xi
ABSTRACT
SOMBA, TESSALONIKA GLORYANA. Suzie’s Defense Mechanism to Her Fear of Being Jewish Seen in Sally Potter’s “The Man Who Cried”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
A literary work is a work that represents the form of life. It has many similarities to the real life itself. The characters, situation, and problem in it are the reflection of human life. This study discussed one of those literary works. It is a short story by Sally Potter “The Man Who Cried”. From the psychoanlysis perspective, the main character have a few defense mechanisms.
The objective of writing this thesis is to analyze Suzie’s Defense Mechanism resulted from her experiences. To attain the goal, this thesis focuses on two problem formulations, which are: (1) What experiences make Suzie have fear of being a Jewish? and (2) How does Suzie reveal her defense mechanism?
The method applied was library study. There were two sources used: primary and secondary sources. “The Man Who Cried”, the short story, was the primary source in this thesis. The secondary sources were books, articles, and studies on literature and psychology. The writer applied the theory of defense mechanism and also the relation between literature and psychology to answer the formulated question.
ABSTRAK
SOMBA, TESSALONIKA GLORYANA. Suzie’s Defense Mechanism to Her Fear of Being Jewish Seen in Sally Potter’s “The Man Who Cried”. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Karya sastra adalah sebuah karya yang menggambarkan bentuk kehidupan. Karya ini mempunyai banyak kesamaan terhadap kehidupan nyata itu sendiri. Tokoh, situasi, dan masalah yang ada didalamnya adalah refleksi dari kehidupan manusia. Studi ini membahas salah satu dari karya sastra tersebut. Karya tersebut adalah sebuah cerita pendek yang ditulis oleh Sally Potter berjudul “The Man who Cried”. Dari sudut psikoanalitik, tokoh utama mempunyai beberapa sistem pertahanan diri.
Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk menganalisis sistem pertahanan psikologis yang dimiliki Suzie dari pengalaman yang dialaminya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, skripsi ini terpusat padaduapertanyaan: (1) Pengalaman-pengalaman apa saja yang menyebabkan Suzie takut menjadi seorang Yahudi? (2) Bagaimana Suzie memperlihatkan sistem pertahanan psikologis miliknya?
Metode yang digunakan untuk skripsi ini adalah metode perpustakaan. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan: sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer adalah cerita pendek “The Man Who Cried” karangan Sally Potter. Sumber sekunder adalah buku, artikel, dan skripsi tentang sastra dan psikologi. Penulis menerapkan teori tentang sistem pertahanan dan juga hubungan antara sastra dan psikologi untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut.
SUZIE
AN UNDERGRADUUATE THEESIS
SUZIE’
AN UNDERRGRADUAATE THESIIS
Presentted as Partial
t of the Requuirements n English Let
TTERS STUUDY PROGGRAM
NT OF ENGGLISH LETTTERS
LTY OF LEETTERS
DHARMA UUNIVERSITTY
OGYAKARRTA
I CAN DO ALL THINGS
THROUGH CHRIST WHO
STRENGTHENS ME
Philippians 4:13
For
Jesus Christ
My Beloved Parents
Mr. HirmawanWijanarka
and
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ who always stays beside me every time, every moment, and who gives me strength. I realize I would never be able to accomplish my thesis without His blessing. I thank Jesus also for giving me those people around me who always love and support me. Therefore, I would like to express my gratitude to them.
I would like to thank Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum.and A.B. Sri Mulyani, Ph.D. who has guided me very patiently in the writing process of this thesis and has given me the time for consultation on this thesis from the beginning until the end.
I thank Sanata Dharma University, English Letters Department, for giving me knowledge and places to learn. I also express my gratitude to J. Harris Hermansyah S., S.S., M.Hum., who gives me support and reminds me by asking “How’s your thesis going?”. This also includes all other lecturers that had been patiently teaching and sharing their knowledge and experience with me.
My special gratitude and respect go to my beloved parents and my brother for their prayers, love, and guidance every day. I thank them for always supporting me in every way.
I would not be who I am or where I am today without all of them.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE……… ii
APPROVAL PAGE ………. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE……… iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH……… v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY……… vi her Fearful of Being Jewish……….. 19
Suzie’s Defense Mechanism……… C B C. … 3 D. Definition of Terms……… … 3
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Review of Related Studies………. … 5 A. Suzie’s Experience that Make B. ……….. 28
HAPTER V: CONCLUSION……….. … 39
IBLIOGRAPHY……… … 40
xi
ABSTRACT
SOMBA, TESSALONIKA GLORYANA. Suzie’s Defense Mechanism to Her Fear of Being Jewish Seen in Sally Potter’s “The Man Who Cried”. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2016.
A literary work is a work that represents the form of life. It has many similarities to the real life itself. The characters, situation, and problem in it are the reflection of human life. This study discussed one of those literary works. It is a short story by Sally Potter “The Man Who Cried”. From the psychoanlysis perspective, the main character have a few defense mechanisms.
The objective of writing this thesis is to analyze Suzie’s Defense Mechanism resulted from her experiences. To attain the goal, this thesis focuses on two problem formulations, which are: (1) What experiences make Suzie have fear of being a Jewish? and (2) How does Suzie reveal her defense mechanism?
The method applied was library study. There were two sources used: primary and secondary sources. “The Man Who Cried”, the short story, was the primary source in this thesis. The secondary sources were books, articles, and studies on literature and psychology. The writer applied the theory of defense mechanism and also the relation between literature and psychology to answer the formulated question.
ABSTRAK
SOMBA, TESSALONIKA GLORYANA. Suzie’s Defense Mechanism to Her Fear of Being Jewish Seen in Sally Potter’s “The Man Who Cried”. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Sanata Dharma, 2016.
Karya sastra adalah sebuah karya yang menggambarkan bentuk kehidupan. Karya ini mempunyai banyak kesamaan terhadap kehidupan nyata itu sendiri. Tokoh, situasi, dan masalah yang ada didalamnya adalah refleksi dari kehidupan manusia. Studi ini membahas salah satu dari karya sastra tersebut. Karya tersebut adalah sebuah cerita pendek yang ditulis oleh Sally Potter berjudul “The Man who Cried”. Dari sudut psikoanalitik, tokoh utama mempunyai beberapa sistem pertahanan diri.
Tujuan dari penulisan skripsi ini adalah untuk menganalisis sistem pertahanan psikologis yang dimiliki Suzie dari pengalaman yang dialaminya. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, skripsi ini terpusat padaduapertanyaan: (1) Pengalaman-pengalaman apa saja yang menyebabkan Suzie takut menjadi seorang Yahudi? (2) Bagaimana Suzie memperlihatkan sistem pertahanan psikologis miliknya?
Metode yang digunakan untuk skripsi ini adalah metode perpustakaan. Ada dua sumber yang digunakan: sumber primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer adalah cerita pendek “The Man Who Cried” karangan Sally Potter. Sumber sekunder adalah buku, artikel, dan skripsi tentang sastra dan psikologi. Penulis menerapkan teori tentang sistem pertahanan dan juga hubungan antara sastra dan psikologi untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
The form of life is usually shown in a literary work because between literary work and life, there are resemblances like the character and the problems the character faces and how the character would like to face that problem. According to Hudson, some kinds of human aspectsare presented by literature and what they have experienced, thought, seen, and felt in lifeare the important record (1960:10).
In a story, there are several elements which are provided in order to clarify the story. One of the important points that a story should have is a character. As we all know,every character that is being involvedfaces the problems for sure. The ways that the character do to solve those problemsare different. Some may choose to survive, and some others may choose to escape. The way that characters choose to solve the problem is actually based on the character’s personality. The theory that is used to analyze the character’s personality is psychoanalytic theory.
A literary study using psychological perspective is known as psychoanalytic criticism. Peter Barry in his book Beginning Theory explains the definition of psychoanalytic criticism.
Psychoanalysis is a form of literary criticism which uses some of the techniquesof psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literature(2002:96). Psychoanalytic theory is divided into several sub categories, one of which isdefense mechanism. Freud states that in order to deal with conflict and problems in life, the ego employs a range of defense mechanisms.Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help to ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e.
2 anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual (2008).According to Tyson, it is in the family that our sense of self and our way of relating to others are first established , so that is why the most important source of our early emotional experiences is the family (2013:25). In his book, Tyson describes that our conscious desire does not change our destructive behaviors because we have formed our identities around the families and we are afraid of what we will find if we look at them closely and carefully, and these unconscious desires are served by our defense mechanisms (2006:15).
Defense mechanisms are the processes by which we keep the repressed not allowed to be expressed in order to keep ourselves from knowing things we donot want to know because we feel we cannot handle the feelings (2006: 15).
Meaning to say that defense mechanisms are the processes by which the contents of our unconscious are kept in the unconscious. In brief, defense mechanisms are closely related to someone’s effort to avoid the pain because of her or his past events. The use of defense mechanisms is to protect ourselves from feelings of anxiety or guilt, which arise because we feel threatened, or because our id or superego becomes too demanding.
3
Paris then to the United States in order to avoid the pain because of her traumatic experience in the past.
B. Problem Formulation
To be able to understand the short story and to discuss the research topic better, two problems are formulated as follows.
1. What experiencesmakeSuzie fear of being a Jewish? 2. How does Suzie reveal her defense mechanism?
C. Objectives of the Study
First of all, the writer wants to analyze Suzie’s traumatic experiencein the short story“The Man who Cried”.It helps the writer to analyze Suzie traumatic experience by knowing Suzie’s personality first.
Second, the writer uses the result of the character of Suzie to find out the defense mechanism within the theory of Freud’s psychoanalysis which is reflected in Sally Potter’s short story“The Man who Cried”.
D. Definition of Terms
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A. Review of Related Studies
There are several studies on the development personality which are done by several researchers. One of them is done by Caroline A. Watt and Robert L. Morris on their journal entitled The Relationships among Performance on a Prototype Indicator of Perceptual Defense/Vigilance, Personality, and Extrasensory Perception. Overall, the journal states about two experiments comparing performances on a prototype indicator of perceptual defense or vigilance with performances on other related measures of individual differences. They define the defensiveness in several ways. The concept has its origin in the psychoanalytic theory, in which the ego uses defense mechanisms to defend itself against anxiety (Freud,1966). Theymore focus on the process of defense than on the goal of defense, which is the cognitive approach conceptualizes defense as the cognitive aspect of threatening situation (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984).
The researcher discoveres the similar topic in Barata Azeem Garay undergraduate thesis, “Gayle’s Defense Mechanism in Gayle Sanders’ Mummy Witness”. This study mainly discusses the conflicts experienced by Gayle and how those conflicts can influence Gayle to reveal her defense mechanism. To analyze the problems, the psychological approach is applied. Four main theories, namely theory of character, theory of conflict, theory of psychoanalysis, and theory of defense mechanism, are applied as the basic theories of this study. Garay concludes first that there are sixGayle’s characteristics are found using the theory of character and characterization by Abrams (2012). These characteristics are fearful, miserable, disturbed, obedient, suicidal, and brave. Second, Garay finds three
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conflicts by using the theory of conflict from Kenney (1966) and Harmon (2003). These conflicts areGayle’s conflict with herself, Gayle’s conflict with the society, and Gayle’s conflict with Tom. He also implements the theory of defense mechanism (Kasschau, 1995) to answer the defense mechanism that Gayle has. They aredisplacement, regression, and repression.
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B. Review of Related Theories
In order to answer the problem formulations of this research, there are some theories which are usedto support the analysis. Those theories are presented briefly as follows.
1. Theory of Characterization
M.J. Murphy in his book Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students exemplifies some ways in representing the characters. These are some of the ways that the writer will use in this study (1972: 161).
The first is by the Character as seen by another. The author can describe the character through the eyes and opinion of another instead of describing the character directly. The second is by the Speech. Through what the character says, the author can give us insight into the characteristic of one of the charactersin the story. The third is by the character’s Past Life. The author can give the reader a clue that has helped to shape a character’s characteristic as they are now present by learning about a character’s life. It can be done by direct comment by the author, through the thought of the character, through the person’s conversation or through the medium of another character. The fourth is by the Conversation of Others. It is the conversation of other character and the things they say about the character. The fifth is by the Personal Description. It is when the character describes their own physical appearance or clothes. And the last is by the character’s Reactions. The character shows their character from their reactions to various situations and events (Murphy, 1972:161)
2. Theory of Defense Mechanism
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introduces the concept of ‘unconsciousness’. The unconsciousness is the basis of thought in the psychoanalytic theory thatdrives human being.
In this theory, Freud also presents his own perspective on the definition of ‘self’. The sense of self commonly refers to the defining elements of personality and character.
Freud revolts this view by defining self or ego as a “dimension of subjectivity which is internally fashioned through interpersonal relationship and intense emotional experiences, particularly experience in early infancy and childhood” (Elliot, 2002:10).
The very famous concept in psychoanalysis proposed by Freud is the division of what structures human. He introduces the terms ‘ego, superego, and id’. It is called tripartite model (Bressler, 1998:150). Ego is the rational, logical, waking part of the mind. It is usually recognized by the visible entity which is the human. Superego is the thing which shapes, control, and even restricts the ego. In real life, superego is represented by the existence of grand narration or discourses where humans live. Id is the more abstract entity which runs the function of being what exactly the human wants. Unconsciousness is the main distinctive point that psychoanalysis officially deals with.
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least one problem that is related to our psychology, and it is important to try to identify and understand them because, according to the psychoanalytic theory, that is how we can start to heal the problems (Tyson, 2013:23).
Psychoanalysis often involves a long series of sessions with the client in which original causes are often searching through childhood relationships. For Freud, the purpose of psychoanalysisis to bring repressed memories, fears, and thoughts back to the conscious level of awareness. Freud states that the ego employs a range of defense mechanism in order to deal with conflicts and problems in life. Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help to ward off pleasant feelings or make good things feel better for the individual. The ego, driven by the id, is confined by the superego, repulsed by reality, and struggles to master its economic task of bringing about harmony among the forces and influences working in and upon it.We can understand how it is that so often we cannot suppress a cry 'life is not easy'! If the ego is obliged to admit its weakness, it breaks out in anxiety regarding the outside world, moral anxiety regarding the superego, and neurotic anxiety regarding the strength of the passions in the id(Freud, 1933:78).
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normal. When they get out of proportion, neuroses develop, such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria.
There are numerous types of defense mechanisms. However, not all of them will be explained here.
There are nine types of Freudian defense mechanisms: Denial, Repression, Displacement, Regression, Projection, Reaction formation,
Intellectualization,Rationalization, and Sublimation. (Huffman & Vernoy, 2000:480).
Above all, only three defense mechanisms are reviewed here. The compilation of the types of defense mechanisms taken from various sources is elaborated below:
a. Denial
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An indirect ways of dealing or coping with anxiety, such as explaining problems away or blaming others for problems is called defense mechanism. Denial is one of many defense mechanisms. It entails ignoring or refusing to believe an unpleasant reality. Defense mechanisms protect one's psychological wellbeing in traumatic situations, or in any situation that produces anxiety or conflict. However, they do not resolve the anxiety-producing situation and, if overused, can lead to psychological disorder.
Many of Freud’s patients seem to be deliberately unconscious of certain painful facts. Freud decides that they are practicing denial, a defense mechanism by which the ego shuts itself off from certain realities. Hysterical blindness is an example of denial (McConell, 1980:489).
b. Repression
Freud’s concept of the division of psyche (ego, superego, and id), these are entities working in a process of repression. In Beginning Theory, Peter Barry defines repression as “…the ‘forgetting’ or ignoring of unresolved conflicts, un-admitted desires, or traumatic past events, so that they are forced out of conscious awareness and into the realm of the unconscious” (Barry, 2009:92-93). Id is always considered as something which is too vulgar or not appropriate to be expressed directly. Therefore, it must be repressed so that it would not come out in another inappropriate form. This function is run by the superego. As a result of the repression, there comes the ego as the most proper form of the expression of id.
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2009:96). Freud states that there is always a return of the repressed. According to those statements, each person will give the way back to his repressed of fear and wish..
Basically, Lacan agrees with Freud’s thought about repression. He does not state a radical differentiation from it. However, since Lacan presents a different theory of subject, there are some things that are needed to be paid attention to. In Lacan’s concept of repression, what to repress is the desire of a subject. A similar reason to the reason of repressing id is attributed on this action. It is because the desire is considered as something which is too vulgar to be expressed that it should be repressed.
The process of repression starts when a subject meets the others. Through the relationship they have, the othersalways make a limitation on the self of the subject. The subject’s desire is repressed by the influence of the others thatresults in a more appropriate expression that can be accepted by the circumstance around the subject. Following the same logic that Freud presents, this repressed thing returns in some certain forms. The existence of repression is recognized through the existence of symptoms that the subject shows. The symptoms appear in the symbolic phase.
Lacan says that the unconscious is structured like a language (Barry, 2009:106). In Lacanian analysis, the symptoms are identified from the speech that a subject speaks. Every single word and even letter are showing the structure of subject’s unconscious. By paying attention to the subject’s speech as a symptom in symbolic phase, the desire that a subject has repressed can be associated with.
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helpful to the patient with disturbance since the repressed cannot be recognized by the patient. He or she would not be able to solve the problem.
c. Displacement
Displacement is a type of defense mechanism when one “substitues a less threatening object for the original object of impulse” (Huffman and Vernoy, 2000:480). An individual is not able to express her anxiety to the true sources that give her unpleasant feelings since it possibly would further threaten her.
Displacement is the shifting of actions from a desired target to a substitute target when there is some reason why the first target is not permitted or not available. For example: when a man gets the higher score in the final examination. He turns to the person next to him and gives the person a hug. Displacement may involve retaining the action and simply shifting the target of that action. Where this is not feasible, the action itself may also change. When possible, the second target will resemble the original target in some way. Phobias may also use displacement as a mechanism for releasing energy that is caused in other ways.
d. Regression
Regression is a movement back in psychological time when one is faced with stress. When we are troubled or frightened, our behaviors often become more childish or primitive. For example, a child may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the bed when they need to spend some time in the hospital. Another example is a teenager may giggle uncontrollably when introduced into a social situation involving opposite sex.
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heterosexual difficulties, he sometimes would resort to such immature forms of gratification as masturbation or homosexuality. This regression allows the man to discharge libidinal energy in a “safe” way. However, it also prevents him from trying to solve his present interpersonal problem (McConell, 1980:488-489).
3. The Relations between Literature and Psychology
In the history of psychoanalytic criticism, the very first time it is introduced as psychobiography. This method tries to relate the biographical data of the author to the latent content of his or her work. In 1950s, the method turns to the character analysis, studying the various aspects of characters’ mind (Bressler, 1998:161). Psychoanalytical literary criticism is then divided into four kinds depending on the object of attention. Eagleton proposes that psychoanalytical literary criticism can attend to the author of the work;to the work’s content;to its formal construction;or to the reader (1996:155). This study uses the work’s content as the object.
In relation to literature, Freud believes that a work of literature is the external expression of the author’s unconscious mind. The work of literature is the outward manifestation of the author’s repressed wish. Therefore, it might be considered as the dream or fantasy of the author (Bressler, 1998:159). The Psychoanalytic critic believes that somewhere beyond various levels of the story, there are the real meanings or interpretations of it, hidden and consored.
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action. Therefore, the reason why people read works of literature is because “they find them pleasurable” (Eagleton, 1996:166).
To understand why works of literature are considered to be pleasurable, it should be related to the previous explanation about the statement that is the manifestation of repressed things. Eagleton describes the reason that transforms our deepest anxieties and desires into socially acceptable meanings.
e. Theoretical Framework
All the theories above will be used to find the answer all of the problems. In this study, the writer will emphasize to analyze the characters of Suzie. The theory of characterization by M.J Murphy is needed to analyze the character of Suzie. It helps the writer to answer the first problem formulation.
According to Tyson, the goal of psychoanalysis is to help us resolve psychological problems often called disorders and none of us is completely free of psychological problems (2013:12). That is why this theory is needed to answer the second problem formulation. After the writer analyze and understand the main character quality of fearful by theory of characterization, the writer will be able to analyze the defense mechanisms that are reflected on the main character by using the theory of psychoanalysis.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
This research is done on a short story written by Sally Potter titled “The Man Who
Cried”. Before being published in the form of short story, this story is published in the form
of written text.This story is published in 1993 as a TV film. The very first version of the
short story is published in 2000 in the United States. The short story which is used in this
research is the edition that is published by Faber and faberlimited.The story tells about a young Jewish girl. She grows up in England after being separated from her father in Soviet Russia. Then, she moves to Paris in her adulthood.
“The Man who Cried”is a story by Sally Potter forced migration and victimization.
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B. Approach of the Study
In Bressler’s Literary Criticism: An Introduction to Theory and Practice,
psychoanalytic criticism is used to make a criticism on a literary work. Psychoanalytic
criticism is first developed by Sigmund Freud and as the time went by, it has been becoming
more complex as it has diversed form of development. Psychoanalytic criticism is firstly
introduced as the therapy for people with psychological disturbance. As it is developed into
a literary criticism, it is still related to the concept of clinical psychoanalysis.
Bressler states that psychoanalytic criticism is an approach to literary analysis that
holds that humans as the complex yet somewhat understandable creatures often fail to note
the influence of the unconscious on our motivations and our everyday actions (1999:161).
This idea is the starting point of the analysis of this research since related to the topic that
the writer would like to discuss next.
In this kind of criticism, the critic has to read the text of the unconscious. It might be
meant to seek what the text does not say or to read the hidden meaning of the text.
Psychoanalysis does not only do that, but also does the steps of uncovering the processes,
the dream-work, by which that text is produced. .
This literary approach helps the writer to analyze the psychological problems and
self-defense mechanisms of the main character, Suzie. Although psychoanalytic criticism comes
from the field of psychology, it is relevant to be used as an approach to analyze the literary
work because psychology and literature are closely related subjects.
C. Method of the Study
This research applied library research. It is a method to get the material or data taken
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source is the literary text itself, a short story by Sally Potter titled “The Man who Cried”.
The secondary sources are literature and psychology books. They are used for evidence to
support this research.
There are several steps taken in the research. First of all, it is to read the short story
carefully and repeatedly in order to understand the story. The second step is to find out some
references related to the theory of literature needed to help the writer analyze the elements in
the story.
The next is to analyze a traumatic experience from the main character that she is
repressed and also how the defense mechanism is applied tothe main character used the
theory of psychoanalytic criticism by Freud. Finally, after writing the analysis, the writer
draws a conclusion based on the overall analysis.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
The writer answers the two questions that have been stated in the problem
formulations in the previous chapter. Firstly, the writer explores what experiences thatSuzie
has. The theory of repression supports to know the answer as well. The second problem is the defense mechanism which is shown through Suzie,and the theory of defense mechanisms which includes denial, displacement, and regression helps the writeranswer the second problem.
A.Suzie’s Experiences that Make her Fearful of Being a Jewish
As stated in the previous chapter, fear is defined as the bad feeling you have when you are in danger, when something bad might happen or when somebody or something frightens you (Oxford University Press, 2000:162).
By using the theory of characterization by M.J. Murphy, the writer finds that Suzie is a girl who is to forget about something which happens in her life. She has been known as someone who has strong willingness. There are some cases that can be shown when Suzie shows her quality of fearful.
1. When She was Afraid of Her Name
Suzie is the main character of this short story. In the early story she is shown as Fegele, a young-motherless girl living with her father in a small wooden house in a village. As the story goes, her father leaves her and goes to America to have a better life.
Suzie becomes different when her father leaves her. Her personality changes into a wild girl. She often feels lonely just like she does not have anyone to share with. She spends her day to play with her friends. At the moment,the village where she lives is attacked and
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burned in pogrom. Her mother is killed and she is separated from other youngster who makes it to the port to emigrate. Suzie escapes with the help of neighbours and willing to find her father to America. Accidentally, she is not arrived in america but in Britain.
And so the journey begins that takes the little girl and the three men further than any of them have ever been before, across steppe and through forests, through the smouldering remains of what were villages, as they cut a path
across country, through the devastation of the civil war, towards the border(Potter, 2000: 16)
Suzie simply believes that her choice to follow that group bring hers to meet her father soon even though in the story she always faces a problem and she always represses anything happening with her past experiences. Her fear towards herself makes her afraid enough to hold the pain long enough. The example is when she becomes one of a group of children alone. After arriving in Britain, she lives with her foster parents then they gives her name: Suzie. The reason by given her name Suzi isbecause when they looks at Fegele’s face, he sees a black-eyed Susan in his northern English. She does not give anything to comment, yet she stilled and silenced by exhaustion and being traumatic.
When he reaches the little girl with dark eyes, still clutching the remains of the photo, he bends down and looks into her face. Suzie, he says, for a black-eyed Susan, in his northern English. She looks up at him, stilled and silenced by exhaustion, by the endless sickness, by the terrors of abandonment, and now by bafflement at the incomprehensible sounds coming out from the red cavernous mouth beneath his bristly grey moustache(Potter, 2000: 18).
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2. When She Feels She is Different from Her Classmates
Like what Freud says about the division of psyche (ego, superego, and id), these three entities work in a process of repression. In Beginning Theory, Barry defined repression as “…the ‘forgetting’ or ignoring of unresolved conflicts, un-admitted desires, or traumatic past events, so that they are forced out of conscious awareness and into the realm of the unconscious” (Barry, 2009:92-93).
After arriving, she is passed from uniformed hand to uniformed hand, from bus to train, and finally into the care of a lady with virulent red hair and a tight, anxious smile, her ghostly husband hovering in the background.
Suzie feels like she is the only one foreigner. She does not know anything and everyone looksat her face because she looks different from the other classmates.
The room that little girl finds herself in is cold an alien. A heavy dark wardrobe, a high narrow bed, a swirling floral carpet, long fussy curtains framing the high window. And, hanging abovethe bed like a warning, a tiny crucifix, Jesus, in agony, nailed to the cross(Potter, 2000: 18).
There is also a similar event when Suzie feels afraid to continue her willing to meet her father. She is sad when her friends treat her differently from other friends because her physical appearance looks contrast from her American friends.
At School, in the playground, the other children cluster around her, pointing and poking at her, curious and casually hostile, with the learned distrust of the foreigner, as she fails to respond to their interrogations. Suzie utters no words at all.
Where are you from? She do not know She’s a Gypsy. Gypsy!
But she utters nota word (Potter, 2000: 18).
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doing which is keep silent, everyone tries to make her speak, but it does not work. She is still silent, saying no words. Finally, the lady with virulent red hair finds Suzie in the front room in the middle of the night, the lady slaps her, but Suzie does not cry, just stares up with dark eyes flaming.
Instead of doing nothing, the lady brings Suzie into a doctor with the purpose to check the condition of Suzie. However, there is nothing wrong with Suzie. She just holds too much pain in her past and she thinks there is no one who can accept her just the way she is because of being a Jewish.
The doctor check by clapping behind her right ear and Suzie jumps. He peers into her ears, his stethoscope dangling, looking into her throat; he bangs her back, and makes her cough and cry out. Then he stares at her kindly and said that there’s nothing wrong with Suzie and suggest that maybe all she need is just a time (Potter, 2000: 19).
In the same story, Suzie’s fear becomes stronger by the accident when her friends treat her like she is the stranger one in the class. By the question from her teacher about what they will be in the future, suddenly her answer makes all the students laugh.
Time moves so fast. She forgets her first languages, she forgets where she came from, but she does not forget where she’s going.
Suzie forgets her first language; she forgets where she came from. When the teacher asks the children what they will be when they grow up and the boys answer: fireman, teacher, doctor; and the girls: mother, teacher, nurse; then Suzie says that when she grows up she will be an American (Potter, 2000: 20).
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makes her sing tunes; any tunes will do at first; and then hymns, real hymns, and with English words.
Time moves so fast. She forgets her first language, she forgets where she comes from, but she does not forget where she is going.
3. When She Feels Doubtful to Decide Her Will to Meet Her Father
In the following event, Suzie is invited to join in the skipping games with the other girls though some of them imitate her singing, and talk anything bad behind her back. She discovers her tool of survival – her singing voice – is a blessing but also a curse. Some will love her for what she can do, but some will hate her for it, too. So, she learns to parody herself for the other children, to pre-empt their mockery, to win friends where otherwise she would find only rivals. Also, she learns to hold part of herself back.
She feels afraid because of her past experiences which are her father leaves her, her village is attacked, burned, and her mother is killed at the same time. All of those experiences make her feel repressed and doubtful whether to continue meet her father or not. She leaves the house that is never home and says goodbye to the lady with virulent hair because she is going to join a choir competition with Miss Modern’s Touring Troupe in Paris, and as she goes the shred of photo. The photo of her father is taken from her for her own good and is held in safe-keeping for this everyday. She wonders why her father leaves him, she recalls again about what happens to her before.
Alone in the hostel for chorus girls that she finds herself in that night, shestares at the photo, at the tall thin man standing to attention for the camera, asif she is hypnotized by the ghost.
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After a few weeks, Suzie finds that there, at last, in Paris, she feels safe and she can breathe a little, and so something in her starts to let go. She makes a decision which is to stay in Paris and even Miss Modern’s troupe returns to England.
Suzie meets her friend, Lola, the dancer from Russia, voluble, voluptuous, and full of blonde ambition, who always knows what jobs are going and who is to talk to to get them. Now Lola lives with Suzie. She has moved in with Suzie.
Lola discovers that Suzie must have come from Russia, too, from lettering on the back of the scrap of photo that Suzie shyly shows her. The address of the studio in the town where the photograph is taken, and a man’s name written beside are virtually illegible, but are unmistakably in Russian script.
Lola becomes excited when she finally describes the address and starts to talk in Russian, but in vain, because Suzie understands not a word. Lola stares at the photo, at the clothes the tall thin man is wearing, and quietly repeats the man’s name. Then, she concludes that he is a Jew.
When they attend a party, they meet a guy named Dante. He attends the party as a guest star. First, when she sees Dante, Suzie begins to tremble, uncontrollably, like the horse beside her. Lola manoeuvres her way through the crowd towards Dante, pulling Suzie behind her, and who manages, somehow, to catch his attention with her flashing smile, and who manages also, somehow, to tell him that she is a dancer who needs a job and asks for a help. Then, Dante agrees so that they can be with him together in an Opera.
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One day, when the concierge asks Suzie, grumpily, if soon there will be not one, not two, and three but perhaps four occupants in the little room tonight and then exclaims irritably in Yiddish, Suzie freezes, rooted to the spot and suddenly remembers. She asks the concierge to say it again, that word, which she does willingly, and more, though it is no use because it is only the first exclamation that Suzie remembers, imprinted dimly in her memory in her grandmother’s panicking voice.
That is enough for the concierge to understand what is what. By then,she becomes Suzie’s conduit into a world of rumor, fear and also, strangely, of reassurance, because she is safe here, now in Paris, she says, for this is the country where they write the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
Suzie remembers her dream of broken glass and realizes that then she is afraid until finally she meets Cesar, the linguists and the spokesman. Cesar introduces her to his family for who she is and about her family too. Cesar explains that she has proved herself to be a friend they can trust. When the women take Suzie aside to wash her hands, they take the opportunity to touch her and ask her where her children are. Then, Suzie answers that she has nothing and suddenly the women exclaim pityingly. Some of Cesar’s families continue to be wary of Suzie. Yet, they still give freedom for Suzie to become a friend with Cesar.
They looking at her with narrowed eyes as if to say, what does she really want? But the others gradually accord her a status which allows her to move relatively freely amongst them: the status of an honorary man, or perhaps the status of an orphan, whose unimaginable aloneness deserves their pity (Potter, 2000: 28).
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sing for them.She begins, for the first time, to forget where she is going. The whole days go by where she does not pull out the photo of her father and thinks of America.
One day, when she comes down to buy something for her breakfast, she is confused because what she finds is the new concierge. The one she does not know before. Suddenly, somebody stares at her like she is the only one foreigner and until someone asks whether she is a communist or not and says that the ships to America are full, and Suzie is not the only one who wants to get out. Then, she returns to the opera without telling anyone of her fear.
Her doubtful shows when an elderly Jewish neighbor downstairs, Madame Goldstein, also knows that Suzie is Jewish and has warned her of the dangers on the horizon as the Germans invade Poland. After the following year, as the Germans invade France and approach Paris, an exodus begins of Jews and other people threatened by Nazism. Crowds for the operatic show dwindle, and eventually the only cast members left is Dante and Suzie. Dante attempts to seduce Suzie and she rebuffs him. He lashes out at her for her heritage and her relationship with Cesar, whose heritage he also scorns. She doubtful whether to continue find her father or not. Because after hearing that from neighbor, her fear increase and her doubtful still stay like before.
Another doubtful feeling show when The Nazis attack the Romani village
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the hospital, walks past his new wife and children who are waiting outside the door to his room, and is reunited with her father. The nurse tries to drug her away, to separate her from her father because the condition of her father is really vulnerable and he is about to die soon. It is only when he whispers, Fegele my Fegele, my little bird, that the dam bursts and it comes flooding out of her in a torrent wailing Yiddish, and then the nurse is there trying to drag her away, saying, Hush you cannot do that here, and Suzie says, do not touch me, you cannot make me leave, I’ll never leave him, ever, and you cannot make me be quiet, no one can, do not you dare (Potter, 2000: 42).
Her father cannot believe that the woman who stands beside him is his little bird, Fegele. He thinks that Fegele is dead. That is why he does not find her until now (Potter, 2000: 41).
Then, something turns in her and she finds herself reaching out to soothe the brow of the man whose stories she will probably never hear, and she starts to sing to him. The fear, guilt, and agitation in her face slowly melt and her eyes are full of tears. It is that the man who have become a mogul, myth-maker, a father of the American dream, closes the circle and becomes the man who cries.
Suzie sings and for in this moment of remembering, she realizes not only what she has irrevocably lost, but also what it is that she has become. He recognizes her and expresses joy at her appearance. She sits on the side of his bed and sings "Je Crois Entendre Encore" to him in Yiddish as tears roll down her face
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In using Freud’s theory of defense mechanism, we should see how it may work and what they are. As every human being may have what-so-Freud-calls defense mechanisms and it is unique for each individual and also it may vary in the intensity of each individual reaction. Some people may have few defense mechanism methods, some may only have one, but it all depends on the individual personality and the stress kind, the stress intensity, and how long they deal with it.
While, defense mechanism will be active when there is a conflict, in which sometimes people deceive themselves and believe nothing is wrong; it may distort reality, in their minds. Where the mind fails to do its tasks and defends it from experiencing anxiety about failing, it is called defense mechanism by Freud (Kasschau, 1995: 273).
When people experience difficulties, they have different ways of handling their pain. These different ways of dealing with the pain are called defense mechanisms. Freud states that the ego employs a range of defense mechanisms. Defense mechanisms operate at an unconscious level and help ward off unpleasant feelings (i.e. anxiety) or make good things feel better for the individual.Freud describes how the ego uses a range of mechanisms to handle the conflict between the id, the ego, and the super ego.When anxiety occurs, the mind first responds by an increase in problem-solving thinking, seeking rational ways of escaping the situation. If this is not fruitful, a range of defense mechanisms may be triggered.
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proportion, neuroses develop, such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria.A defense mechanism is a coping technique that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful impulses. Defense mechanisms are unconscious and are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies.
Almost all of the defense mechanisms available to the go have three characteristics, which are they are ways of trying to reduce stress and anxiety, they involve the denying or distortion of reality, and they operate at an unconscious level (McConell, 1980: 488).
There are several kinds of defense mechanisms presented by Freud’s daughter, Anna. They are denial, displacement, intellectualization, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, regression, repression, and sublimation. In this short story,it is found around 4 kinds of defense mechanisms. Those aredenial, displacement, and regression that will help to answer the second problem formulation while the repression has already mentioned at the previous part before.
1. Denial
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Freud states that denial is a defense mechanism by which the ego shuts itself off from certain realities. Hysterical blindness is an example of denial (McConell, 1980:489). Denial is simply understood as not accepting reality because it is too painful. The defense mechanisms are really indirect or “defensive” ways of coping with stress and anxiety. By encouraging his patients to bring their unconscious problems to the fore –and thus deal with them at a conscious level- Freud is attempting to get his patients to use a more direct method of coping with their developmental difficulties (McConell, 1980: 489). Many of Freud patients seem to be “deliberately” unconscious of certain painful. Freud decides that they are practicing denial, a defense mechanisms by which the ego shuts itself off from certain realities.
In this short story, the denial has been shown by which Suzie denies that she is a Jewish. It is proved when a group of Britain asks where she comes from and what her name is then she prefers to say nothing because she knows that she is the only one child in a group that she follows and also because of being tiredofsickness, traumatic by some terrors and so on. She looks different from the others. So that man gives her a name by looking at her physical appearance. It is proved by the changing of her name from Fegele to Suzie in order to cover her being Jewish.
When he reaches the little girl with dark eyes, still clutching the remains of the photo, he bends down and looks into her face. Suzie, he says, for a black-eyed Susan, in his northern English accent. She looks at him, stilled and silenced by exhaustion, by the endless of sickness, by the terrors of abandonment, and now by bafflement at the incomprehensible sounds coming out from the red cavernous mouth beneath his bristly grey moustache(Potter, 2000: 18).
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The most important of the defense mechanism is undoubtedly repression, the process by which the ego blocks off threatening thoughts or desires and thus keeps them from sweeping into the spotlight of consciousness. Most of these experiences have undischarged libidinal energy attached to them in some way. In repressing these experiences, the ego has to use up some of its own energy sources. The more painful the memory or the stronger the unacceptable urge, the more energy the ego must expand in order to keep the material repressed. Eventually, the ego may run out of steam, and bits and pieces of the repressed material may leak through to consciousness as slips of the tongue, or as a symbol in dreams (McConell, 1980: 488).
Repression is a process of forgetting or ignoring unresolved conflicts, un-admitted desires, or traumatic past events, so they are forced out of conscious awareness and into realm of the unconscious (Barry, 2009:92-93). Those statementsare agreed by Lacan. Lacan states what to repress is the desire of a subject. Desire is considered as something which is too vulgar to be expressed that it should be repressed.
Repression is a defense mechanism that works to bury painful, stressful, or horrifying memories and urges. Thus, the effect of this defense mechanism, the painful memories or urges will resurface as a dream, nightmare mostly. Some will resurface in the slip of the tongue or writings, and also it will come in unintended action (Kasschau, 1995: 273). It is called “repression” because it would press and bury memories and urges deep inside people’s memory data bank inside the brain.
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the moment after her father’s leaving. She prefer not to say anything because at that time she is being tired about what she faces after her father leaves. Until she is given a name by that man because she does not know what to do to answer the man’s question because of her condition in the past that makes her being tired.
And then a portly man carrying a clipboard is passing down the line giving each child the gift of pronounceable name. When he reaches the little girl with black eyes, still clutching the remains of the photo, he bends down and looks into her face. Suzie, he says, for black-eyed-Susan, in his northern English accent. She looks up at him, stilled and silenced by exhaustion, by the endless of sickness, by the terrors of abandonment, and now by bafflement at the incomprehensible sounds coming out from the red cavernous mouth beneath his bristly moustache (Potters, 2000: 17-18).
Another repression can be seen through the activity of Suzie when she feels that she is isolated by her friends because she looks different from the others. She feels not safe because her friends treat her differently. She represses her past experiences that bring her to live her life alone because of being a Jewish.
At school, in the playground, the other children cluster around her, pointing, and poking at her, curious and casually hostile, with the learned distrust of the foreigner, as she fails to respond to their interrogations.
Where are you from? She don’t know
She is a Gypsy. Gypsy!
But Suzie utters not a word (Potters, 2000: 18).
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3. Displacement
Displacement is a defense mechanism that replaces an object or a subject in a person’s mind, to reduce stress or to unleash hidden urges from the individual (Kasschau, 1995: 273). The work of “displacement” itself may vary; it could replace a subject into an object, or subject to another subject. The person who has “displacement” may become emotional when they come to a certain person (Kasschau, 1995: 273). It is called “displacement” because it would misplace something in our mind with something else.
Displacement is the shifting of actions from a desired target to a substitute target when there is some reason why the first target is not permitted or not available.Displacement may involve retaining the action and simply shifting the target of that action. Where this is not feasible, the action itself may also change. Where possible, the second target will resemble the original target in some way.Displacement occurs when we shift our emotions and actions from the actual desired target to a substitute target, either due to certain beliefs that we have or due to the circumstances.
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Displacement is a type of defense mechanism when one “substitues a less threatening object for the original object of impulse” (Huffman and Vernoy, 2000:480). An individual is not able to express her anxiety to the true sources that give her unpleasant feelings since it possibly would further threaten her. However, displacements are often quite satisfactory and workable mechanisms for releasing energy more safely.
The displacement is shown by Suzie’s participation towards an art by joining a choir competition. She sings very well without the slightest burden and she does not show that she is in a bad condition. She sings professionally, and she does that to cover that she is sick, traumatic, and sad at all the situations that she face. Yet, her choice to join a choir competition proves that she can handle anything even if it is not good for her. She does not just get dropped, stressed,or any kinds like feeling desperate because she just loses anything she has, but she can avoid her bad, strong willingness that she can have a better life than before so that she choose to sing. Her hard working earns a good result. She is chosen to go to Paris, a step in the right direction, one step that may lead her into a better life that she has before. Contacts to be made, money to be earned, money to be saved, and a better life’s coming for her.
But on stage – dressed as a banana, or a tree, or kicking her legs in the can-can or singing in the heavenly choir number dressed in nothing but a pair of wings – she works hard and gets noticed and is amongst the lucky few from Miss Modern’s Touring Troupe who are chosen to go to Paris(Potter, 2000: 21).
4. Regression
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According to the psychoanalyst, Sigmund Freud, it is a defense mechanism leading to the temporary or long-term reversion of the ego to an earlier stage of development rather than handling unacceptable impulses in a more adult way. This is usually in response to stressful situations, with greater levels of stress potentially leading to more overt regressive acts. Regressive behavior can be simple and harmless, such as a person who is sucking a pen (as a Freudian regression to oral fixation), or may be more dysfunctional, such as crying or using petulant arguments.
Regression is a defense mechanism that works for people who deal with stress to go back into an infant gesture. If some people go under heavy stress, they would avoid it by sleeping, some would cry, and some other would put their thumb in their mouth (Kasschau, 1995: 274). It is called “regression” because it does not make progress. Thus, it will be backwards of progress then it is called “re-gress” or back to start.
When someone experiences great stress, they feel back into childish behavior. Some of them respond to stress by over-eating or by drinking too much. Freud states that this is a regression to an earlier oral mode of pleasure. Or when a young male patient encounters heterosexual difficulties, he sometimes will resort to such immature forms of gratification as masturbation or homosexuality. This regression allows the man to discharge libidinal energy in a safe way. But, it also prevents him from trying to solve his present interpersonal problem (McConell 1980, 488-489).
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journey, a long but not broken journey at all. Firstly, she starts to follow a group of Britain, begin her new life in America with the thought that she would meet her father there.
Three men standing at the door, the older one, and his two adolescent sons, their fur hats, their pale faces; the old woman’s voice pleading with the men, pressing food upon them, and then pressing the child upon them too and the word -- America -- like a curse or prayer (Potter, 2000: 16).
We can see the other evidence through the following quotation.
And so the journey begins that takes the little girl and the three men further than any have ever been before, across steppe and through forests, through the smouldering remains of what were villages, as they cut a path across country, through the devastation of the civil war, towards the border (Potter, 2000: 16).
And the last evidence can be seen in the following.
Then she’s handed over, yes to America, because where her boat is going, just like yours, says the fat man with the strange smile, to the two young men in their fur hats as they disappear with an anxious wave (Potter, 2000: 17).
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After joining a choir, then she gets a chance to go to Paris in order to join another singing competition with Miss Modern’s Touring Troupe. “She works hard and gets noticed and is amongst the lucky few from Miss Modern’s Touring Troupe who are chosen to go to Paris” (Potter, 2000: 21).
When she stays in Paris, she gets a chance to join an opera with the famous actor named Dante. As time goes too fast, by the opera, she meets another man, named Cesar and she has falling in love with that guy. “He feels flattered to be needed by such a beauty; and then it is not just the blonde, but her dark friend, too, because she can sing, really, she has a lovely voice you know “(Potter, 2000: 23).
That is clear, that from the brief explanation above, it looks that Suzie enjoys her new life in another country which is Paris. She looks as if she does not have any problem before in her life. She covers every problem she has with more adult. She prefers to begin her journey, forgetting about her problem for a while then until finally she join a singing competition, and an opera until by that time she meets her crush who is willing to help her find her father.
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She does it all in order to get something which is more comfortable and brings her to something called happiness.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
The writer comes to two conclusions. Firstly, there are three experiences that make Suzie fearful of being a Jewish. Those experiences are shown by her experience when she is afraid of her name and when she feels she is different from her friends. She thinks that her friends treat her because of her look. She looks different from the others. The differences themselves are seen through her physical appearance and when she feels doubtful to decideher will to meet her father. The doubt itself appears when she meets her best friend, Lola.
She moves from one country to another country and changes her name because of her traumatic past-experiences which are her village is attacked, burned, and her mother is killed at that moment after being separated with her father soon. Her agreement about changing her name given by a group of Britain means to avoid the painful that she had because of losing her family. Another repression can also be seen through Suzie’s past experience; speech, thought, and reaction in order to survive (meet her father).
Secondly, the writer finds out thatSuzie has three types of defense mechanisms. The defense mechanisms that she has are: Denial appliedwhenshe denies herself of being a Jewish; Repressionapplied when she is given a name by someone on the boat at the moment when she is on her way to America, and when she is considered as a Gypsy by her friends;Displacementapplied when she is joining some art competitions like singing and playing opera in order to cover her painfulness, and traumatic experience because of losing her parents; and Regression, which is enjoy her life by moving from one to another country to get something which is more comfortable and brings her to something called happiness.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Apriliana, Putri. “Different Self-Defense Mechanism in Major Characters in Alice Walker’s everyday Use: Psychoanalytic Reading”.Unpublished
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Freud, Sigmund. The Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (Vol.20). London: Hogarth,1966.
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Hudson, William Henry. An Introduction to Literature. London: George G. Harap and Co. Ltd., 1960.
Huffman, Karen, Mark Vernoy, and Judith Vernoy. Psychology in Action. New York:John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2000.
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Potter, Sally. The Man Who Cried. London: Faber and Faber Limited, 2000.
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APPENDIX
Fegele,a Russian Jew girl who is separated from her father because her father has travelled to America to seek his fortune and plans to send for Fegele and her mother. Before leaving, he sings "Je Crois Entendre Encore" a kind of Jewish song from the Bizet opera perles to her. After her father leaves, the village is attacked and burned in a pogrom, and her mother is killed. She is separated from other youngster who makes it to the port to emigrate. Fegele escapes with the help of neighbours; after many obstacles, she is crowded onto a boat headed for Britain, with only a photo of her father and a coin given to her by her grandmother. Upon arrival, She lives with her foster parents and the give her name: Suzie. English students at school taunt her by calling her a "gypsy", but she cannot yet understand English. A teacher at the school overhears her singing "Je Crois Entendre Encore" in Yiddish, and teaches her to sing and speak in English.
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elderly Jewish neighbour downstairs, Madame Goldstein, also knows that Suzie is Jewish and has warned her of the dangers on the horizon as the Germans invade Poland. After the following year, as the Germans invade France and approach Paris, an exodus begins of Jews and other people threatened by Nazism. Crowds for the operatic show dwindle, and eventually the only cast members left is Dante and Suzie. Dante attempts to seduce Suzie and she rebuffs him. He lashes out at her for her heritage and her relationship with Cesar, whose heritage he also scorns. Perlman comes to her defense; he reminds Dante that as an Italian in Paris at that time, should Mussolini align with the Nazis, Dante's own position in Paris would be precarious. Dante reluctantly returns to his earlier role as minstrel. After another rebuff from Suzie, Dante reveals to a German officer that Suzie is a Jew. Lola overhears this betrayal and informs Suzie that she is in danger and must leave Paris. Lola has also decided to leave Dante and has purchased tickets for Suzie and herself on an ocean liner headed for America. The same night of the party, the Nazis attack the Romani village and kill a child. When Cesar comes to her apartment to say goodbye, Suzie expresses her desire to stay and help Cesar fight the Nazis for his family, but he tells her that she must flee and find her father.
44 and sings "Je Crois Entendre Encore" to him in Yiddish as tears roll down her face.
