DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Agrios GN. 1997. Plant Pathology. 4 th ed. San Diego, California, London:
Academic Press. 635 p.
Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. 1996. Introductory Mycology. 4 th ed. New York-Chichester-Brisbane-Toronto Singapore: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 869 p.
Akanuma R, Shimizu S, Sekiguchi A. 1983. Practical studies on the integrated control for clubroot disease of chinese cabbage in high altitude cool region. V. Chemical control of chinese cabbage clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. Bull. Nagano Veg. &
Ornam. Crops Exp. Sta. Japan 3: 1 15-122
Aryantha IP, Cross R, Guest DI. 2000. Suppression of Phytophthora cinnamomi in potting mixes amended with uncomposted and composted animal manures. Phytopathology 90:775-782.
Ayers GW. 1972. Races of Plasmodiophora brassicae infecting crucifer crops in Canada. Plant Dis. Surv. 52:77-81
Baker KF, Cook RJ. 1974. Biological Control of Plant Pathogens. WH Freeman and Company San Francisco. 433 p.
Besri M. 1991. Solarization of soil and agricultural materials in Morocco for control of Verticillium wilt and Didymelle stem canker in Tomato. Pages 237-243. In J Katan and JE DeVay (eds.) Soil Solarization.. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Blok WJ, Lamers JG, Temorshuizen AJ, Bollen GJ. 2000. Control of soilborne plant pathogens by incorporating fresh organic amendments followed by tarping. Phytopathology 90:253-259.
Buczacki ST, Toxopeus H, Mattusch P, Johnston TD, Dixon GR, Hobolth LA.
1975. Study of physiologic specialization in Plasmodiophora brassicae:
Proposals for attempted rationalization through an international approach.
Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 65: 295-303.
Casale WL, Minassian V, Menge JA, Lovatt CJ, Pond E, Johnson E, Guillernet F.
1995. Urban and agricultural wastes for use as mulches on avocado and citrus and for delivery of microbial biocontrol agens. J. Hort. Sci. 70:3 15- 332.
Channon AG, Maude RB. 1971. Vegetables. Pages 323-363. In JH Western (ed.) Disease of Crop Plants. New York: Halsted Press Division John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Chen W, Hoitink HAJ, Schmitthenner AF. 1 987. Factors affecting suppression of Pythium damping-off in container media amended with composts. Phytopathology 77: 755-760.
Chen W, Hoitink HAJ, Madden LV. 1988. Microbial activity and biomass in Container media for predicting suppressivenes to damping-off caused by Pythium ultimatum. Phytopathology 78: 1447-1 550.
Chen Y, Katan J. 1980. Effect of solar heating of soils by transparent polyethylene mulching on their chemical properties. Soil Sci. 130: 271-277.
Chen Y, Gamliel A, Stapleton JJ, Aviad T. 1991. Chemical, physical, and microbial changes related to plant growth in disinfested soils. Pages 103- 129. In J Katan and JE DeVay (eds.) Soil Solarization. Boca Raton, FL:
CRC Press.
Colhoun J. 1953. A study of the epidemiology of clubroot disease of brassicae.
Ann. Appl. Biol. 40:262-283.
Colhoun J. 1958. Clubroot disease of crucifers caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. Phytopath. Pap. No. 3. Commonw. Mycol. Inst. Kew, Surrey, England. 108 pp.
Datnoff LE, Kroll TK, Lacy GH. 1984. Efficacy of chlorine for decontamining water infested with resting spore of Plasnzodioplzora brassicae. Plant Dis. 71: 734-736.
DeVay JE, Katan J. 1991 Mechanisms of pathogen control in solarized soils.
Pages 87-101. In J Katan and JE DeVay (eds.) Soil Solarization. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Djatnika I. 1984. Upaya penanggulangan P. brassicae Wor. pada tanaman kubis-kubisan. Halaman 30-32. Di dalam Anonymous (ed.) Seminar Hama dan Penyakit Sayuran. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian. Cipanas, Mei 1984. 82 hal.
Djatnika I. 1989. Upaya pengendalian Plasmodiophpra brassicae Wor.
Penyebab penyakit akar bengkak pada Brassica spp. Disertasi. Fakultas Pascasarjana, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Djatnika I. 1990. Pemanfaatan mikroba tanah untuk pengendalian Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor, pada kubis (Brassica oleracea Linn).
3ul. Penel. Hort. 19(1):32-35.
Dobson RL, Gabrielson RL, Baker AS, Bennett L. 1983. Effects of lime particle size and distribution and fertilizer formulation on clubroot disease caused by Plasmodioplzora brassicae. Plant Dis. 67:50-52.
Faggian R, Bulman SR, Lawrie AC, Porter IJ. 1999. Specific polymerase chain reaction primers for the detection of Plasmodiophora brassicae in soil and water. Phytopathology 89: 392-397.
Freeman S, Katan J. 1988. Weakening effect on propagules of Fusarium by sublethal heating. Phytopathology 78: 1656-1 66 1.
Gamliel A, Katan J. 1991. Involvement of flourescent pseudomonas and other microorganisms in increased growth response of plants in solarized soil. Phytopathology 8 1 : 494-502.
Gamliel A, Stapleton JJ. 1993. Characterization of antifungal volatile compounds evolved from solarized soil amended with cabbage residues.
Phytopathology 83:899-905.
Gaskell M, Fouche B, Koike S, Lanini T, Mitchell J, Smith R. 2000.
Organic vegetable production in California-science and practice.
Hort. Technol. lO(4): 699-7 13.
Graveland R, Dale P, Mithen R. 1992. Gall development in hairy root cultures infested with Plasmodiophora brassicae. Mycol. Res. 96(3): 225- 228.
Greenberger A, Yogev A, Katan J. 1987. Induced suppressivenes in solarized soil. Phytopathology 77: 1663- 1667.
Herdian A. 2000. Pengaruh mulsa, sistem tanam tumpang sari dan pengaturan pH tanah terhadap penyakit akar gada (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.).
Skripsi. Fakultas Pertanian IPB, Bogor.
Hoitink HAJ, Madden LV, Boehm MJ. 1996. Relationships among organic ~ a t t e r decomposition level, microbial species diversity, and soilborne disease severity. Pages 237-249. In R Hall (ed.) Principles and Practice of Managing Soilborne Plant Pathogens. St. Paul, MN: The American Phytopathological Society Press.
Horiuchi S. 1984. Soil solarization for suppressing soilborne diseases in Japan.
Pages 11-23. In Soilborne Crop Diseases in Asia. FFTC Book Series No.
26. Food and Fertilizer Technology Center, Taiwan.
Horiuchi S. 199 1. Soil solarization in Japan. Pages 2 15-225. In J Katan and JE DeVay (eds.) Soil Solarization. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Horiuchi S, Hori M. 1980. A simple greenhouse technique for obtaining high levels of clubroot incidence. Bull. Chugoku Natl. Agric. Exp. Stn. Ser. E.
17:33-55.
Horiuchi S, Hori M, Takahashi S, Shimizu K. 1982. Factors responsible for development of clubroot suppressing effect in soil solarization. Bull.
Chugoku Natl.Agnic. 20: 25-48.
Kanazawa S, Filip Z. 1986. Distribution of microorganisms, total biomass, and enzyme activities in different particles of brown soil. Microb.Eco1. 12:205- 215.
Karling JS. 1968. The Plasmodiophorales. 2 nd ed. New York and London:
Hafner Publishing Co. 256 p.
Katan J. 198 1. Solar heating (solarization) of soil for control of soilborne pests.
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 19:211-236.
Katan J, DeVay JE. 199 1. Soil solarization. Historical perspective, principle and uses. Pages 23-27. 61 J Katan and JE DeVay (eds.) Soil Solarization.
Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Katan J, Fishler G, Grinstein A. 1983. Short and long-term effects of soil solarization and crop sequence on Fusarium wilt and yield of cotton in Israel. Phytopathology 73: 121 5-1219.
Katan J, Greenberger A, Alon H, Grastein A. 1976. Solar heating by polyethylene mulching for the control of diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens.
Phytopathology 66:683-688.
Lambe RC, McCart GD. 1975. Control of cabbage clubroot. Fungicide and Nematicide Test Results of 1974, 30: 63.
Mattusch P. 1977. Epidemiology of clubroot of crucifers caused by P. brassicae Wor. Pages 24-28. 111 Proceeding of Woronin
+
100 Conference.Wisconsin, Madison, USA.
Murtafingah C. 1987. Pengaruh pemberian cendawan Haplosporangium sp.
terhadap keganasan Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor. pada tanaman petsai (Brassica campetris ssp. pekinensis (Lour) Olsson). Skripsi.
Fakultas Biologi, Universitas Jendral Soedirman, Punvokerto.
Myers DF, Campbell RN, Greathead AS. 1981. Clubroot of crucifers in California: Soil respond differently to lime for clubroot control. (Abstr) Phytopathology 7 1 : 1005- 1006.
Narisawa K, Tokumasu S, Hashiba T. 1998. Suppression of clubroot formation in Chinese cabbage by the root endophytic fungus, Heteroconium chaetospira. Plant Pathol. 47:206-2 10.
Narisawa K, Ohki KT, Hashiba T. 2000. Suppression of clubroot and Verticillium yellows in Chinese cabbage in the field by the root endophytic fungus, Heteroconium chaetospira. Plant Pathol. 49: 141 -146.
Orihara S, Yamamato T. 1998. Detection of resting spores of Plasmodiophora brassicae from soil and plant tissues by enzyme immunoassay. Ann.
Phytopathol. Soc.Jpn. 64:569-573.
Palti J. 1981. Cultural practices and infectious crop diseases. Berlin Heidelberg New York: Springer-Verlag. 237 p.
Palti J, Katan J. 1997. Effect of cultivation practices and cropping syatems on soilborne diseases. Pages 377-396. IIZ RJ Hillocks and JM Waller (eds.) Soilborne Diseases of Tropical Crops. Cambridge: University Press.
Parbery IH, Morgan FD. 1980. Control of plant parasites by cultural practices.
Pages 360-369. In JF Brown (ed.) A Course Manual in Plant Protection.
A.A.U.C.S.
Ramirez-Villapudua RJ, Munnecke DE. 1988. Effect of solar heating and soil amendments of cruciferous residues on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
conglutinans and other organisms. Phytopathology 78:289-295.
Reyes AA, Devidson TR, Marks CF. 1974. Races, pathogenicity and chemical control of Plasmodiophora brassicae in Ontario. Phytopathology 64:173-177.
Rowe RC, Farley JD. 1979. Evaluation of soil applied fungicides to control clubroot of radish on "muck" soil. Fungic, Nematic Tests. Ann.
Phytopathol. Soc. 34: 16 1
Rowe RL. 1980. Evaluation of radish cultivars for resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) race 6 for Midwestern United States. Plant Dis. 70: 462-464.
Seaman WL, Walker JC, Larsan RH. 1963. A new races of P. brassicae affecting Badger Shipper Cabbage. Phytopathology 53: 1426-1429.
Stakman EC, Harrar JG. 1957. Principles of plant pathology. New York:
The Ronald Press Company. 58 1 p.
Stapleton JJ, DeVay JE. 1984. Thermal components of soil solarization as related to changes in soil and root microflora and increased growth response.
Phytopathology 74: 255-259.
Stapleton JJ, Quick J, DeVay JE. 1985. Soil solarization: effects on soil properties, crop fertilization and plant growth. Soil Biol. Biochem. 17:
369-373.
Stapleton JJ, DeVay JE. 1986. Soil solarization: A non-chemical approach for management of plant pathogens and pests. Crop Prot. 5: 190-198.
Steel RG, Torrie JH. 1980. Prinsipdan prosedur statistika: Suatu pendekatan biometrik (Terjemahan). Ed ke-2. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Stolzy LH, VanGundy SD. 1968. The soil as an environment for microflora and microfauna. Phytopathology 583889-899.
Subijanto. 1988. Strategi penelitian hortikultura mendukung pertanian tangguh.
Pros. Sem. Hort., Perhimpunan Hortikultura Indonesia Komisariat Bogor.
Cipanas: 1-2
Suryaningsih E. 198 1. Penyakit akar pekuk (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.), penyebaran dan cara pemberantasannya. Kongres Nasional PFI ke VI Padang.
Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T. 1987. An improved method for estimating the number of resting spores of Plasnzodiophora brassicae in soil. Ann.
Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 53:507-5 15.
Takahashi K, Yamaguchi T. 1989. Assessment of pathogenecity of resting spore of P. brassicae in soil by fluorescence microscopy. Ann.
Phytopathol.Soc.Jpn. 55:621-628.
Tanaka S, Yoshihara S, Ito S, Kameya-Iwaki M. 1997. The influence of virulence of Plasmodiophora brassicae population on epidemiology of chinese cabbage clubroot and efficacy of fungicides. Ann. Phytopathol.
Soc. Jpn. 63: 183-187.
Tanaka S, Kochi S, Kunita H, Ito S, Kameya-Iwaki M. 1999. Biological mode of action of the fungicide, flusulfamide, against Plasmodiophora brassicae (clubroot). European J. Plant Pathol. 105: 577-584.
Tjamos EC, Paplomatas EJ. 1988. Long-term effect of soil solarization in controlling Verticillium wilt of globe artichokes in Greece. Plant Pathol.
37:505-5 15.
Voorrips RE. 1995. Plasmodiophora brassicae: Aspects of pathogenesis and resistance in Brassica oleracea. Euphytica 83: 139-146.
Walker JC. 1975. Plant Pathology of Vegetable Crops. New York: Mc Graw Hill Book Company, Inc. 592 p.
Widodo, Sinaga MS, Anas I, Mahmud M. 1993. Penggunaan Pseudomonas spp. Kelompok fluoresen untuk pengendalian penyakit akar gada (Plasnzodiophora brassicae Wor.) pada caisin (Brassica campestris L.var. chinensis (Rupr.) Olson). Bul. HPT 6(2): 94-105.
Widodo, Suheri. 1995. Suppression of clubroot disease of cabbage by soil solarization. Bul. HPT 8(2): 49-55
William AK. 1970. The reinfestation of treated soil. Pages 495-508. In KF Baker and WC Snyder (eds.) Ecology of Soil-borne Plant Pathogens.
Berkeley: Univ. California Press.
Yamagishi H. 1987. Cultivation of clubroot-resistant strains to suppress population density of resting spore of Plasr~zodiophora brassicae in the soil. JARQ 2 1 :36-4 1.
Yoshikawa H, Buczacki ST. 1978. Clubroot in Japan: Research and problems.
Rev. Plant Pathol. 57: 253-257.
LAMPIRAN
Tabel Lampiran 1. Daftar komposisi media yang digunakan untuk isolasi mikrob rizosfer bibit kubis
Media Komposisi
Martin Agar (MA) Agar-agar
KH2po4 MgS04.7H20 Peptone Dextrose
Rose bengal (1%) Air suling
Streptomycin Starch-Casein Agar (SCA) Agar-agar
Starch Casein KN03 NaCl K2HP04 MgS04.7H20 CaC03 FeS04.7H20 Air suling
Nystatin & actidione Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) Tryptic soy broth (0,1 %)
Agar-agar Potato-Dextrose Agar (PDA) Agar-agar Kentang Dextrose Air suling
Tabel Lampiran 2. Rata-rata temperatur tanah pada kedalaman 15 cm selama solarisasi berlangsung (23 Oktober - 3 Desember 2001) pada berbagai perlakuan tanah pembibitan
Temperatur (O C) pada pukul Perlakuan
NO = tanah pembibitan tanpa perlakuan solarisasi dan pupuk kandang, N 1 = perlakuan tanah pembibitan hanya dengan solarisasi, N2 = perlakuan tanah pembibitan hanya dengan pupuk kandang, dan N3 = perlakuan tanah pembibitan dengan solarisasi dan pupuk kandang .
Tabel Lampiran 3. Analisis sidik ragam dari pengaruh tanaman perangkap dan perlakuan tanah pembibitan terhadap kejadian penyakit, indeks penyakit akar gada dan produksi kubis
Kejadian Penyakit Akar Gada
ULG 2 7.62360764 3.81 180382 0.72 0.4948
F 3 30.19675064 10.06558355 1.90 tn 0.1506
N 3 17.79619562 5.93206521 1.12 tn 0.3562
F*N 9 92.63815308 10.29312812 1.95 tn 0.0832
Acak 3 0 158.75544658 5.29184822
Total 47 307.01015355
R-Square KK Root MSE Rata-rata
0.482898 2.321 823 2.30040175 99.07738194
Indeks Penyakit Akar Gada
ULG 2 0.01761863 0.0088093 1 0.8757
F 3 2.79181306 0.93060435 0.0001
N 3 1.08629 123 0.36209708 0.0040
F*N 9 0.78428035 0.08714226 0.2686
Acak 3 0 1.98192404 0.06606413
Total 47 6.66 19273 1
R-Square KK Root MSE Rat-rata
0.702500 10.20439 0.25702944 2.51881250
Produksi Tanaman Kubis
ULG 2 277.40806667 138.70403333 0.0410
F 3 1005.65757292 335.21919097 0.0003
N 3 1 156.02002292 385.34000764 0.0001
F*N 9 694.88 120208 77.20902245 0.0776
Acak 30 1168.77733333 38.95924444
Total 47 4302.74419792
R-Square KK Root MSE Rata-rata
0.728365 27.66139 6.241 73409 22.56479167
tn = tidak nyata,
**
= berbeda sangat nyata U,CT,
