INDONESIAN CULTURAL WORDS AND HOW THEY ARE TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH IN THE NOVEL NEGERI 5 MENARA (THE LAND OF FIVE TOWERS).

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Indonesian Cultural Words And How They Are Translated Into English In The Novel Negeri 5 Menara (The Land Of Five Towers)

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE OF APPROVAL

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION………... i

PREFACE………... ii

ACKNOWDGMENT……….iii

ABSTRACT………iv

ABSTRAK……….. v

TABLE OF CONTENTS.………...vi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of The Study………1

1.2 Research Questions………..3

1.3 Aims of Study………..3

1.4 Scope of the Study……….……..4

1.5 Research Method……….4

1.5.1 Type of Study………...………4

1.5.2 Data Source………...………...4

1.5.3 Data Analysis………...………5

1.6 Clarification of the Words………...5

1.7 Organization of the Paper………6

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1 Relevant studies………..7

2.2 Culture, Language and Translation………...10

2.3 Cultural Words………..11

2.3.1 Ecology………..12

2.3.2 Material Culture……….12

2.3.3 Social Culture……….12

2.3.4 Social Organization………13

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2.3.4.2 Religious……….13

2.3.4.3 Artistic………..13

2.3.4.4 Historical Terms………...13

2.3.5 Gestures and habits………14

2.4 Techniques of Translation ………14

2.5 Translation strategy: Foreignization and Domestication………..20

2.6 Possible Factors Influencing Translator’s Tendency in Translating Cultural Word………21

2.6.1 The Objective Factors………23

2.6.1.1 Type of Text……….….………...23

2.6.1.2 Social and Cultural Background………..24

2.6.1.3 Target Language Reader………..25

2.6.2 The Subjective Factors………...25

2.6.2.1 Purpose of the translator………..26

2.6.2.2 Translator’s Attitude………26

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Objectives………..28

3.2 Research Design………28

3.2.1 Type of Study……….28

3.2.2 Data Source………29

3.2.3 Data Collection………...30

3.2.4 Data Analysis……….31

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Categories of Cultural Words………33

4.1.1 Ecology………..34

4.1.1.1 Cultural Words Related to Flora………...………34

4.1.1.2 Cultural Words Related to Fauna….…...………..35

4.1.1.3 Cultural Words Related to geographical Features…...….36

4.1.2 Material Culture……….37

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4.1.2.2 Cultural Words Related to Food…...………...………39

4.1.2.3 Cultural Words Related to House………...………..41

4.1.2.4 Cultural Words Related to Transport……….42

4.1.3 Social Culture……….43

4.1.3.1 Cultural Words Related to Work…….………...43

4.1.3.2 Cultural Words Related to Leisure…….………45

4.1.3.3 Cultural Words Related to Terms of Address…………...46

4.1.3.4 Cultural Words Related to Kinship…...……….47

4.1.4 Social Organization………49

4.1.4 1 Cultural Words Related to Religion…..……….49

4.1.4.2 Cultural Words Related to Politics and Administration…….51

4.1.4.3 Cultural Words Related to Art and Craft………...51

4.1.4.4 Cultural Words Related to History……….53

4.1.5 Cultural Words Related to Gesture and Habit………53

4.2 Techniques of Translation ………54

4.2.1 SL-oriented Techniques of Translation……….55

4.2.1.1 Pure Borrowing………..55

4.2.1.2 Calque……….…………56

4.2.1.3 Combination of Pure Borrowing and Calque…………....….57

4.2.2 TL-oriented Techniques of Translation……….58

4.2.2.1 Naturalized Borrowing……….…...58

4.2.2.2 Compensation………..…...68

4.2.2.3 Description………..…...60

4.2.2.4 Established Equivalent………...61

4.2.2.5 Generalization……….62

4.2.2.6 Reduction………...63

4.2.2.7 Combination of Compensation and Generalization……...64

4.2.3 SL partially-oriented and TL partially-oriented Techniques of Translation……….……….65

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ix 4.2.3.2 Combination of Generalization and Calque……...………....66 4.2.3.3 Combination of Pure Borrowing and Compensation………67 4.2.3.4 Combination of Naturalized Borrowing and Calque…...68 4.2.3.5 Combination of Generalization and Amplification…………68 4.2.3.6 Combination of Calque, Naturalized Borrowing and

Compensation………69

4.3 Translator’s Tendency………...70

4.4 Factors Affecting the Translator’s Tendency………71 CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions……….………..73 5.2 Suggestions……….………..73 REFFERENCES………...75 APPENDICES

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1 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The research paper is a report of a translation study regarding the translation of cultural words on the novel Negeri 5 Menara (Fuadi, 2012). The study concerns about the type of cultural words, techniques and strategies of translation used by the translator, and the factors influence the translator apply the most frequently-applied strategy. The first chapter of research paper presents background of the study, specifies the problem of the study, reveals the aim of the study, explains the scope of the study, describes an overview of the method used and lastly clarifies the term used in the study.

1.1 Background of The Study

After the Culture Turn era in translation study, translation is no longer merely about the action of the replacement material in one source language to textual material in another target language which only concerns on the grammatical syntactical equivalence just like Catford (1965, p. 20) said. Translation has become much more complicated process since culture aspect of the source language should be considered in translation. Vermeer (1986) cited in Wu (2006, p. 1) proposed his understanding of translation from a cultural perspective as “information offered in a language z of culture Z which imitates information offered in language a of culture A so as to fulfill the desired function.” That means that in translation, we do not only render the words or sentences from one language into another, we also provide information about a text with new function, culture and linguistic conditions.

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2 confused. It is because not all cultural words from one language have its own equivalent cultural words in another language. However Nida and Taber (1982) once said that anything that can be said in one language can be said in another. Some techniques of translation also has been made by the researchers to help the translator deals with this kind of problem. The translator is free to choose which technique to be used.

To choose certain technique means also to choose which culture of one language can be and should be transmitted into that of another. Basically, the translation techniques are oriented into two translation’s strategies, domestication and foreignization. Domestication and foreignization are translation strategies proposed by Venuti (2004). Both of them are two basic strategies that can be used in translating cultural words. In domestication strategy the translator leaves the author in peace and moves the reader towards him. It is source language-oriented strategy. On the contrary when the translator using foreignization strategy the translator leaves the reader in peace and moves the author towards him. It is target-language oriented. In addition, in the selection process of translation technique and strategy, there might be some factors influencing the translator. The factors are varied; it can be objective factors such as type of text, target language reader, etc. or subjective factors such as purpose of translator and translator’s attitude towards source text.

There have been a number of studies dealing with the translation of Indonesian cultural words into English. One of them is the study by Putrawan (2011). He analyzed the ideology of translation cultural Terms in Pramoedya

Ananta Toer’s Novel Gadis Pantai into the Girl from the Coast (Putrawan

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3 respect to the same issue the writer decided to do the same study but with different object.

This study focuses on seeing what kind of cultural words found in the novel Negeri 5 Menara, how cultural words were translated into English, what

translation techniques were used by the translator. The analysis of translation techniques applied in the translation of cultural words was done to see the most frequently-applied strategy by the translator. The writer also tries to find the reasons influence the translator prefers one strategy over the other.

This study is expected to give contribution to the development of cultural and linguistic studies particularly on the translation Indonesian cultural words into English.

1.2 Research Questions

In order to shape this study, the writer seeks the answer of these following questions:

1. What are categories of cultural words found in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and their translations in The Land of Five Towers?

2. What are the techniques of translation used by the translator in the translation Indonesian cultural words in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and its translation The Land of Five Towers?

3. What is translation strategy mostly applied by the translator? What are factors influences the translator apply that strategy?

1.3 Aims of Study

Considering the background and the research questions above, the aims of this study are as follows:

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2. To explain the techniques of translation used to translate cultural words in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and its translation The Land of Five Towers.

3. To analyze the most frequently-applied strategy by the translator and to see factors influence the translator apply that strategy.

1.4 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on translation as a product, more specifically on Indonesian cultural words found in the novel Negeri 5 Menara which has been translated into the novel The Land of Five Towers. The writer analyzes categories of cultural words, techniques of translation, the most frequently-applied strategy of translation and factors influence the translator to apply the most frequently-applied strategy.

1.5 Research Method

1.5.1 Type of study

From the viewpoint of objectives, the study is included into a descriptive and an explanatory study. It is descriptive since it is aimed at describing what type of cultural words found in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and its translation novel The Land of Five Towers and describing how those cultural words were

translated. The study is also classified into an explanatory study because this study attempts to explain why the translator prefers to use one translation strategy over the other.

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5 study, the qualitative data in the form of various technique of translation applied by the translator were quantified to see the most frequently-applied strategy.

1.5.2 Data source

This study uses two kinds of data, objective and genetic data. The objective data source to be analyzed was the Indonesian cultural words found in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and its English translation The Land of Five Towers. Secondly is genetic data. The genetic data source was information about the translator of the novel, Angie Kilbane, and interview result with her. The information was all about the background of her and information related to the reason behind the decision made by her in translating cultural words.

1.5.3 Data analysis

The cultural words noted down from the novel Negeri 5 Menara and its translation were analyzed as follow:

1. Categorize the cultural words found

2. Identify the techniques of translation the translator used in translating cultural words;

3. Decide dominant techniques of translation used by the translator; 4. Analyze the most frequently-applied strategy of translation;. 1.6 Clarification of the Words

To avoid misconception and misunderstanding, there are some significant words that have to be clarified:

1. Translating is reproducing the message of the receptor language to the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style (Nida & Taber, 1969, p. 12)

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6 3. Cultural words are words that are associated with a particular language

(Newmark, 1988). He categorized cultural words into five groups: a. Ecology: flora, fauna, winds, plains, hills, etc.

b. Material culture: food, clothes, houses, towns, and transport c. Social culture: work and leisure

d. Oganizations, customs, acivities, procedures, concepts  Political and administrative

 Religious  Artistic

 Historical terms e. Gestures and habits 1.7 Organization of the Paper

The paper is organized as follows:

CHAPTER I

This chapter contains background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the words, and organization of the paper.

CHAPTER II

It consists of theoretical review that provides a basis for conducting the research problems.

CHAPTER III

This section contains the research methodology, discussing the steps and procedures of the study, and the data resources in conducting the study.

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7 In this part, the result of the research will be presented. This chapter contains the research findings and discussion.

CHAPTER V

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28 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter outlines research method employed in this study. It includes research objectives and research design.

3.1 Research Objectives

The aims of this study are as follows.

1. To investigate categories of cultural words in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and their translations in The Land of Five Towers.

2. To explain the techniques of translation used to translate cultural words in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and its translation The Land of Five Towers.

3. To analyze the most frequently-applied strategy by the translator and to see factors influence the translator apply that strategy.

3.2 Research Design

Research design according to Thyer (1993: p. 94) as cited in Kumar (2011) is a blueprint or detailed plan for how a research is to be completed. In subchapters 3.2.1 to 3.2.4 the detail research design components including type of study, data source, data collection, and data analysis will be explained.

3.2.1 Type of Study

The classification of this study is looked at from two different perspectives: ‘objectives’ perspective and ‘enquiry mode’ perspective (Kumar, 2011). From the viewpoint of ‘objective’ the study is differentiated by the study objectives. Meanwhile, from the viewpoint of ‘enquiry modes’ the study is differentiated by the aim of the study and the use of the findings.

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29 translation novel The Land of Five Towers (Fuadi, 2011) and describing how the Indonesian cultural words were translated. Kumar (2011) said that descriptive study is a study which attempts to describe systematically a situation problem. The study is also classified into an explanatory study because this study attempts to explain why the translator prefers to use one translation strategy over the other. Jackson (2012) explained that the study is classified into an explanatory study if the study allows us to identify the causes that determine when and why certain behavior occurs.

From the viewpoint of mode enquiry, this study is included into a qualitative study. It is qualitative because this study is done to identify the variation of cultural words found in the novel Negeri 5 Menara (Fuadi, 2012) and to investigate various translation techniques used by the translator in translating the Indonesian cultural words then this study can be classified into qualitative study. Kumar (2011) said that a study is classified as qualitative if the purpose of the study is primarily to describe a situation; if the information is gathered through the use of variables measured on nominal or ordinal scales (qualitative measurement scales); and if the analysis is done to establish the variation in the situation, phenomenon or problem without quantifying it.

Moreover, from the viewpoint of mode enquiry the study is also classified into quantitative research. In this study, the qualitative data in the form of various technique of translation applied by the translator were quantified to see the tendency of the translator in translating cultural words. Kumar (2011) said a study is classified as quantitative if the study quantifies the variation in a phenomenon, situation, problem or issue; and if the analysis is done to know the magnitude of the variation.

3.2.2 Data Source

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30 to the translator. The two kinds of data were used because this study was oriented to the product of translation and the process of translation.

The objective data source to be analyzed was cultural words found in the Indonesian novel of Ahmad Fuadi Negeri 5 Menara (Fuadi, 2012) and its English translation novel The Land of Five Towers (Fuadi, 2011). The novels were selected to be the data source because it contains many cultural words. In addition as Putrawan (2011) said, research on text which was translated from Indonesian into English was rarely conducted by researchers.

The genetic data source was information about the translator of the novel, Angie Kilbane. The information was all about the life background of her and information related to the reason behind the her tendency in translating Indonesian cultural words into English. Nababan (2007) said that in translating, the translator plays important role. He said in some cases, the background of the translator really affect the way the translator translate.

3.2.3 Data Collection

In collecting the objective data source, this study used indirect observation method. Indirect observation method is a way of gathering data indirectly by watching the results of interactions, processes, or behaviors (Data Collection Methods for Program Evaluation: Observation, 2008). The indirect observation method was applied by observing cultural words in the source text and its translation. Firstly, the scanning towards the source language novel and the translated novel was done to locate all cultural words. After that, all of cultural words in the source language and its translation in the target language were underlined and noted down. There were 239 Indonesian cultural words identified from the observation.

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31 possible reasons behind translator’s decision applying most frequently-applied strategy in translating Indonesian cultural words were asked.

3.2.4 Data Analysis

The objective data in the form of cultural words which were found in the novel Negeri 5 Menara and its translation were analyzed through four steps. Firstly, cultural words were classified according to the categories of cultural words proposed by Newmark (1988, p. 95). Next the translation techniques used by the translator in translating cultural words were investigated. The investigation was based on the translation techniques as proposed by Molina and Albir (2002, p. 509). Lastly, after the techniques of translation were identified the most frequently-applied strategy of translation was uncovered. Venuti said that there two basics strategy in translation: domestication and foreignization (2011).

Based on the research questions, the example of the data analysis can be illustrated as follow.

Text Cultural Word Category Translation Technique Translator’s Strategy ST

Lebih dingin dari secawan es tebak di PasarAteh, Bukittinggi.

(Negeri 5 Menara, 2012: 2)

Material

Culture, Food Description Domestication

TT

Definitely colder than a glass of shaved iced made by a spinning machine in my village in West Sumatra. (The Land of Five Towers, 2011: 2)

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