DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. Gales A, Jones R, Gordon K. Activity and spectrum of 22 antimicrobial
agents tested against urinary tract infection pathogens in hospitalized
patients in Latin America: Report from the second year of SENTRY,
Antimicrobial surveillance program. J. Antimicrobial Chemothera. 2000:
295-303.
2. Tessy A, Ardayo, Suwanto. Infeksi saluran kemih. Dalam: Buku Ajar
Ilmu Penyakit Dalam. Jilid 3. Edisi 3. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI,
2001. h.369.
3. Achmad, dkk. Guidelines penatalaksanaan infeksi saluran kemih (ISK)
dan genitalia pria. Jakarta: Divisi Penyakit Tropis dan Infeksi
IPD-RSCM,2007. h.1.
4. Ginting Y. Antimicrobial usage of UTIs in elderly in abstracts book 8th
JADE. Jakarta : Divisi Penyakit Tropis dan Infeksi IPD-RSCM, 2007.
h.18.
5. Stamm W, Norrby R. Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and
challenges. J. Infect. Dis. 2001:183.
6. Galur W E. Urinary tract infection and pyelonefritis. In: Harrison’s
Principle of Internal Medicine. Vol 2. 15th ed. New York: Mc-Graw Hill,
2001. p.1620.
7. Sobel J D, Kaye D. Urinary tract infection. In : Mendell, Douglas and
8. Djunaedi D. Antimicrobial prophylaxis of UTIs in elderly in abstracts
book 8th JADE. Jakarta: Divisi Penyakit Tropis dan Infeksi IPD-RSCM,
2007. p : 46.
9. Harding G, Ronald R. The management of urinary infections: what
have we learned in the past decade. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 4. 1994:
83–88.
10. Brooks GF, Butel JS, Morse SA. Saluran kemih. Jawetz, Melnick and
Adelberg’s Medical Microbiology. Edisi 23. Jakarta: Penerbit buku
kedokteran EGC, 2008. h.760 – 1.
11. Nicolle L, Epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Infect. Med. 2008;
18:53-162.
12. Infeksi nosokomial menggantung harapan pada antibiotik anyar.
Majalah Farmacia. Edisi Juni 2007:46.
13. Paterson DL. Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases: a Clinical Update.
Downloaded at
27 Februari 2012.
14. Winarto. Prevalensi kuman ESBL (Extended Spectrum Beta
Lactamase) dari material darah di RSUP Dr. Kariadi Tahun 2004-2005.
Semarang: Media Medika Indonesia Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas
Diponegoro. 2009:260 – 67.
15. David L. Paterson, Robert A. Bonomo. Extended-Spectrum β
-lactamases: a Clinical Update. American Society For Microbiology.
16. Colodner R; Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases: The End of
Cephalosporins. Downloaded at:
17. Loh. Li-Cher, Hanim. Nor Izran bt Abdul Samad, Masayuni. Rosdara
bt Mohd I Sani, et al. Hospital outcomes of adult respiratory tract
infection with extended-spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producing
klebsiella pneumoniae. Malaysian journal of medical sciences. July
2007:36 – 40.
2 Maret 2012.
18. Dora S, Bela K, Laszlo R, et al. First detection of plasmid-mediated
quinolon resistance determinants qnrA, qnrB, qnrS and aac (61)-
ib-cr in Extended-Spectrum β-lactamase-Producing (ESBL)
enterobacteriacea in Budapest Hungary. England Journal Of
Antimicrobial Chemoterapy 2008:630-32.
19. Aminzadeh Z, Sadat KM, Sha'bani M. Bacteriuria by
extended-spectrum Beta-lactamase-producing E. coli and Klebsiella
pneumoniae:isolates in a governmental hospital in South of Tehran,
Iran. Iran J.Kidney Dis. 2008:197-200.
20. Behroozi A, Rahbar M, Yousefi JV. Frequency of extended spectrum
beta-lactamase (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli and Klebseilla
pneumonia isolated from urine in an Iranian 1000-bed tertiary care
hospital. Afr. J Microb. Res. 4. 2010:881-884.
21. Jones R. Summation:β-Lactam resistance surveillance in the
22. Narayanaswamy A, Mallika M. Prevalence and susceptibility of
extended spectrum beta-lactamase in urin isolates of Escherichia coli
in a tertiary care hospital, Chennai-South India. Internet Journal of
Medical Update. Januari 2011; 6:39 – 42.
23. Ullah F, Malik SA, Ahmed J. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and
ESBL prevalence in Klebsiella pneumonia fron urinary tract infection in
North-West of Pakistan. African Journal of Microbiology Research.
2009; 3:676-9.
24. Ejaz H et al. Urinary tract infection caused by extended spectrum β
-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella
pneumonia. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2011; 10:16661 – 5.
25. Rahardjo P, Sualit E, Infeksi saluran kemih. Dalam: Ilmu Penyakit
Dalam. Edisi IV. Jakarta: Balai Penerbit FKUI, 1999. h.265-73.
26. Sukandar E. Infeksi saluran kemih pasien dewasa. Dalam : Sudoyo
AW, Setiyohadi B, Alwi I, Simadibrata M, Setiati S (Ed.). Buku Ajar Ilmu
Penyakit Dalam I FK-UI. 4th edition. Jakarta: Pusat Penerbit
Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Dalam FK-UI, 2007. h.553-557.
27. Kasper L. Dennis et al. Urinary tract infection. In: Harrison’s Manual of
Medicine. 16th edition. North America: McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing
Divition, 2005. p.725.
28. Sudhana IW. Pathogenesis infeksi saluran kemih. The 11th Jakarta
nephrology and hypertension course. Edisi 1. Jakarta: PERNEFRI,
29. Nasution SR. Simple urinary tract infection: diagnosis and treatment.
The 11th Jakarta nephrology and hypertension course. Edisi 1. Jakarta:
PERNEFRI, 2011. h.37 – 40.
30. Sukandar E. Infeksi saluran kemih dan ginjal. Nefrologi klinik. Edisi 3.
Bandung: PII IPD FK Unpad , 2006. h.29 – 50.
31. Kenneth JR. Urinary tract infection. Dalam: Kenneth JR, C George R
editor. Medical microbiologi. 4th edition. New York: Mc Graw-Hill, 2004.
p.867-71.
32. Naskah Lengkap 11th Annual Scientific Meeting Internal Medicine.
Department of Internal Medicine 2010. Antibiotic and Current
Management In Severe Sepsis. 2010.p.114-125
33. Sjahrurachman A. Cara genetis untuk menentukan kepekaan bakteri
terhadap antibiotik. CDK 188. 2011; 38:498-501
34. Pemberian antibiotik rasional untuk infeksi bakteri saluran kemih dalam
Pendekatan imunologis berbagai penyakit alergi dan infeksi. FK UI,
2009. h.95-103
35. Paterson LD, Bonomo AR. Extended spectrum beta lactamase a
clinical update. Clinical Microbiology. 2001:657-686.
36. Dakh F. Mutation frequency of non ESBL phenotype SENTRY
(Asia-Pacific) Isolates of Klebsiella Pneumoniae Conversion to an ESBL
Positive Phenotype. Queensland University of Technology School of
37. Canadian External Quality Assesment Advisory Group For Antibiotic
Resistance. Guidelines On Susceptibility Testing of Antibiotic Resistant
Ednterobacteriaceae due to Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases
(ESBLs). Downloaded at:
38. Herwana, Yenny, Pudjiadi et al. Prevalence of extended spectrum beta
lactamase in klebsiella pneumoniae. Universa Medicina. 2008;
27:98-103.
14 Maret 2012.
39. Extended spectrum beta lactamase. Koneman’s. Color Atlas and
Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. Sixth Edition. Chicago: Lippincot
Williams & Wilkins, 2006. p.1003-1015
40. Sudigdo S, Sofyan I. Dasar-dasar metodologi penelitian klinis. Edisi 3.
Jakarta: CV Sagung Seto, 2008. h.112 - 113.
41. Wahyuni AS. Statistical kedokteran. Jakarta: Bamboedoea
Communication, 2009. h.118.
42. Hardjoeno H, dkk. Kumpulan penyakit infeksi dan tes kultur sensitivitas
kuman serta upaya pengendaliannya. Makasar, 2007. h.5 – 13, 55-56.
43. Departemen Kesehatan RI. Standard Operasional Prosedures in
Microbiology. Jakarta: Laboratorium Kesehatan Departemen
Kesehatan, 2000. h.93.
44. Vanderpitte J, Verhaegen J. Pemeriksaan bakteriologis urine. Dalam:
Susanto D, penyunting. Prosedur laboratorium dasar untuk bakteriologi
45. Hutabarat GP. Pewarnaan (Staining). Dalam: Utama ED. Siregar N.
Sjah R Lubis.ed. Penuntun Praktikum Mikrobiologi Medik. Buku B.
Medan: Departemen Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran USU, 2006. h.1
– 7.
46. Kumala W. Pewarnaan gram. Diagnosis laboratorium mikrobiologi
klinik. Jakarta: penerbit universitas trisakti, 2009. h.11 – 14.
47. Atlas RM. Handbook of microbiological media. 3th edition. London:
CRC Press, 2004. p.222,376,975.
48. De la Maza LM, Pezzlo MT, Baron EJ. Color atlas of diagnostic
microbiology. St Louis: Mosby-year book Inc, 1997. p.33-35,37-38,108.
49. Performance standarts for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Clinical
and laboratory standars institute (CLSI). 2007:32 – 6.
50. Khadri H, Alzohairy M. High prevalence of multi-drug-resistence (MDR)
and extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria among
community-acquired urinary tract infection (CAUTI). Journal of
bacteriology research. 2009; 1:105 – 9.
51. Febrianto AW, Mukaddas A, Faustine I. Rasionalisasi penggunaan
antibiotic pada pasien infeksi saluran kemih (ISK) di RSUD Undata
Palu Tahun 2012. Online jurnal of natural science. 2013; 2:20 – 9.
52. Endriani R, Andrini F, Alfina D. Pola resistensi bakteri penyebab infeksi
saluran kemih (ISK) terhadap antibakteri di Pekanbaru. Jurnal Natur
53. Sharma I, Paul D. Prevalence of community acquired urinary tract
infection in silchar medical college, Assam, India and its antimicrobial
susceptibility profile. Indian journal of medical sciences. 2012;
66:273-8.
54. Aruna K, Mobashshera T. Prevalence of extended spectrum beta
lactamase producing among uropathogens in south Mumbai and its