJUDQGHVWDQGELJJHVWPHDORIWKHGD\
7KHORUGRIWKHPDQRUVDWZLWKKLVPRVWLPSRUWDQWJXHVWV
DWWKHKLJKWDEOHUDLVHGRQDSODWIRUPRUGDLVDWRQHHQG
RIWKHJUHDWKDOO)URPKHUHKHFRXOGORRNGRZQRQWKH
OHVVHUGLQHUVDQGPHPEHUVRIKLVKRXVHKROGVLWWLQJDWWKH
ORZWDEOHV$IHDVWPLJKWKDYHWKUHHFRXUVHVRIFRRNHG
PHDWVDQGILVKHODERUDWHURDVWVRIVZDQVDQGSHDFRFNV
UHFORWKHGLQWKHLUVNLQVIROORZHGE\QXPHURXVVZHHWDQG
VSLF\GLVKHV$OORIWKHVHZHUHTXLFNO\FDUULHGIURPWKH
QHDUE\NLWFKHQVRWKDWWKH\DUULYHGSLSLQJKRW7KHORUG
ZDVVHUYHGILUVWDIWHUDVDPSOHRIWKHIRRGKDGEHHQWDVWHG
E\DVHUYDQWWRPDNHVXUHLWZDVQRWSRLVRQHG2QO\
WKHQZHUHWKHRWKHUGLQHUVVHUYHG
(17(57$,1,1*,167</($WWKHKLJKWDEOHWKHORUGVDW RQDEHQFKDWWKHFHQWHUZLWKKLV EDFNWRWKHZDOO*XHVWVZHUHVHDWHG QH[WWRKLPLQRUGHURILPSRUWDQFH VWDUWLQJZLWKFKXUFKPHQWKHQ QREOHPHQWKHQWKHORUGpVIDPLO\ 6HUYDQWVVFXUULHGWRDQGIURZLWK PHDWVVDXFHVDQGSLWFKHUVRIZLQH IURPWKHERWWOHU\6LQJHUVDQG DFUREDWVRIWHQHQWHUWDLQHGWKH GLQHUVEHWZHHQFRXUVHV
*(76(7
,QWKH0LGGOH$JHVWDEOHIRUNV ZHUHUDUHEXWHYHU\RQHXVHGWKHLU RZQNQLIHDVSRRQVWULSVRIEUHDG DQGWKHLUILQJHUVWRHDWYHU\SROLWHO\ IRUWDEOHPDQQHUVZHUHLPSRUWDQW DQGIRUPHGSDUWRIHYHU\ZHDOWK\ FKLOGpVHGXFDWLRQ
3HUVRQDONQLIHHQJUDYHG ZLWKRZQHUpVLQLWLDOV
+LJKWDEOHVWRRGRQ DUDLVHGSODWIRUP FDOOHGDGDLV ([SHQVLYHWLOHGIORRU
7KHORUGpVVHDWDWWKH FHQWHURIWKHWDEOH :RRGHQERZO
IRUSRWWDJH
6TXDUHSHZWHUWUHQFKHUEDVHXVHG
DVDSHUVRQDOFXWWLQJERDUG 6SRRQZDVSURYLGHGE\WKHKRXVH 'ULQNLQJYHVVHO
&20021)$5(
'LQHUVVHDWHGDWDORZWDEOHZRXOGKDYHHDWHQOHVV HODERUDWHIRRGWKDQWKDWVHUYHGXSIRUWKHORUGEXWWKHUH ZHUHVRPHFRPPRQIRRGV3RWWDJHDWKLFNEURWKRIYHJHWDEOHV
DQGPHDWVWRFNZDVDVWDSOHHYHU\GD\GLVKRIWHQVHUYHGDV DILUVWFRXUVHDWIHDVWV$VLGHIURPSRWWDJHHYHU\RQHDWHEUHDG$OO IRRGZDVVHUYHGRQWKLFNVOLFHVRIVWDOHEUHDGFDOOHGWUHQFKHUVDQG
VPDOOORDYHVFDOOHGPDQFKHWVZHUHXVHGIRUVRSSLQJXSJUDY\
%$148(7%867/(
7KHEDQTXHWLQJKDOOFRXOGEHDFURZGHG QRLV\VPHOO\SODFH7DEOHVZHUHFUDPPHG ZLWKGLQHUVZKLOHGRJVFUXQFKHGERQHV RQWKHIORRU2QO\WKHORUGJRWDVHUYLQJWR KLPVHOI2WKHUGLQHUVVKDUHGDERZOZLWK XSWRWKUHHIHOORZJXHVWV0RVWDWHZLWKWKHLU ILQJHUVVRLWZDVLPSRUWDQWWKDWWKHVHZHUH FOHDQDQGQRWXVHGIRUEORZLQJQRVHVRU VFUDWFKLQJ7DEOHHWLTXHWWHZDVVWULFWq,ILW KDSSHQVWKDW\RXFDQQRWKHOSVFUDWFKLQJr RQHZULWHUDGYLVHGqWKHQFRXUWHRXVO\WDNHD SRUWLRQRI\RXUGUHVVDQGVFUDWFKZLWKWKDWr
6(7)25$/25'
7KHKLJKWDEOHZDVFDUHIXOO\VHWRXW ZLWKDFOHDQOLQHQWDEOHFORWKWUHQFKHU EDVHVSRWWDJHDQGGULQNLQJERZOVVDOW SLWFKHUVDQGLIWKHKRXVHKROGZDVZHDOWK\ILQH JODVVHV,QWKHWKFHQWXU\DODUJHFRPPXQDO QDSNLQFDOOHGWKHORQJWRZHOZDVVSUHDGRYHUWKH NQHHVRIWKHGLQHUVRQFHWKH\ZHUHVHDWHG
/DUJHSLWFKHU IRUDOH /HDWKHU
WDQNDUG
6SRRQVZHUHSODFHGIDFH GRZQWRqNHHSRXWWKHGHYLOr /DUJHZRRGHQ
SODWWHUIRUVHUYLQJ
EUHDGRUPHDW +RUQPXJ
+DUGZRRGHQEHQFK
/LQHQWDEOHFORWKZDVLURQHG ZKLOHGDPSXVLQJURXQG JODVVOLQHQVPRRWKHUV 7UHVWOHWDEOH
'HFRUDWHGFHUDPLF SLWFKHUIRUZLQHRUDOH ([SHQVLYH
Medieval women
q,
ȵȪȴȤȭȦȢȳr
ZURWHD)UHQFKSULHVWLQ
qWKDWPDQLVPXFKQREOHUWKDQZRPDQDQGRI
JUHDWHUYLUWXHr7KHPHGLHYDO&KXUFKORRNHGRQ
ZRPHQDVLQIHULRUWRPHQDQGWDXJKWWKDWWKH\
VKRXOGEHPHHNDQGREHGLHQWWRWKHLUIDWKHUV
DQGKXVEDQGV%XWWKHUHDOOLYHVRIZRPHQLQWKH
0LGGOH$JHVZHUHUDWKHUGLIIHUHQW1RWDOORIWKHP
VWD\HGTXLHWO\DWKRPHEHFDXVHPRVWKDGWRZRUN
IRUDOLYLQJ3HDVDQWZRPHQWRLOHGDORQJVLGHWKHLU
KXVEDQGVLQWKHILHOGVDVZHOODVKDYLQJWRIHHGDQG
FORWKHWKHLUIDPLOLHV7KHZLYHVDQGGDXJKWHUVRI
FUDIWVPHQZHUHRIWHQHPSOR\HGLQWKHZRUNVKRS
DQGIUHTXHQWO\RSHUDWHGDVWUDGHVZRPHQ
LQWKHLURZQULJKWDQGZHDOWK\ODGLHV
RUJDQL]HGODUJHKRXVHKROGVDQG
VRPHWLPHVUDQWKHLUKXVEDQGVp
DIIDLUV+RZHYHURQO\D
IHZSRZHUIXODEEHVVHV
QREOHZRPHQDQGTXHHQV
KDGDQ\LQIOXHQFHRQ
QDWLRQDOHYHQWV
:20(12):($/7+
/DQGRZQHUVPDOHRUIHPDOH ZHUHSRZHUIXOILJXUHVLQPHGLHYDO VRFLHW\DQGDQXQPDUULHGZRPDQRI SURSHUW\KDGHTXDOOHJDOULJKWVZLWK PHQ6KHFRXOGPDNHDZLOODQGVLJQ GRFXPHQWVZLWKKHURZQVHDOuWKLV WKFHQWXU\VHDOEHORQJHGWRD )UHQFKQREOHZRPDQQDPHG(OL]DEHWK RI6HYRUF+RZHYHUZKHQDZRPDQ PDUULHGVKHIRUIHLWHGKHUODQGDQG ULJKWVWRKHUKXVEDQG2QKLVGHDWK VKHZDVHQWLWOHGWRDWKLUGRIKLVODQG ZLWKZKLFKWRVXSSRUWKHUVHOI
+2/',1*7+()257
7KLVQREOHZRPDQKDV FROODSVHGRQKHDULQJ RIKHUKXVEDQGpVGHDWK 0DQ\ZRPHQWRRNRQ WKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI UXQQLQJODUJHHVWDWHV ZKHQWKHLUKXVEDQGV GLHGLQEDWWOHRUZHUH DZD\DWFRXUWRURQD FUXVDGHS7KH\ VHWWOHGORFDOGLVSXWHV PDQDJHGWKHIDUPV DQGKDQGOHGILQDQFHV 6RPHZRPHQHYHQ IRXJKWEDWWOHVGHIHQGLQJ WKHLUFDVWOHVZKHQWKH\ ZHUHXQGHUVLHJH
*(77+((72$1811(5<
0DQ\XQPDUULHGJHQWOHZRPHQHQWHUHGFRQYHQWVDQGQXQQHULHV ZKHUHWKH\OLYHGOLYHVVLPLODUWRWKRVHRIPRQNVSSt 1XQQHULHVRIIHUHGZRPHQWKHRSSRUWXQLW\WROHDGDGHYRXWOLIHDQG DOVRWRREWDLQDQHGXFDWLRQDQGWDNHRQUHVSRQVLELOLWLHVGHQLHGWKHP LQWKHRXWVLGHZRUOG$VORFDOODQGRZQHUVDQGHPSOR\HUVPDQ\ DEEHVVHVZHUHLPSRUWDQWILJXUHVLQWKHFRPPXQLW\DERYH
.((3,7&29(5('
$OWKRXJK\RXQJ VLQJOHZRPHQRIWHQZRUH WKHLUKDLUORRVHPDUULHG ZRPHQZHUHH[SHFWHGWR NHHSWKHLUKDLUFRYHUHG LQDOLQHQqZLPSOHrDV DVLJQRIPRGHVW\
7+(0$,'2)25/¦$16
$1($5/<)(0,1,67
&KULVWLQHGH3LVDQFt ZDVRQHRIWKHIHZPHGLHYDO ZRPHQWRHDUQDOLYLQJE\ ZULWLQJ6KHZURWHSRHWU\DQG ERRNVSURWHVWLQJDWWKHZD\ ZRPHQZHUHERWKJORULILHG DQGLQVXOWHGE\PDOHDXWKRUV
7+(72:16:20$1
$PLGGOHFODVVWRZQVZRPDQ PLJKWKDYHZRUQWKHVH FORWKHVLQWKHWKFHQWXU\
,QWKHWRZQVZRPHQ ZRUNHGLQDYDULHW\ RIRFFXSDWLRQV7KH\ PLJKWEHVKRSNHHSHUV
VSLQQHUVEDNHUVRU qDOHZLYHVrZKREUHZHG
DOH%RWKPDUULHGDQG XQPDUULHGZRPHQ ZRUNHGIRUDOLYLQJ
RIWHQFRPELQLQJ WZRRUPRUHMREV
EHFDXVHWKH\ ZHUHSDLGOHVV
WKDQPHQ
63,167(56
6SLQQLQJZDV GRQHDOPRVW HQWLUHO\E\ZRPHQ XVLQJKDQGKHOG VSLQGOHVOLNHWKLVRQH WKHVSLQQLQJZKHHOZDV LQWURGXFHGIURP,QGLDLQ WKHWKFHQWXU\0DQ\ VLQJOHZRPHQHDUQHGD OLYLQJLQWKLVZD\KHQFH WKHWHUPqVSLQVWHUrIRU DQXQPDUULHGZRPDQ
/LQHQ KHDGZUDS NHHSVKDLU FOHDQDVZHOO DVKLGGHQ
3LQRQVOHHYHVZRUQ RQ6XQGD\VDQG VSHFLDORFFDVLRQV
/LQHQVKLIW
:RROHQ qNLUWOHrILWV FORVHO\DURXQG WKHXSSHU ERG\ /HDWKHUSXUVH
VHUYHVDVDSRFNHW
:RROHQ RYHUWKHNQHH VWRFNLQJV /HDWKHUJDUWHUV WRKROGXS VWRFNLQJV
:RRGHQqSDWWHQVr ZRUQXQGHUVKRHV ZKHQPXGG\
%XFNOHGOHDWKHU VKRHVZLWK WKLQVROHV 3UD\HU
EHDGV
'HFRUDWHGKDLUSLQV
:RROWZLVWVLQWRWKUHDG DVWKHVSLQGOHWZLUOV
:5$383
The great barons
(
ȷȦȳȺȯȰȣȭȦȮȢȯȸȢȴȢȷȢȴȴȢȭ
SZKRKDG
SURPLVHGWRVHUYHKLVNLQJ%XWPDQ\QREOHVJUHZ
VRSRZHUIXOWKDWNLQJVFRXOGQRWFRQWUROWKHP%\WKH
WKFHQWXU\WKHVWURQJHVWEDURQVUXOHGZKDWZHUH
UHDOO\WLQ\VHOIFRQWDLQHGVWDWHVZLWKWKHLURZQODZV
7KHILQHU\RIWKHLUFDVWOHFRXUWVRIWHQULYDOHGWKDW
RIWKHNLQJpVDQGPDQ\NHSWSHUPDQHQWDUPLHVDW
WKHLUEHFNDQGFDOO2QH)UHQFKEDURQWKH6LUHGH
&RXF\KDGDERG\JXDUGRINQLJKWVHDFKZLWK
IROORZHUV7KHVHVPDOOSULYDWHDUPLHVVRPHWLPHV
URGHRXWWRSOXQGHUWKHLUQHLJKERUVLQVDYDJH
DQGSLWLOHVVUDLGVDQGWKH\SRVHGDVHULRXVWKUHDW
WRWKHNLQJLIKHGLGQRWNHHSKLVEDURQVKDSS\
+,70(1
%DURQVVRPHWLPHVKLUHG PHUFHQDU\WURRSVWRGRWKHLU ILJKWLQJIRUWKHP7KHVH ZHUHEDQGVRIXSWR VROGLHUVRIDOOQDWLRQDOLWLHVu GHVHUWHUVIURPWKH&UXVDGHV RXWODZVDQGH[LOHGNQLJKWV
3$5/,$0(17$5<3,21((5
7KH(QJOLVKNLQJXVXDOO\ JRYHUQHGWKURXJKD*UHDW &RXQFLORIEDURQVDQG FKXUFKPHQ%XW6LPRQ GH0RQWIRUWFt ZDQWHGWROLPLWWKHSRZHUV RI+HQU\,,,t +HOHGDUHEHOOLRQLQ WRRNWKHNLQJSULVRQHU DQGVXPPRQHGWKHILUVW SDUOLDPHQW7KLVZDV PDGHXSRIWKHROG&RXQFLO SOXVWZRUHSUHVHQWDWLYHV IURPHDFKVKLUHDQGWRZQ
7+(%2$672)+(5$/'5<
:KHQNQLJKWVURGHLQWREDWWOHWKHLUIDFHVZHUH KLGGHQEHKLQGDUPRUVRWKH\LGHQWLILHGWKHPVHOYHV E\FDUU\LQJDFRDWRIDUPVRUGHYLFHRQWKHLUVKLHOG %\WKHWKFHQWXU\WKHVHGHYLFHVZHUHXVHGQRWMXVW E\ZDUULRUVEXWE\SRZHUIXOEDURQLDOIDPLOLHV
9/$''5$&8/
0RVWLQIDPRXVRIDOOEDURQV ZDVWKHJKRXOLVK9ODG7HSHVRI 5RPDQLDFt$FFRUGLQJ WROHJHQGKHSXWWKRXVDQGVRI SHRSOHWRGHDWKE\LPSDOLQJWKHP RQVWDNHV+HZDVQLFNQDPHG q'UDFXODrRUq'UDJRQpVVRQr
5$//<$5281'7+()/$*
(YHU\QREOHPDQKDGD EDQQHUVXFKDVWKLV VKRZLQJKLVRZQFRORUV DQGHPEOHPV6XFKIODJV ZHUHLPSRUWDQWUDOO\LQJ SRLQWVIRUVROGLHUVDQG NQLJKWVRQWKHEDWWOHILHOG &RPSRVLWH
)257,),('72:16
7RSURWHFWWKHPVHOYHVLQWLPHVRIZDUPHGLHYDOSHRSOHEXLOWIRUWLILFDWLRQV 7KHVWURQJVWRQHZDOOVRIFDVWOHVFRXOGEHVHHQDOORYHUWKHFRXQWU\VLGH DQGPRVWWRZQVZHUHDOVRSURWHFWHGZLWKZDOOVWRZHUVDQGJDWHKRXVHV 6RPHRIWKHVHIRUWLILFDWLRQVZHUHPDVVLYHDQGWKHZDOOVFRXOGEHDV PXFKDVIWPWKLFN7KHWRZQRI&DUFDVVRQQH)UDQFHVWLOOKDV WRZHUVDQGPHGLHYDOZDOOVWKDWHQFORVHWKHZKROHWRZQ
7+(*5($7&+$57(5
,Q-XQHWKH(QJOLVK EDURQVIRUFHG.LQJ-RKQ FtWRVLJQ WKH0DJQD&DUWD*UHDW &KDUWHU7KLVGRFXPHQW OLPLWHGWKHNLQJpVULJKWVWRWD[ WKHEDURQVDQGWRSXQLVKDQ\ PDQZLWKRXWDSURSHUWULDO %XWWKH0DJQD&DUWDGLGQRW UHFRPPHQGHTXDOULJKWVIRU DOOuRUGLQDU\SHRSOHZHUH VFDUFHO\PHQWLRQHG+RZHYHU LWZDVDFUXFLDOPRPHQWWKHILUVW WLPHDQ(QJOLVKNLQJKDGFRPH XQGHUWKHFRQWURORIWKHODZ
:$5/25'
&KDUJLQJIXOOWLOWDWDEDQGRIKHOSOHVV FLYLOLDQVDIXOO\DUPRUHGNQLJKWZLWK KLVIDFHKLGGHQEHKLQGDJUHDWKHOPHW ZDVDFKLOOLQJVLJKW'HVFULELQJDQ DWWDFNE\WKHPHQRIDJUHDWEDURQ RQWKHWRZQRI'XUKDP(QJODQG LQDPRQNUHFRXQWHGq$OO WKDWFDPHLQWKHLUZD\ZDV GHVWUR\HGPHQZHUHKXQJ IURPWKHZDOOVRIWKHLU RZQKRXVHVRWKHUVWKH\ SOXQJHGLQWRWKHEHGRI WKHULYHUHYHU\ZKHUH WKURXJKRXWWKHWRZQ WKHUHZHUHJURDQV DQGDOONLQGV RIGHDWKVr
0257$/&20%$7
7KHEDURQVDWDVMXGJH LQKLVRZQODZFRXUW ,IKHFRXOGQRWUHDFK DFOHDUGHFLVLRQKH PLJKWDOORZDWULDOE\ FRPEDW$FFXVHGDQG DFFXVHUZRXOGSXWRQ DUPRUDQGILJKWHDFK RWKHUZLWKVZRUGDQG D[uZKRHYHUZRQ WKHEDWWOHZRQWKH FDVH0RVWSHRSOH
SUHIHUUHGWRKLUH FKDPSLRQVWRILJKW
IRUWKHP%XWWKLV ZDVQRWDSRSXODU OLQHRIZRUN7KHORVHU
PLJKWEHVXVSHFWHG RIVXUUHQGHULQJRQ SXUSRVHDQGKDYH KLVKDQGFKRSSHGRII
DVDSXQLVKPHQW
'RXEOHHGJHG EODGHZLWK QXPHURXV EDWWOHVFDUV
:KHHO SRPPHO
WKFHQWXU\ YLVRUHGEDVLQHW
6LQJOHKDQGHG)UHQFK VZRUGWKFHQWXU\ ,WDOLDQZDU
KDPPHUODWH WKFHQWXU\
*HUPDQEDWWOHD[ ODWHWKFHQWXU\
.LQJ-RKQpV *UHDW6HDO
/<5,&62)/29(
(YHU\FRXUWKDG LWVPLQVWUHOVZKR VDQJVRQJVDERXW ORYHDQGEUDYHGHHGV DFFRPSDQ\LQJWKHPVHOYHV RQWKHKDUSRUWKHOXWHS 7KHJUHDWHVWORYHVRQJVZHUH ZULWWHQE\WKHWURXEDGRXUVZKR IORXULVKHGLQVRXWKHUQ)UDQFHLQWKH WKFHQWXU\(DFKWURXEDGRXUZURWH LQSUDLVHRIKLVLGHDOL]HGODG\ORYH
7
ȩȦȳȰȺȢȭȤȰȶȳȵȸȢȴȵȩȦȤȦȯȵȦȳ
DQGWKH
VKRZSLHFHRIWKHNLQJGRP+HUHDPRQDUFK
GHPRQVWUDWHGKLVSRZHUZLWKJUDQGFHUHPRQLHV
DQGEDQTXHWVFROOHFWHGWD[HVVHWWOHGGLVSXWHV
DQGPDGHODZV,WZDVSDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQW
WRPDLQWDLQFRQWURORYHUWKHSRZHUIXOEDURQV
+HQU\,,RI(QJODQGtKHOGVSHFLDO
FRXUWVHVVLRQVWRVRUWRXWDUJXPHQWVRYHU
ODQGDQG/RXLV,;RI)UDQFHtLQVLVWHGRQ
OLVWHQLQJWRFDVHVLQSHUVRQ2WKHUPRQDUFKVDPD]HG
WKHLUVXEMHFWVDQGYLVLWRUVDOLNHZLWKWKHPDJQLILFHQFH
RIWKHLUFRXUWV0RVWDVWRXQGLQJRIDOOZHUHWKH6LFLOLDQ
FDVWOHVRIWKH+RO\5RPDQ(PSHURUS)UHGHULFN,,
tZKLFKKDGJROGHQIORRUVH[RWLFDQLPDOV
EHDXWLIXOJDUGHQVDQGGDQFLQJJLUOV
7+(5,*+77258/(
0RVWPHGLHYDONLQJVEHOLHYHGWKH\KDGDEVROXWH SRZHURYHUWKHLUVXEMHFWVJLYHQWRWKHPE\*RG 7KLVVRPHWLPHVOHGWKHPWRDUURJDQWJHVWXUHVuDQG GLVDVWHU5LFKDUG,,RI(QJODQGtRQFH VDWIRUKRXUVRQKLVWKURQHJODQFLQJDURXQG +HPHUHO\ZDQWHGWRZDWFKKLV FRXUWLHUVNQHHOZKHQKHORRNHG DWWKHP%\5LFKDUGpV GHVSRWLFZD\VKDGPDGHKLP VRXQSRSXODUWKDWKHZDV GHSRVHGIURPKLVWKURQH /RYHKHDUW
GHFRUDWHG ZLWKWHDUV
/DQFHVPHDVXUH DERXWIWP
The royal court
/$1&($/27
,'/(3$67,0(6
7KHORUGVDQGODGLHV RIWKHFRXUWZKLOHG DZD\LGOHKRXUVZLWK LQGRRUJDPHVVXFKDV EDFNJDPPRQFKHVV DQGGLFH3OD\LQJFDUGV EHFDPHSRSXODULQWKH WKFHQWXU\
$&28572)/29(
,QWKHWKFHQWXU\FRXUWO\ORYH EHFDPHIDVKLRQDEOHLQUR\DOFLUFOHV
,WZDVDQDUWLILFLDONLQGRISDVVLRQ ZLWKVWULFWUXOHV,WKDGWREHNHSWD
VHFUHWDQGWKHORYHGRQHKDGWREH PDUULHGuWRVRPHRQHHOVH1REOH
NQLJKWVZRUVKLSHGWKHLUODGLHV IURPDIDUZURWHORQJORYHSRHPV
DQGYRZHGWRGREUDYHGHHGVIRU ORYH7KLVSDUDGHVKLHOGVKRZVD NQLJKWNQHHOLQJEHIRUHKLVODG\DQG
EHDUVWKHPRWWRq<RXRU'HDWKr
2)),&,$/%86,1(66
7KHNLQJPDGHKLVZLVKHVNQRZQ WKURXJKZULWV+LVVFULEHpVRIILFH SURGXFHGKXQGUHGVRIGRFXPHQWVHDFK \HDUJUDQWLQJODQGVDQGSHUPLVVLRQ WRUDLVHDUPLHVDSSRLQWRIILFLDOV DQGRUGHUWKHSD\PHQWRIWD[HV 7KLVZULWGDWHGLVDJUDQW RIJDPHULJKWVIURP(GZDUG,RI (QJODQGtWRRQH RIKLVEDURQV5RJHUGH3LONLQJWRQ
:$5*$0(6
3RPSDQGFHUHPRQ\ZHUHLPSRUWDQWSDUWVRI FRXUWOLIH7KHPRFNEDWWOHRUWRXUQH\ZDVD SRSXODUDQGVSHFWDFXODUZD\RIDPXVLQJWKH FRXUWLQWKHWKFHQWXU\:KLOHWKHNLQJ TXHHQDQGFRXUWLHUVORRNHGRQODUJHSDUWLHV RINQLJKWVFKDUJHGDWHDFKRWKHU,IWKH\ ZHUHXQKRUVHGWKH\ZHQWRQILJKWLQJRQ IRRW7RXUQH\VZHUHEORRG\DQGGDQJHURXVu GXULQJRQHILJKWDW&RORJQH
PRUHWKDQNQLJKWV ZHUHNLOOHG
q7DEOHVrFRXQWHU IRUSOD\LQJD JDPHVLPLODUWR EDFNJDPPRQ
7KHUR\DOVHDOPDNHV
WKHGRFXPHQWRIILFLDO )OHPLVKVKLHOGWKFHQWXU\
&RXUWODGLHVZDWFK WKHWRXUQDPHQW IURPWKHVWDQG
3
ȦȢȤȦȸȢȴȳȢȳȦȪȯȮȦȥȪȦȷȢȭȵȪȮȦȴ
HVSHFLDOO\LQ(XURSH
7KH&UXVDGHVDJDLQVWWKH7XUNVODVWHGIRUWKUHHFHQWXULHV
DQGWKH+XQGUHG<HDUVp:DUEHWZHHQ(QJODQGDQG)UDQFH
GUDJJHGRQIURPWR(YHQZKHQWKHUHZHUHQR
PDMRUFDPSDLJQVEDURQVDQGEULJDQGVUDLGHGWKHLUQHLJKERUV
,QWKHHDUO\0LGGOH$JHVWKHDUPRUHGNQLJKWUXOHGWKH
EDWWOHILHOG+HVFRUQHGWKHIRRWVROGLHUVZKRZHUHPRVWO\D
UDEEOHRISRRUWHUULILHGDQGXQWUDLQHGSHDVDQWVSUHVVHGLQWR
EDWWOHE\WKHLUORUGV%XWE\WKHWKFHQWXU\NQLJKWVZHUH
IDVWJRLQJRXWRIIDVKLRQDQGWKHFRPPRQVROGLHUEHFDPH
PXFKPRUHLPSRUWDQW+HGHYHORSHGLQWRDSURIHVVLRQDO
ZDUULRUZHOOSDLGVNLOOIXOZLWKKLVZHDSRQDQGXVHGWR
REH\LQJRUGHUV0DQ\HYHQZRUNHGDVPHUFHQDU\VROGLHUV
KLULQJWKHPVHOYHVRXWWRWKHKLJKHVWELGGHU
)227625($1'+81*5<
/LIHRQWKHPDUFKFRXOGEHYHU\KDUG $IRRWVROGLHUZRXOGKDYHWRZDON DWOHDVWPLOHVNPDGD\DQG RFFDVLRQDOO\WKUHHWLPHVDVIDU+LVIRRG ERZOZDVRIWHQHPSW\IRUDODUJHDUP\ VRRQFRQVXPHGHYHU\WKLQJHGLEOHLQWKH VXUURXQGLQJFRXQWU\VLGH6WDUYLQJ)UHQFK VROGLHUVLQWKH)LUVW&UXVDGHRIZHUH WROGWRIHHGRQWKHLUHQHPLHVq$UHWKHUH QRWFRUSVHVRI7XUNVLQSOHQW\"&RRNHG DQGVDOWHGWKH\ZLOOEHJRRGWRHDWr
$5&+(1(0<
$UFKHUVSOD\HGDNH\UROHLQWKH GHFOLQHRIWKHNQLJKWLQWKHWK FHQWXU\)LUHGDWWKHHQHP\IURP DVDIHGLVWDQFHDGHDGO\KDLORIDUURZV NLOOHGPHQDQGKRUVHVDOLNH:LWKRXW WKHLUKRUVHVKHDYLO\DUPRUHGNQLJKWV ZHUHHDV\SUH\IRUIRRWVROGLHUV
7+(&586$'(6
,QWKH3RSHFDOOHGIRUDKRO\ZDU DJDLQVWWKH0XVOLPUXOHUVRI3DOHVWLQH FDOOHGWKH+RO\/DQGE\&KULVWLDQV $(XURSHDQDUP\VHWRIIRQWKH)LUVW &UXVDGHDQGUHFDSWXUHGWKHKRO\ FLW\RI-HUXVDOHPEXWWKH0XVOLPV VRRQDGYDQFHGDJDLQ$QRWKHUHLJKW FUXVDGHVIROORZHGEHWZHHQ DQGDOORIWKHPIDLOXUHV7KLV WKFHQWXU\SDLQWLQJVKRZVFUXVDGHUV DUULYLQJDW'DPLHWWDLQ(J\SW
:RRGHQ GULQNLQJ ERZOIRUDOH 3RWWDJHERZO DQGVSRRQ
)OLQW &ORWK
FKDUFRDO RUWLQGHU
6WHHO &DQYDVNLWEDJ )OLQWVWHHODQGWLQGHU
IRUOLJKWLQJFDPSILUHV
0LWWHQJDXQWOHW SURWHFWVWKH KDQGDQGZULVW
6KHHSVNLQ PLWWHQ ZRUQLQVLGH &KDLQVSOLQWVNHHS
VZRUGVIURP VOLFLQJWKURXJK WKHDUP
/HDWKHUERRWV JHQHUDOO\ODVWHG DERXWWKUHHPRQWKV
*ODLYHDIRUPRI SROHZHDSRQXVHGIRU VWDEELQJRUNQRFNLQJ WKHHQHP\DVLGHLW ZDVVDIHUWRNHHS RSSRQHQWVDW DUPpVOHQJWK
,p0$/5,*+7-$&.
7KLVPLOLWDU\RXWILW ZRXOGKDYHEHHQZRUQE\ DSURIHVVLRQDOIRRWVROGLHULQ WKHODWHWKFHQWXU\6RPH RIKLVJHDUZRXOGKDYHEHHQ LVVXHGWRKLPDQGWKHUHVW ZDVSUREDEO\VWROHQRU ORRWHG0RVWVROGLHUVDW WKLVWLPHZRUHPXFKOHVV DUPRUWKDQWKHNQLJKWVRI ROG$SDGGHGWXQLFFDOOHG DMDFNZLWKLURQJDXQWOHWV DQGDUPVSOLQWVJDYHJRRG SURWHFWLRQDJDLQVWVZRUG DQGGDJJHUFXWV
%(/7%$*
$VROGLHUKDGWRFDUU\KLVSHUVRQDO EHORQJLQJVZLWKKLPZKHUHYHUKHZHQW VROXJJDJHZDVNHSWWRDPLQLPXP6OXQJ IURPKLVEHOWWKLVOHDWKHUSXUVHSUREDEO\ FRQWDLQHGPRQH\GLFHIRUJDPEOLQJ QHHGOHVDQGWKUHDGDQGDNHUFKLHI
+$1'620(5$1620
$FDSWXUHGHQHP\FRXOGEHDYDOXDEOH DFTXLVLWLRQ,PSRUWDQWSULVRQHUV
ZHUHRIWHQKHOGWRUDQVRPIRU ODUJHVXPVRIPRQH\:KHQ
.LQJ5LFKDUG,RI(QJODQG tZDVFDSWXUHGLQ
KLVFRXQWU\KDGWR SD\PDUNVu
DKXJHVXP
+$1'ʜ72ʜ+$1'),*+7,1*
:LWKDVZRUGLQKLVULJKWKDQGDQG DEXFNOHULQKLVOHIWDVROGLHUZDVD GDQJHURXVHQHP\7KHEXFNOHUZDV QRWRQO\XVHGWRGHIOHFWEORZVEXW DOVRWRKLWDQRSSRQHQWLQWKHIDFH EHIRUHMDEELQJRUVODVKLQJ
ZLWKWKHVZRUG+RZHYHU WKHVROGLHUGLGPRVW
RIKLVILJKWLQJZLWK DSROHZHDSRQDQG
UHOLHGRQKLVVZRUG DVDODVWUHVRUW
7KHUHZHUHQR UXOHVRIFRPEDW
LQPHGLHYDO ZDUIDUHDQG
PRVWEDWWOHV ZHUHWHUULI\LQJ IUHHIRUDOOV
0LOLWDU\ qEROORFNr GDJJHU
(DWLQJ NQLIH
9LVRUOLPLWV YLVLRQVRZDV ORZHUHGRQO\ LQILHUFH ILJKWLQJ
6DOOHW KHOPHW
3HDN SURWHFWV WKHQHFN
6PDOOILVWVKLHOG RUEXFNOHUIRU SXQFKLQJ
6LQJOHKDQGHG VZRUGIRU KDQGWRKDQG FRPEDW &ORVHILWWLQJ
FDQYDVDUPLQJGRXEOHW
4XLOWHGMDFN PDGHIURP PXOWLOD\HUHG FDQYDV
*DXQWOHW OLPLWVZULVW PRYHPHQW
The Church
7
ȩȦȤȩȳȪȴȵȪȢȯȤȩȶȳȤȩ
ZDVDWWKHFHQWHURIPHGLHYDO
OLIH7KHUHZHUHWZRPDLQEUDQFKHVLQWKH:HVWWKH
&DWKROLF&KXUFKEDVHGLQ5RPHDQGWKH2UWKRGR[
&KXUFKEDVHGLQ&RQVWDQWLQRSOHQRZ,VWDQEXO:LWK
LWVRZQODZVODQGVDQGWD[HVWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKZDV
DSRZHUIXOLQVWLWXWLRQ,WJRYHUQHGDOPRVWHYHU\DVSHFWRI
SHRSOHpVOLYHVIURPWKHSUDFWLFDOWRWKHVSLULWXDO0RVWPHQ
DQGZRPHQULFKDQGSRRUZHUHEDSWL]HGDQGPDUULHGLQ
FKXUFKDQGDWWHQGHGPDVVHYHU\6XQGD\RIWKHLUOLYHV:KHQ
WKH\GLHGWKHLUSULHVWUHDGWKHPWKHODVWULWHVDQGWKH\ZHUH
EXULHGRQFKXUFKJURXQG)RUPDQ\OLIHRQ(DUWKZDVKDUG
DQGVKRUWEXWWKH&KXUFKVWDWHGWKDW
LIWKH\IROORZHGWKHWHDFKLQJVRI
&KULVWWKH\ZRXOGDWOHDVWEH
UHZDUGHGLQKHDYHQ7KLVLGHD
JDYHWKH&KXUFKJUHDWSRZHU
RYHUSHRSOHpVKHDUWVDQGPLQGV
3$5,6+35$&7,&(6
7KHOLIHRIDSDULVKSULHVWZDVRIWHQDKDUGRQH0DQ\ZHUH SRRUPHQZKRODFNHGDQ\VHULRXVHGXFDWLRQ0RVWRIDSULHVWpV LQFRPHFDPHIURPIHHVFKDUJHGIRUEDSWLVPVDERYHPDUULDJHV DQGEXULDOVHUYLFHV+HDOVRKDGKLVRZQODQGLQWKHYLOODJHFDOOHG WKHJOHEHZKHUHKHJUHZKLVRZQIRRG$VLGHIURPSUHDFKLQJD YLOODJHSULHVWWHQGHGWRWKHVLFNDQGSRRUDQGWKHEHWWHUHGXFDWHG WDXJKW/DWLQDQG%LEOHVWRULHVWRORFDOER\V
/($'(562)0(1
$UFKELVKRSVZHUHSRZHUIXO PHQZKRVDWRQWKHNLQJpV FRXQFLODQGSOD\HGDOHDGLQJ UROHLQJRYHUQPHQW
6:,1*,1*&(16(56
'XULQJPDVVSULHVWVVZXQJFHQVHUVIXOO RIEXUQLQJLQFHQVH3HRSOHEHOLHYHGWKDW LIWKH\DWWHQGHGPDVVUHJXODUO\WKH\ ZRXOGEHUHZDUGHGE\*RGuDQGWKH PRUHPDVVHVWKHJUHDWHUWKHUHZDUG 7KHZHDOWK\FRXOGSD\WRKDYHWKH q7UHQWDOrRUPDVVHVVDLGIRUWKHP
&+85&+75($685(6
%\WKHWKFHQWXU\ WKH&KXUFKKDG JURZQKXJHO\ ZHDOWK\0RQH\ SRXUHGLQIURP UHQWVWLWKHV SDQG WKHVDOHRI LQGXOJHQFHV SDUGRQVIRUVLQV /DUJHUFKXUFKHV FRXOGDIIRUGWR EX\H[SHQVLYH VDFUDPHQWDOYHVVHOV OLNHWKLVEHDXWLIXO WKFHQWXU\ VLOYHUFKDOLFH
&HQVHULV VXVSHQGHG RQJLOGHG FKDLQV
%XUQLQJ LQFHQVH LVSODFHG LQVLGHWKH FHQVHU
%,5'2)%/(66,1*
9,6,2162)+(//
7KH&KXUFKWDXJKWWKDWZKHQD SHUVRQGLHGWKHJRRGDQGEDGGHHGV RIWKHLUOLIHZHUHOLWHUDOO\ZHLJKHGLQ WKHEDODQFHE\*RG7KHLUVRXOZDV HLWKHUFDUULHGWRKHDYHQE\DQJHOVRU GUDJJHGRIIWRKHOOE\GHPRQV+HOO ZDVDUHDODQGWHUULI\LQJSODFHIRU SHRSOHLQPHGLHYDOWLPHVDQGLWV WRUPHQWVZHUHSLFWXUHGLQYLYLG GHWDLOE\QXPHURXVSDLQWHUV
&21'(01('727+()/$0(6
)HZSHRSOHFKDOOHQJHGWKHDXWKRULW\ RIWKH&KXUFKEXWWKRVHZKRGLGZHUH VHYHUHO\SXQLVKHG3HRSOHZKRGLVDJUHHG ZLWKWKH&KXUFKpVWHDFKLQJVZHUHFDOOHG KHUHWLFV7KH\IDFHGEHLQJEURXJKWWR WULDOLQD&KXUFKFRXUWDQGXQGHULWV VSHFLDOODZVFRXOGEHFRQGHPQHGWREH ZKLSSHGRUEXUQHGDWWKHVWDNH7KH &DWKDUVHFWRIVRXWKHUQ)UDQFHUHMHFWHG WKHEHOLHIVRIWKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKE\ FODLPLQJWKDWHYHU\WKLQJRQ(DUWKZDV FUHDWHGE\WKHGHYLO,QWKH3RSH RUGHUHGDFUXVDGHDJDLQVWWKHP2YHU WKHQH[W\HDUVWKRXVDQGVRI &DWKDUVZHUHWRUWXUHGDQGEXUQHGLQ KXJHERQILUHVXQWLOWKH\ZHUH FRPSOHWHO\ZLSHGRXW
9,&$52)&+5,67
7KH3RSHZDVKHDGRI WKH&DWKROLF&KXUFKDQG UHSUHVHQWHG*RGRQ (DUWK7KLVPDVVLYHJLOW ULQJEHORQJHGWR3RSH (XJHQLXV,9ZKRZDV SRSHIURPWR
%,6+23p60,7(5
%LVKRSVZHUHWKHORFDOOHDGHUVRIWKH&KXUFK )URPWKHLUJUHDWFDWKHGUDOVWKH\UXOHGRYHU JURXSVRISDULVKHVFDOOHGGLRFHVHV7KH\ XVXDOO\FDPHIURPQREOHIDPLOLHVDQG ZHUHLQYROYHGLQDIIDLUVRIVWDWHDV ZHOODVWKRVHRIWKH&KXUFK6RPH ZHUHSLRXVDQGOHDUQHGPHQ EXWRWKHUVZHUHQRWuRQH WKFHQWXU\,WDOLDQELVKRS DGPLWWHGWKDWKHGLGQRW EHOLHYHLQ&KULVWLDQLW\ DQGKDGRQO\WDNHQWKH RIILFHqEHFDXVHRILWV ULFKHVDQGKRQRUVr &DUYHGZRRGHQDQJHOV
IURPDPHGLHYDO FKXUFKQDYHS
WKFHQWXU\ ELVKRSpVKDW RUPLWHU 3LFWXUHVKRZVWKH
FRURQDWLRQRIWKH 9LUJLQE\&KULVW
$QJHOKROGVD JLOGHGFDVNHW $QJHOKROGVD
WLQ\FKXUFK
Building a cathedral
,
ȯȵȩȦȦȢȳȭȺ0ȪȥȥȭȦ$ȨȦȴ
ODUJHFKXUFKHVZHUHEXLOWLQWKH5RPDQHVTXH
VW\OH7KH\KDGPDVVLYHSLOODUVDQGWKLFNZDOOVWRKROGXSWKHURXQGDUFKHG
URRIV$VDUHVXOWZLQGRZVZHUHVPDOODQG5RPDQHVTXHFKXUFKHVZHUH
VRPHWLPHVGDUNDQGJORRP\%\WKHWKFHQWXU\WKH\ZHUHWRRVPDOOIRU
WKHERRPLQJSRSXODWLRQRI(XURSHDQGIRUWKHJURZLQJVWUHDPRISLOJULPV
SSt7KHUHZDVDQH[SORVLRQRIFDWKHGUDOEXLOGLQJVWDUWLQJLQ
ZLWKWKH$EEH\RI6W'HQLVQHDU3DULV7KLVZDVFRQVWUXFWHGLQDVWDUWOLQJ
QHZVW\OHFDOOHG*RWKLFZKHUHWKHZHLJKWRIWKHURRIUHVWHGQRWRQWKH
ZDOOVEXWRQRXWVLGHVXSSRUWVFDOOHGEXWWUHVVHV7KLVDOORZHGZDOOVWREH
WKLQQHUDQGSLHUFHGZLWKWDOOZLQGRZVWKDWOHGWKHH\HKHDYHQZDUG
DQGIORRGHGWKHFDWKHGUDOZLWKOLJKW
7,0(/(66722/6
/HZLVHVOLNHPRVWRWKHU PDVRQU\WRROVSSt KDYHFKDQJHGOLWWOHVLQFH PHGLHYDOWLPHV7KLVNLQGRI WZROHJJHGOHZLVZDVFRPPRQO\ XVHGLQWKH0LGGOH$JHV
0(1$7:25.
$VWKHZDOOVURVHPDVRQVKDGWRZRUNDWJUHDWHU KHLJKWV7KH\VWRRGRQSUHFDULRXVZRRGHQ VFDIIROGLQJODVKHGWRJHWKHUZLWKURSHV 7KHVWRQHZDVOLIWHGXSWRWKHPE\D KRLVWRUZLQGODVVDWWDFKHGWRDELJ ZKHHOWXUQHGE\DPDQZDONLQJ LQVLGHLW:RUNLQJFRQGLWLRQV ZHUHKD]DUGRXVDQGWKHUHZHUH PDQ\GHDWKV
/,)7,1*:,7+$/(:,6
0HGLHYDOVWRQHPDVRQVSSt XVHGOLIWLQJGHYLFHVFDOOHGOHZLVHV WRUDLVHKHDY\VWRQHEORFNV7KH OHJVILWLQWRDWDSHUHGVORWFXWLQWR WKHWRSRIWKHVWRQHVKRZQLQ FURVVVHFWLRQDERYHDQGWKH OLIWLQJURSHZDVKRRNHGRQWR WKHVKDFNOHDWWKHWRS7KLV VPDOOPRGHUQOHZLVFDQOLIW EORFNVZHLJKLQJXSWRDWRQ
6<03+21,(6,16721(
%HIRUHFDWKHGUDOVZHUH EXLOWLQ)UDQFHDORQH$PRQJWKH
ILUVWWRXVHIO\LQJEXWWUHVVHVZDV 5HLPV&DWKHGUDOEHJXQLQ
7KHPLGGOH OHJILWVLQODVW ZHGJLQJWKH RWKHUWZR ILUPO\LQ SODFH
&HQWHULQJVDUHEXLOWDW JURXQGOHYHOWKHQ KRLVWHGLQWRSODFH
:RRGHQIUDPHVRU FHQWHULQJVVXSSRUWWKH IO\LQJEXWWUHVVHVGXULQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQWKH\DUH UHPRYHGRQFHWKH PRUWDUKDVGULHG
+HDY\VWRQH EORFNVUDLVHG LQDEDVNHW
0RUWDU FDUULHU :LQGODVV
0DVRQ SUHSDULQJ EORFNV 7DSHUHG
VORWVWRSV OHJVIURP VOLGLQJRXW
/HJVSXVK RXWZDUGDV EORFNLVUDLVHG VROHZLVGRHV QRWIDOORXW
63,77,1*,0$*(6
5DLQZDWHUZDVGUDLQHG RIIWKHURRILQWRWKHJXWWHUV DQGWKHQVKRWRXWZHOOFOHDURI WKHZDOOVWKURXJKVSRXWV7KHVH VSRXWVZHUHRIWHQFDUYHGLQWR JDUJR\OHVuJURWHVTXHIDFHVWKDW DSSHDUHGWREHVSLWWLQJZDWHU
($5/<(;$03/(
7KHHODERUDWHVW\OHVRI +LJK*RWKLFZLQGRZV HYROYHGIURPVLPSOH WKFHQWXU\ODQFHWV OLNHWKHVH
/(77+(5(%(/,*+7
7KHWDOOYHUWLFDOOLQHVRIWKLV WKFHQWXU\ZLQGRZGUDZ WKHH\HXSZDUGZKLFKLV ZK\WKLV(QJOLVKODWH*RWKLF VW\OHLVFDOOHG3HUSHQGLFXODU 'HOLFDWHO\FDUYHGVWRQHWUDFHU\ SVXSSRUWHGYDVWSDQHOVRI YLYLGVWDLQHGJODVVSSt
)/<,1*)25&(
7KHRWKHUYLWDOERQHVRID*RWKLFFDWKHGUDOpV VNHOHWRQZHUHWKHEXWWUHVVHV6WRQHURRIV ZHUHVRKHDY\WKDWWKH\SUHVVHGGRZQWKH ULEEHGYDXOWVRQWRWKHSLOODUVDQGIRUFHGWKHP RXWZDUG7RFRXQWHUDFWWKLVKXJHEXWWUHVVHV ZHUHEXLOWRQWRWKHRXWVLGHSXVKLQJLQZDUG +RZHYHUEXWWUHVVHVFRXOGQRWEHDUDOOWKH ZHLJKWHVSHFLDOO\DWWKHWRSZKHUHWKHULEV
PHWWKHZDOOV+HUHH[WUDqIO\LQJrEXWWUHVVHV FXUYHGDFURVVWKHYDXOWWUDQVIHUULQJ
WKHRXWZDUGWKUXVWGRZQZDUG
62$5,1*727+(6.<
*RWKLFFDWKHGUDOVZHUHKHOGXS E\VNHOHWRQVRIVWRQH7KHULEVZHUH LQWKHYDXOWHGFHLOLQJVZKLFKVXSSRUWHG WKHPDVVLYHVWRQHWLOHGURRIV7KHVHULEV RIGHOLFDWHVWRQHUHVWHGRQSLOODUVDQG FXUYHGXSWRPHHWLQDMXQFWLRQZLWKD SRLQWHGDUFK7KHVSDFHVRUYDXOWV EHWZHHQWKHULEVZHUHILOOHGZLWKD FRXUVHRIVPDOOHUVWRQHV7KLVPHWKRG RIEXLOGLQJZDVVRVWURQJDQGOLJKWWKDW FDWKHGUDOVFRXOGEHPDGHKLJKHUWKDQ HYHUEHIRUH7KURXJKRXWWKHWKDQG WKFHQWXULHVWKH\VRDUHGXSDQGXSu
WKHFKRLUURRIDW%HDXYDLV)UDQFH UHDFKHGDVWDJJHULQJIWP
)O\LQJEXWWUHVV UHLQIRUFHVWKHZDOO 6SDFHEHWZHHQ EORFNVLVILOOHG ZLWKUXEEOH
*XWWHU
The art of decoration
q,
ȢȮȢȱȰȰȳȰȭȥȸȰȮȢȯȸȩȰȬȯȰȸȴȯȰȵȩȪȯȨ
ZKRFDQQRWUHDG
%XWLQWKH&KXUFK,VHH3DUDGLVHSDLQWHGDQG+HOOZKHUHWKHGDPQHG
EURLOr7KHVHZHUHWKHZRUGVRIDWKFHQWXU\)UHQFKZRPDQDQG
WKH\VSRNHIRUPLOOLRQVRIXQHGXFDWHGSHRSOHLQPHGLHYDO(XURSH
)RUWKHPFDWKHGUDOVDQGFKXUFKHVZHUHQRWMXVWSODFHVRIZRUVKLS
WKH\ZHUHSLFWXUHERRNVDQGDUWJDOOHULHV7KHJUHDW
FDWKHGUDOVZHUHILOOHGZLWKVWDWXHV
DQGFDUYLQJVSDLQWHGSDQHOV
DQGIUHVFRHVZKLFKWROGVWRULHV
RIVDLQWVDQGELEOLFDOFKDUDFWHUV
0RVWZRQGHUIXORIDOOZHUH
WKHVWDLQHGJODVVZLQGRZV
WKURXJKZKLFKOLJKW
VWUHDPHGLQGD]]OLQJ
EULOOLDQWFRORUV
7+(:+2/(3,&785(
/LNHDIUDJLOHDQGEHDXWLIXOMLJVDZ SX]]OHWKHVWDLQHGJODVVSLHFHVILW WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHOHDG7KHJODVVVORWV LQWRJURRYHVLQHDFKVLGHRIWKHOHDGVWULSV DQGWKHZKROHDVVHPEO\LVKHOGILUPZLWK ODUJHKRUVHVKRHQDLOV)LQDOO\WKHMRLQWV EHWZHHQWKHVWULSVDUHVROGHUHGEDFNDQGIURQW DQGSXWW\LVDSSOLHGWRVHDOLQWKHJODVV7KH FRPSOHWHGSDQHOLVWKHQVHWZLWKRWKHUVLQWRWKH GHOLFDWHVWRQHWUDFHU\SRIDZLQGRZ7KHOHDG ZLOOODVWIRURYHU\HDUVEHIRUHLWQHHGVWREHUHSODFHG
,&216)5207+(($67
7KHLQVSLUDWLRQIRU(XURSHpV FKXUFKGHFRUDWRUVFDPHIURPWKH JOLWWHULQJ(DVWHUQFLW\RI%\]DQWLXP PRGHUQGD\,VWDQEXO7KLVVDFUHG
SLFWXUHRULFRQRI&KULVWJORZV ZLWKJROGDQGULFKFRORUV,FRQV ZHUHUHYHUHGDVKRO\REMHFWV
*/$=,(56$1'*52=,(56
0RVWJODVVFDPHWRWKHJODVVSDLQWHUVRUJOD]LHUV IURPFRXQWU\VLGHNLOQV,WZDVDOUHDG\FRORUHGDQG WKHJOD]LHUVFXWDQGVKDSHGWKHJODVVSLHFHV7KH\ FRXOGYDU\WKHFRORUVE\VFUDSLQJDZD\ WKHVXUIDFHRUE\SDLQWLQJLWZLWKHQDPHOV
7UDFLQJEUXVK IRUDSSO\LQJ ILQHOLQHV
/DWKHUNLQIRU VPRRWKLQJRXW WKHOHDG
*UR]LHUVIRU VQLSSLQJELWVRIID JODVVVKDSHIOLQW ZDVXVHGLQ PHGLHYDOWLPHV 6WLSSOHUIRUVFUDSLQJ
DZD\KLJKOLJKWVRQFH DFRORUZDVKKDVEHHQ DSSOLHG
+RJpVKDLUVFUXE
0RGHUQJOD]LHUVpWRROV
6ROGHUHGMRLQW
$6+,1,1*(;$03/(
$OWDUSLHFHVXVXDOO\SRUWUD\HG JUHDWPRPHQWVIURPWKHVWRU\RI &KULVW7KLVDOWDUSDQHOZDVSDLQWHG LQIRU6LHQD&DWKHGUDO,WDO\ E\6LPRQH0DUWLQLDQG/LSSR 0HPPL,WVKRZVWKH$UFKDQJHO *DEULHODQQRXQFLQJWR0DU\WKDW VKHZLOOEHDUWKHEDE\-HVXV7KH VW\OHLVPXFKPRUHQDWXUDOWKDQWKH VWLIIDQGIRUPDOGHVLJQRI%\]DQWLQH LFRQV7KHFHQWUDOILJXUHVJORZLQJ DJDLQVWDJROGHQEDFNJURXQGDUH IXOORIJUDFHIXOPRYHPHQW
%($87,)8/%/8(
0HGLHYDOJODVVPDNHUVSURGXFHGSULPDU\FRORUVE\DGGLQJ PHWDOOLFR[LGHVWRWKHPROWHQJODVV7KHJORZLQJFRORUVWKH\ FUHDWHGZHUHQDPHGDIWHUSUHFLRXVVWRQHVuUXE\UHGHPHUDOG JUHHQDQGVDSSKLUHEOXH7KHUHFLSHV IRUGLIIHUHQWFRORUVZHUHFORVHO\ JXDUGHGVHFUHWVDQGPRVWKDYHVLQFH EHHQORVW7KHEHDXWLIXOEOXHJODVVLQ WKHVHIDPRXVZLQGRZVDW&KDUWUHV &DWKHGUDO)UDQFHZDVNQRZQDV
EOHXGHFLHOuqKHDYHQO\EOXHr
&87$1'&2/25('
,QPHGLHYDOWLPHVWKHGHVLJQIRUDZLQGRZ ZDVGUDZQRQWRDERDUGFRDWHGZLWKFKDON DQGZDWHU*ODVVSLHFHVZHUHSODFHGRYHUWKH GHVLJQDQGFXWWRVKDSHXVLQJDKRWLURQWR VFRUHWKHJODVV)LQDOWULPPLQJZDVGRQHE\ QLEEOLQJWKHHGJHVZLWKDJUR]LHU7KHGHWDLOV RIWKHSLFWXUHZHUHSDLQWHGRQZLWKHQDPHO WKHQWKHJODVVZDVILUHGWRIXVHLQWKHSDLQW
6725,(6,1*/$66
6WDLQHGJODVVZLQGRZV ZHUHOLNHUHOLJLRXVFDUWRRQV 7KURXJKSLFWXUHVWKH\ WDXJKWUHOLJLRXVOHVVRQVDQGWKH VWRULHVRIWKH%LEOHWRWKRVHZKR FRXOGQRWUHDG7KLVSDQHOGHSLFWV WKUHHJRVVLSLQJZRPHQZLWKOHHULQJ GHYLOVDWWKHLUVKRXOGHUV7KHPRUDOLV FOHDUuGRQpWVSHDNEDGO\DERXWRWKHUV
/DUJHQDLOVKROGWKH MLJVDZRIJODVVDQG OHDGWRJHWKHUEHIRUH VROGHULQJ
/HDGLVVRIWDQGFDQ EHVKDSHGDURXQGWKH JODVVTXLWHHDVLO\
/LQHRIFOHDUJODVVLVNQRZQDV WKHZKLWHRUVDFULILFLDOOLQH EHFDXVHLWZDVPRVWOLNHO\ WREHEURNHQZKHQWKHSDQHO ZDVUHPRYHGIRUUHOHDGLQJ :LFNHGGHYLO
XUJHVRQWKH WKUHHJRVVLSV
7KHOHDGKDVJURRYHV DORQJHDFKVLGHLQWR ZKLFKWKHJODVVILWV
&XWDQGSDLQWHG JODVVVKDSH 6SDFHOHIWIRU
OHDGLVNQRZQ DVWKHqFXWOLQHr
&KDUOHPDJQHZDV DUHQRZQHG &KULVWLDQNLQJ
q:
ȦȮȶȴȵȧȰȳȮȢȴȤȩȰȰȭȪȯȵȩȦȭȰȳȥpȴȴȦȳȷȪȤȦr
ZURWH
6W%HQHGLFWLQWKHVL[WKFHQWXU\+HIRXQGHGDPRQDVWHU\DW
0RQWH&DVVLQRLQ,WDO\ZKHUHPRQNVFRXOGOLYHZRUNDQG
SUD\WRJHWKHU7KHPRQNVEHFDPHNQRZQDVWKH%HQHGLFWLQHV
EHFDXVHWKH\IROORZHG6W%HQHGLFWpVq5XOHrZKLFKLQVWUXFWHG
WKHPWRPDNHWKUHHYRZVuRISRYHUW\WRRZQQRSURSHUW\
FKDVWLW\QHYHUWRPDUU\DQGREHGLHQFHWRREH\WKH
RUGHUVRIWKHLUOHDGHUV0DNLQJWKHVHYRZVZDVDVHULRXV
XQGHUWDNLQJVR6W%HQHGLFWRUGHUHGWKDWHYHU\QHZFRPHU
RUQRYLFHVKRXOGOLYHLQWKHPRQDVWHU\IRUD\HDUEHIRUH
FRPPLWWLQJKLPVHOI2QFH
KHKDGPDGHKLVYRZVDQRYLFHKDG
WKHFURZQRIKLVKHDGVKDYHGLQ
DWRQVXUHDQGKHEHFDPHD
EURWKHURIWKHRUGHU,Q
WLPHPRQDVWHULHVDQG
FRQYHQWVWKURXJKRXW
(XURSHDGRSWHG
6W%HQHGLFWpV5XOH
Holy orders
7+(+,6725<0$1
0DQ\PRQNVZHUHZHOOHGXFDWHGDQGPRQDVWHULHVEHFDPHFHQWHUV RIOHDUQLQJ6W%HGHFtDOVRNQRZQDVWKH9HQHUDEOH%HGH ZDVDQ(QJOLVK%HQHGLFWLQHPRQNZKRGHYRWHGKLVOLIHWRZULWLQJDQG VFKRODUVKLS+HZURWHERRNVRQVFLHQFHUHOLJLRQDQGKLVWRU\LQFOXGLQJ WKHJUHDW(FFOHVLDVWLFDO+LVWRU\RIWKH(QJOLVK1DWLRQ:LWKRXWPRQNVOLNH %HGHZHZRXOGNQRZPXFKOHVVDERXWWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH0LGGOH$JHV
:$;&23<%22.
0RQNVVSHQWDORWRIWLPH FRS\LQJRXWSUD\HUVDQG SVDOPVE\KDQG7KH\RIWHQ ZURWHRQZD[WDEOHWVZLWKD VFUDWFKHURUVW\OXV&RS\LQJ KRO\SDVVDJHVZDVDOVRDZD\ RIVHUYLQJ*RG6W%HUQDUG tWROGPRQNV q(YHU\ZRUG\RXZULWHLVD EORZWKDWVPLWHVWKHGHYLOr
12/,*+7,17+('$5.1(66
6W%HQHGLFWpV5XOHDOORZHGIRUEDVLF FRPIRUWVEXWOLIHLQDPRQDVWHU\ ZDVQHYHUHDV\$WILUVWPRQNV ZHUHQRWDOORZHGFDQGOHVIRU UHDGLQJDWVHUYLFHVuWKH\KDGWR OHDUQDOOWKHSUD\HUVSVDOPVDQG RWKHUIRUPVRIZRUVKLSE\KHDUW
2872)25'(5
%\WKHWKFHQWXU\PDQ\UHOLJLRXV KRXVHVKDGEHFRPHWRRUHOD[HG 7KHPRQNEHORZKDVEHHQSODFHG LQWKHVWRFNVZLWKKLVPLVWUHVVDV DSXQLVKPHQWIRUDQLOOLFLWDIIDLU 6RPH)UHQFKPRQNVWKRXJKWWKDW WKHLGHDOVRI6W%HQHGLFWZHUHEHLQJ IRUJRWWHQDQGIRUPHGDQHZRUGHU DW&OXQ\LQ7KH&OXQLDFVWULHG WRIROORZWKHVWULFWDQGVLPSOHUXOHV ODLGGRZQE\6W%HQHGLFW2WKHU QHZRUGHUVZHUHWKH&DUWKXVLDQV ZKREHOLHYHGLQDOLIHRIVLOHQW SUD\HUDQGWKH&LVWHUFLDQVZKR WKRXJKWWKDWKDUGZRUNZDV WKHEHVWZD\WRVHUYH*RG WKFHQWXU\
&HOWLFPRQN
%RQHVW\OXV :D[WDEOHWRQD
KRUQEDVH
7+()5$1&,6&$16
6W)UDQFLVRI$VVLVL FtZDV WKHVRQRIDULFKPDQ \HWKHJDYHDZD\DOOKLV SRVVHVVLRQVWROLYHOLNH RQHRI&KULVWpVGLVFLSOHV +HIRXQGHGDQHZRUGHURI KRO\EURWKHUVLQ,WDO\FDOOHG
)UDQFLVFDQIULDUV,QVWHDGRI OLYLQJLQPRQDVWHULHVWKH\ WRRNWKHZRUGRI*RGWR
WKHSHRSOHWUDYHOLQJ DURXQGSUHDFKLQJ DQGEHJJLQJIRU WKHLUIRRG$Q RUGHURI)UDQFLVFDQ QXQVZDVIRXQGHG E\RQHRI6W)UDQFLVpV IROORZHUVQDPHG
6W&ODUH
+($':$50(5
,QZLQWHUFKLOO\GUDIWV ZKLVWOHGWKURXJKWKHVWRQH FRUULGRUVDQGEDUHFHOOVRID PRQDVWHU\2QO\WKHVLFNURRP ZDVDOZD\VKHDWHG$OWKRXJK WKHPRQDVWLFZD\RIOLIHZDVRIWHQ KDUVK6W%HQHGLFWGLGQRWEHOLHYHWKDW PRQNVVKRXOGVDFULILFHWKHLUKHDOWKLQ WKHVHUYLFHRI*RG+LV5XOHVWDWHGWKDW DPRQNpVFORWKHVVKRXOGEHSODLQEXW FRPIRUWDEOHDQG%HQHGLFWLQHVZHUH DOORZHGWRZHDUOLQHQFRLIVVXFK DVWKLVRQHWRNHHSWKHLUKHDGV ZDUP7KH&LVWHUFLDQVUHMHFWHG VXFKVRIWZD\V0DQ\RIWKHP ZHQWEDUHIRRWDQGVRPHHYHQ ZRUHKDLU\XQGHUFORWKHVDVD VLJQRIGHYRWLRQWR*RG
+$%,72)$/,)(7,0(
7KHROGHVWDQGODUJHVWRIWKHPRQDVWLFRUGHUVWKH %HQHGLFWLQHVZHUHNQRZQDVWKH%ODFN0RQNVEHFDXVH RIWKHFRORURIWKHLUKDELWV(DFKRIWKHQHZRUGHUV IRUPHGLQWKHWKWKDQGWKFHQWXULHVKDGLWV RZQGLVWLQJXLVKLQJGUHVV)RUH[DPSOHWKH&LVWHUFLDQV ZRUHURXJKWXQLFVRIXQG\HGZRRODQGEHFDPHNQRZQ DVWKH:KLWH0RQNV1HYHUWKHOHVVWKHEDVLFVW\OHRI WKHKDELWKDVUHPDLQHGWKHVDPHWRWKLVGD\
:RRGHQEHDGURVDU\ RUSDWHUQRVWHUIRU FRXQWLQJSUD\HUV
:DUPFORDNZRUQ LQFROGZHDWKHU
/RQJZRROHQKDELWZDV VXSSRVHGWRHPXODWH 5RPDQFORWKLQJ
%HQHGLFWLQHVZHUH DOORZHGWRZHDU OHDWKHUEHOWV /LQHQVKLIWZRUQ
XQGHUQHDWKWKHKDELW (DWLQJNQLIH
6LPSOHKDQGVHZQ OHDWKHUVKRHV %HQHGLFWLQHVGLGQRW KDYHWRZHDUVDQGDOV 3ODLQURSH
EHOW
Life in a monastery
0
ȰȯȢȴȵȦȳȪȦȴȢȯȥȤȰȯȷȦȯȵȴ
ZHUHZRUOGVRIWKHLURZQ
5XOHGE\DQDEERWRUDQDEEHVVWKH\ZHUHFXWRIIIURPVRFLHW\
DQGJRYHUQHGE\VSHFLDOUXOHV:KHQQRYLFHVSHQWHUHGD
KRO\RUGHUWKH\ZHUHH[SHFWHGWRVWD\WKHUHIRUWKHUHVWRIWKHLU
OLYHV)URPWKDWPRPHQWRQHYHU\SDUWRIHDFKGD\ZDVDFFRXQWHG
IRU0XFKRIWKHWLPHZDVVSHQWDWWHQGLQJWKHHLJKWGDLO\FKXUFK
VHUYLFHVDQGUHDGLQJRUFRS\LQJUHOLJLRXVWH[WV2WKHUGXWLHV
LQFOXGHGFDULQJIRUWKHSRRUDQGVLFNWHDFKLQJ\RXQJHUPHPEHUV
RIWKHRUGHURUWHQGLQJWRWKHJDUGHQVILVKSRQGVPLOODQGIDUP
7KHUHZDVDJHQHUDOUXOHRIVLOHQFHLQPRVWUHOLJLRXVKRXVHVDQG
GDLO\WDVNVKDGWREHFDUULHGRXWZLWKRXWVSHDNLQJ
$OWKRXJKWKH\OLYHGDSDUWIURPVRFLHW\PRQNV
DQGQXQVVHUYHGDQLPSRUWDQWUROHLQ
WKHFRPPXQLW\7KH\SURYLGHGIRRG
IRUWKHSRRUFDUHIRUWKHVLFN
DQGDFFRPPRGDWLRQ
IRUSLOJULPVDQG
RWKHUWUDYHOHUV
&$5(,1$&219(17
1XQVWRRNWKHVDPHYRZVDVPRQNV SDQGOLYHGLQPXFKWKHVDPH ZD\'HYRWHGWRVHUYLQJWKHSRRU PRVWFRQYHQWVDQGPRQDVWHULHVUDQ KRVSLWDOVWRFDUHIRUWKHVLFN7KHVH ZHUHRSHQWRDOODQGQXQVDQG PRQNVZHUHLQVWUXFWHGq5HFHLYH WKHSDWLHQWVDV\RXZRXOG&KULVW +LPVHOIr7KHPHGLFLQHVDQG WUHDWPHQWVPD\KDYHEHHQSULPLWLYH SStEXWDWOHDVWSDWLHQWV ZHUHJLYHQIRRGDQGDFOHDQEHG :LWKRXWWKHZRUNRIWKH&KXUFK WKHUHZRXOGKDYHEHHQYHU\OLWWOH KHDOWKFDUHLQWKH0LGGOH$JHV
%86<%((6
7KH&LVWHUFLDQVSEHOLHYHGWKDWSHUIRUPLQJKDUGPDQXDOODERU ZDVWKHEHVWZD\WROHDGDKRO\OLIH7KH\EXLOWODUJHPRQDVWHULHVLQ UHPRWHUXUDODUHDVZKHUHWKH\FRXOGIDUPWKHODQGLQSHDFH7KHLU HVWDWHVJUHZVRELJWKDWOD\EURWKHUVWKRVHZKRKDGWDNHQKRO\ YRZVEXWODFNHGWKHHGXFDWLRQWREHFRPHPRQNVZHUHWDNHQ RQWRKHOS0RVWPRQDVWHULHVKDGWRSURGXFHWKHLU
RZQIRRG7KHVHEHHKLYHVRUVNHSVSURYLGHG KRQH\WRHDWDQGZD[IRUFDQGOHV
6LQJOHFKDPEHUHG ZLFNHUEHHKLYH GDXEHGZLWKFOD\
:LFNHUEHHKLYH PDGHIURPZRYHQ ZLOORZRUKD]HO
0RGHORIDQDEEH\LQWKHWKFHQWXU\
5281'2)35$<(56
0RQNVZHQWWRWKHPRQDVWHU\FKXUFK HLJKWWLPHVDGD\LQDQXQFKDQJLQJURXQG RIVHUYLFHVRURIILFHV7KHILUVW0DWLQV EHJDQDWWZRRpFORFNLQWKHPRUQLQJDQG GRUPLWRULHVZHUHEXLOWQHDUWKHFKXUFK VRWKDWWKHPRQNVZRXOGQpWEHODWH IRUVHUYLFHV,QWKHHDUO\WKFHQWXU\ PRQNVDW&DQWHUEXU\(QJODQGKDG WRVLQJSVDOPVRQHDIWHUWKHRWKHU DQGDOOZLWKRXWVLWWLQJGRZQ7KH %HQHGLFWLQHVVKRZQKHUHDW OHDVWKDYHSHZVWRUHVWRQ
6WUDZKDFNOHRU MDFNHWSODFHGRYHU WKHKLYHLQZLQWHUWR NHHSWKHEHHVZDUP
6WDWXHRI0DU\ DQG-HVXV
$1$8*867,1,$1$%%(<
7KLVVPDOODEEH\KRXVHGDQRUGHURI $XJXVWLQLDQFDQRQV)RUPHGLQWKHWK FHQWXU\WKH\IROORZHGWKH5XOHRI6W$XJXVWLQH ZKLFKDOORZHGWKHPWROLYHDVPRQNVEXWDOVR SHUIRUPFOHULFDOGXWLHVLQFKXUFKHVDQGFDWKHGUDOV
&ORLVWHU
$EERWpVORGJH 7KHODWULQHVRU
QHFHVVDULXP
5HIHFWRU\ ,QILUPDU\
%HOOWRZHU
'RUPLWRU\ 7UDQVHSW
1DYH
0DLQHQWUDQFH
8QGHUFURIWRU VWRUDJHURRPV 'RUPLWRU\
$*5($7021$67(5<
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
&DWKHGUDO
:DWHU WRZHU
+HUEDULXP
.LWFKHQV &KDSWHUKRXVH
The written word
8
ȯȵȪȭȣȰȰȬȴȸȦȳȦȳȢȳȦ
DQGZHUHXVXDOO\IRXQGRQO\LQ
PRQDVWHU\OLEUDULHV(YHU\WKLQJZDVZULWWHQE\KDQGDQGPRQNV
VSHQWPDQ\KRXUVLQWKHqVFULSWRULXPrFRS\LQJRXWUHOLJLRXVWH[WV
$ORQJPDQXVFULSWVXFKDVWKH%LEOHPLJKWWDNHRQHVFULEHD\HDU
WRFRPSOHWH$VDZD\RIJORULI\LQJ*RGPDQ\PDQXVFULSWVZHUH
EHDXWLIXOO\GHFRUDWHGRULOOXPLQDWHGZLWKMHZHOOLNHSDLQWVDQG
SUHFLRXVJROGOHDI$IWHUERRNVEHFDPHPRUHFRPPRQ
HVSHFLDOO\ZKHQWKHILUVWXQLYHUVLWLHVRSHQHGLQ3DULVDQG
%RORJQD3URIHVVLRQDOVFULEHVDQGLOOXPLQDWRUVEHJDQWR
SURGXFHERRNVDVZHOODVWKHPRQNVRIWHQPDNLQJ
FRSLHVWRRUGHUIRUZHDOWK\FXVWRPHUV
3HUVRQDOERRNVRISVDOPVFDOOHG
SVDOWHUVEHFDPHSRSXODU
DPRQJWKHDULVWRFUDF\
6&5,%(6$1'6&+2/$56
+RZHYHUKDUGVFULEHVZRUNHG ERRNVUHPDLQHGVFDUFH)HZ SHRSOHFRXOGDIIRUGWREX\ WKHPDQGVFKRODUVKDGWRWUDYHO DURXQGPRQDVWLFOLEUDULHVWR VWXG\WKHWH[WVWKH\ZDQWHG 7KLVVWDWXHRIDVFKRODULVIURP &KDUWUHV&DWKHGUDO)UDQFH
6,*+7)25625((<(6
+RXUVRIFORVHFRS\LQJUHTXLUHG VKDUSH\HVLJKW(XURSHDQVILUVW VWDUWHGZHDULQJH\HJODVVHVLQ WKHWKFHQWXU\7KHLQYHQWLRQ RISULQWLQJLQWKHVS PDGHPRUHERRNVDYDLODEOH DQGWKHVDOHRIH\HJODVVHV VN\URFNHWHG
6+,1,1*7+528*+7+($*(67KHILQLVKHGOHWWHULVOLNHDWLQ\ ZRUNRIDUW$VLGHIURPOHDYHVDQG IORZHUVPDQ\LOOXPLQDWHGLQLWLDOV FRQWDLQSLFWXUHVRISHRSOH
DQGDQLPDOV,IWKHJROG LVSURSHUO\EXUQLVKHG LWZLOOQHYHUIDGHu PRVWPHGLHYDO PDQXVFULSWVVWLOO VKLQHEULJKWO\WRGD\
%RQH VSHFWDFOHV 7KHPROGHG
JHVVRJLYHVD 'HIIHFWWRWKH JLOGHGOHDYHV 7KHJROGOHDI VWLFNVRQO\WR WKHPRLVWJHVVR
(DFKOHDILV EXUQLVKHG VHSDUDWHO\
&XUOLQJOHDYHVDUHD SRSXODU*RWKLFGHVLJQ
2QHRIWKHPRVWVWULNLQJ IHDWXUHVRIPHGLHYDOPDQXVFULSWVDUHWKH EHDXWLIXOO\GHFRUDWHGFDSLWDOOHWWHUVWKDWEHJLQ HDFKSDJH3DLQWHGLQYLEUDQWFRORUVWKH\ZHUH RIWHQJLOGHGZLWKJROGOHDIWRPDNHWKHPHYHQ EULJKWHU7KHILUVWVWDJHRILOOXPLQDWLQJDOHWWHU LVDSSO\LQJWKHJHVVRDNLQGRIJOXHPDGHIURP SODVWHUZKLWHOHDGZDWHUVXJDUDQGHJJZKLWH 7KHJHVVRPDNHVDVWLFN\VXUIDFHIRUWKHJROG
*(662:25. *,/',1*7+(/(77(57KHJHVVRLVOHIWWRVHWRYHU QLJKWDQGWKHQH[WGD\WKHLOOXPLQDWRUVPRRWKVDQ\ URXJKHGJHVDQGEUHDWKHVRQWKHJHVVRWRPDNHLWVOLJKWO\ PRLVW+HWKHQOD\VDVKHHWRIJROGOHDIRYHUWKHJHVVR FRYHUVLWZLWKDVLONFORWKDQGSUHVVHVLWILUPO\RQWRWKH JOXH7KHVXUSOXVJROGLVUHPRYHGZLWKDVRIWEUXVK
2QFHWKHJROGOHDIKDVVHWLQWRWKH JHVVRWKHLOOXPLQDWRUUXEVRUEXUQLVKHVLWWRPDNHLW VKLQ\7KHWUDGLWLRQDOEXUQLVKLQJWRROZDVDGRJpVRUZROIpV WRRWKDWWDFKHGWRDZRRGHQKDQGOH)LQDOO\WKHUHVWRIWKH EDFNJURXQGLVFDUHIXOO\SDLQWHGLQDURXQGWKHJLOGLQJ
6($7)25$6&5,%(
$VFULEHPLJKWVLWIRUKRXUV DWKLVZRUNFRS\LQJRXW /DWLQWH[WVLQEHDXWLIXO ZHOOIRUPHGVFULSW+H UHVWHGKLVSDUFKPHQWRQD VORSLQJGHVNZKLFKPDGH LWHDVLHUWRKROGKLVSHQDW ULJKWDQJOHVTXLOOVZURWH EHVWWKLVZD\,QKLVOHIW KDQGKHKHOGDSHQNQLIH ZKLFKKHXVHGWRKROG GRZQWKHSDJHWRVFUDSH RXWPLVWDNHVDQGWR VKDUSHQKLVTXLOOuRIWHQ XSWRWLPHVDGD\
$/,77/(/($51,1*
0RVWVFKRROLQJLQWKH0LGGOH$JHVWRRNSODFHLQ PRQDVWHULHVFRQYHQWVDQGFDWKHGUDOV&KLOGUHQPRVWO\ ER\VZKRZHUHGHVWLQHGIRUKRO\RUGHUVUHFHLYHGDEDVLF HGXFDWLRQLQUHDGLQJDQGZULWLQJDQGVSHQWPXFKRIWKHLU WLPHOHDUQLQJSUD\HUVDQG%LEOHSDVVDJHVE\KHDUWuDOOLQ /DWLQ7KH\ZHUHRIWHQIRUELGGHQWRWDONRUSOD\DQGZHUH EHDWHQZLWKDELUFKURGZKHQWKHLUDWWHQWLRQZDQGHUHG
7+(3523+(7p6%22.
0XVOLPVEHOLHYHWKH4XpUDQLVWKHZRUGRI*RGUHYHDOHG WRWKH3URSKHW0XKDPPDG$WILUVWLWZDVQRWZULWWHQGRZQ EXWPHPRUL]HGE\KLVIROORZHUV$IWHU0XKDPPDGpVGHDWK LQżžWKHILUVWZULWWHQWH[WVZHUHSURGXFHG7KURXJKRXW WKH0LGGOH$JHVVFULEHVFUHDWHGPDQ\EHDXWLIXOHGLWLRQVRI WKH4XpUDQULFKO\GHFRUDWHGZLWKJHRPHWULFSDWWHUQV
*RRVHTXLOOV
+RUQ LQNZHOOV
6W\OXV
)HDWKHULVUDUHO\ OHIWRQWKHTXLOO EHFDXVHLWJHWV LQWKHZD\
3RLQWXVHGIRUSULFNLQJ RXWOLQHVRQSDUFKPHQW
6ORSLQJGHVN ,QNZHOOVORWV LQWRDKROHLQ WKHGHVN
3LWFKHURIDOHRU ZHDNZLQHIRU UHIUHVKPHQW
6HOHFWLRQRI TXLOOV
+RUQERRNVWR FRS\IURP
)ROGLQJWDEOHRU
WDEXODSOLFDWDFDQ EHVWRUHGIODW DJDLQVWDZDOO
'HFRUDWLRQFDUYHG RQO\RQWKHVLGH WKDWIDFHVWKHURRP
6WUDLJKWEDFNHG FKDLUPDGHIURP ZKLWHDVKZRRG
&KDLUOHJGHFRUDWHG ZLWKEDQGVRI YHUPLOLRQSDLQW 'ULQNLQJ
YHVVHO
7DEOHWRSIROGV EDFNZDUG
