• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Protein Lateks Hevea Brasiliensis Sebagai Fungisida Untuk Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Membagikan "Protein Lateks Hevea Brasiliensis Sebagai Fungisida Untuk Pengendalian Penyakit Tanaman"

Copied!
10
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

3527(,1/$7(.6

+(9($%5$6,/,(16,6

6(%$*$,)81*,6,'$

8178.3(1*(1'$/,$13(1<$.,77$1$0$1

3RWHQF\RI+HYHDEUDVLOLHQVLV/DWH[3URWHLQDV)XQJLFLGHIRU3ODQW'LVHDVH&RQWURO 5DGLWH7,67$0$ :LG\D0,1$7, 0XKDPPDG5L]NL'$52-$7 GDQ&LFL,QGULDQL'$/,0817+( %DODL3HQHOLWLDQ6XQJHL3XWLK3XVDW3HQHOLWLDQ.DUHW 32%R[0HGDQ6XPDWHUD8WDUD (PDLOUDGLWHWLVWDPD#JPDLOFRP 8QLYHUVLWDV3HPEDQJXQDQ3DQFD%XGL0HGDQ -DODQ-HQGUDO*DWRW6XEURWR.0 0HGDQ6XQJJDO0HGDQ6XPDWHUD8WDUD 'LWHULPD0DUHW'LVHWXMXL$SULO '2,KWWSG[GRLRUJSSNMSNYL $EVWUDFW

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

6HUXP ODWHNV WDQDPDQ NDUHW PHQJDQGXQJ EHUEDJDL MHQLV SURWHLQ \DQJ EHUNDLWDQ GHQJDQ SURWHLQ SHUWDKDQDQ WHUKDGDS SDWRJHQ 3HPDQIDDWDQ SURWHLQ SURWHLQ ODWHNV WHUVHEXW VHEDJDL SURGXN SHQJHQGDOLMDPXUSDWRJHQPDVLKWHUNHQGDOD ROHK PHWRGH LVRODVL SURWHLQ VHUXP ODWHNV \DQJPHPHUOXNDQSHUDODWDQGDQELD\D\DQJ PDKDO 3HQHOLWLDQ LQL EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQHWDSNDQ PHWRGH LVRODVL SURWHLQ ODWHNV \DQJ OHELK VHGHUKDQD GDQ PHQJXML GD\D KDPEDW SURWHLQSURWHLQ ODWHNV WHUVHEXW WHUKDGDS SHUWXPEXKDQ EHEHUDSD VSHVLHV MDPXU SDWRJHQ SDGD WDQDPDQ SDQJDQ GDQ SHUNHEXQDQ 3HPLVDKDQ VHUXP WHUWLQJJL GLSHUROHK GDUL ODWHNV \DQJ GLNRDJXODVLNDQ GHQJDQP/DVDPIRUPDWWLDSOLWHU ODWHNV$VHWRQDPRQLXPVXOIDWGDQ7ULFKORULF $FLG7&$FXNXSHIHNWLIPHPSUHVLSLWDVLNDQ SURWHLQSURWHLQ GL GDODP VHUXP ODWHNV $VHWRQGDQDPRQLXPVXOIDWPHPSUHVLSLWDVL SURWHLQ PDVLQJPDVLQJ VHEDQ\DN PJP/ GDQ PJP/ VHUXP GDQ OHELK WLQJJLGLEDQGLQJNDQ7&$\DLWXPJP/ VHUXP $NWLYLWDV HQ]LPDWLN VXSHURNVLG GLVPXWDVH 6'2 SURWHLQ KDVLO SUHVLSLWDVL GHQJDQ DVHWRQ GDQ DPRQLXP VXOIDW OHELK WLQJJLGLEDQGLQJNDQSURWHLQKDVLOSUHVLSLWDVL GHQJDQ 7&$ PHVNLSXQ DNWLYLWDV 62' VSHVLILN PDVLQJPDVLQJ SHUODNXDQ WLGDN EHUEHGDQ\DWD3URWHLQODWHNVPHPLOLNLGD\D KDPEDWLQ YLWUR\DQJOXDVWHUKDGDSVSHVLHV MDPXUSDWRJHQ\DLWXKLQJJD WHUKDGDS NRQWURO )XVDULXP R[\VSRUXP

(2)

&ROOHFWURWLFKXP FDSVLFL GDQ 5LJRGRSRUXV PLFURSRUXVPHUXSDNDQMDPXUSDWRJHQ\DQJ SHND WHUKDGDS DNWLYLWDV SURWHLQSURWHLQ ODWHNV

.DWDNXQFL$QWLIXQJLLVRODVLSURWHLQODWHNV MDPXUSDWRJHQLNWDQDPDQNDUHW

3(1'$+8/8$1

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²J/\DQJPHPLOLNL SHUDQ VHEDJDL HQ]LP JOXNDQDVH .RQQR NLWLQLQDVH3DULMVHWDO0DUWLQ GDQOLVR]LP6XEURWR

3HQHOLWLDQSHQHOLWLDQ PHQJHQDL DNWLYLWDV SURWHLQ VHUXP ODWHNV XPXPQ\D PHQJJXQDNDQSURWHLQ\DQJGLLVRODVLGHQJDQ FDUD GLSLVDKNDQ GHQJDQ XOWUDVHQWULIXJDVL NHPXGLDQ GLOHZDWNDQ NH GDODP NRORP 6SKDGH[ * 6RHGMDQDDWDPDGMD

6XEURWR .DQRNZLURRQHW DO

0HWRGH LQL VHODLQ PDKDO MXPODK SURWHLQ ODWHNV \DQJ GLSHUROHK UHODWLI VHGLNLW 3HQJHPEDQJDQ SURWHLQ ODWHNV VHEDJDL IXQJLVLGD GDQ EDNWHULVLGD GDODP VNDOD NRPHUVLDO PHPHUOXNDQ PHWRGH LVRODVL SURWHLQ ODWHNV \DQJ OHELK VHGHUKDQD GDQ HNRQRPLV 0HWRGH LVRODVL SURWHLQ WHUVHEXW VHODLQPHPSHUKDWLNDQDVSHNNXDQWLWDVMXJD KDUXVGLSHUROHKSURWHLQEHUNXDOLWDVWLQJJL

'D\D KDPEDW SURWHLQ VHUXP ODWHNV WHUKDGDS SHQ\DNLW WDQDPDQ SDQJDQ GDQ SHUNHEXQDQ EHOXP EDQ\DN GLWHOLWL 3URWHLQ KDVLOLVRODVLSHUOXGLXMLDNWLYLWDVQ\DWHUKDGDS EHUEDJDL VSHVLHV MDPXU SDWRJHQ 3HQJXMLDQ GD\D KDPEDW LQL GLPDNVXGNDQ XQWXN PHQJHWDKXLVDODKVDWXSHUDQDQGDULSURWHLQ ODWHNV 3HQHOLWLDQ LQL EHUWXMXDQ XQWXN PHQJHPEDQJNDQ PHWRGH LVRODVL SURWHLQ \DQJ VHGHUKDQD GHQJDQ NXDQWLWDV GDQ NXDOLWDV \DQJ EDLN GDQ PHQJHWDKXL NHPDPSXDQ PHQJKDPEDW SURWHLQ VHUXP WHUVHEXW WHUKDGDS EHEHUDSD MDPXU SDWRJHQ WDQDPDQ

%$+$1'$10(72'(

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

,VRODVL3URWHLQ

6HEDQ\DN P/ ODWHNV NHEXQ GLJXPSDONDQGHQJDQP/P/GDQP/ ODUXWDQ DVDPIRUPDW6HUXPGLHNVWUDN GDULGDODPNDUHWGHQJDQPHQHNDQJXPSDODQ N D U H W K L Q J J D S L S L K 6 H U X P O D W H N V

(3)

GLSLQGDKNDQ NH GDODP WDEXQJ \DQJ EDUX

3UHVLSLWDVL SURWHLQ GLODNXNDQ GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ WLJD MHQLV EDKDQ \DQJ ELDVD GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN SUHVLSLWDVL SURWHLQ \DLWX DVHWRQ NDOL YROXPH VHUXP ODWHNV 0 DPRQLXPVXOIDWGDQ7&$VHEDQ\DN NDOL YROXPH VHUXP &DPSXUDQ VHUXP GHQJDQ0DPRQLXPVXOIDWGLJRMRNGLDWDV URWDU\ VKDNHU SDGD NHFHSDWDQ USP V H O D P D M D P 3 U H V L S L W D W S U R W H L Q GLNXPSXONDQGHQJDQFDUDVHQWULIXJDVLSDGD NHFHSDWDQ USP VHODPD PHQLW GDQ

2

VXKX & 6HWHODK VXSHUQDWDQ GLEXDQJ SURWHLQ GLNHULQJDQJLQNDQ GDQ GLWLPEDQJ 3URWHLQ\DQJGLSHUROHKNHPXGLDQGLODUXWNDQ NHPEDOLGHQJDQPO01D2+

$NWLYLWDV VXSHURNVLGD GLVPXWDVH 62' SURWHLQ \DQJ GLSHUROHK GLXML GHQJDQ PHWRGH \DQJ GLNHPEDQJNDQ ROHK $\GLQ .DQW GDQ 7XUDQ /DUXWDQ SURWHLQ VHEDQ\DN —O GLWDPEDK GHQJDQ EXIHU UHDNVL P0 EXIHU IRVIDW S+ P0 PHWLRQLQ Í®¯¤µ P0 ('7$ GDQ WHUDNKLU GLWDPEDKNDQ Í®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—/ SURWHLQ ODWHNV NRQVHQWUDVL —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

+$6,/'$13(0%$+$6$1 ,VRODVL3URWHLQ

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

(4)

EHUDUWL EDKZD HQ]LPHQ]LP ODLQ GL GDODP VHUXP ODWHNV PDVLK SDGD VWUXNWXU \DQJ QRUPDO GDQ DNWLI -XPODK SURWHLQ \DQJ GLSHUROHK SDGD SUHVLSLWDVL PHQJJXQDNDQ 7&$ UHODWLI OHELK VHGLNLW GLEDQGLQJNDQ SUHVLSLWDVL PHQJJXQDNDQ DVHWRQ GDQ DPRQLXP VXOIDW WHWDSL DNWLYLWDV 62' \DQJ VSHVLILNMXVWUXSDOLQJWLQJJL7DEHO

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

EDKZDHNWUDNVLJUDYLWDVLOLRILOLVDWVHUXP% PHQJJXQDNDQP/P0DVDPDVHWDW GDODP 0 1D&O GLSHUROHK PJ SURWHLQ PLULS NLWLQDVH \DLWX KHYHLQ .DQGXQJDQ KHYHLQGLGDODPVHUXP%NXUDQJOHELK GDUL WRWDO SURWHLQ GL GDODP ODWHNV *LGURO &KUHVWLQJ 7DQ .KXV 'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQGDSDWGLSHUNLUDNDQEDKZDPHWRGH SHQJJXPSDODQ ODWHNV GHQJDQ DVDP IRUPDW GLLNXWL GHQJDQ SHQJHQGDSDQ SURWHLQ GLSHUROHKPJP/²PJP/KHYHLQ WHUJDQWXQJ MHQLV EDKDQ SUHVLSLWDVL SURWHLQQ\D 3URWHLQ ODWHNV VHEDJLDQ WLGDN UXVDN GHQJDQ SHUODNXDQ DPRQLDN PDXSXQ EHEHUDSDEDKDQNLPLDODLQQ\DGDODPSURVHV SHPEXDWDQ VDUXQJ WDQJDQ /DWHNV \DQJ GLEHUL DPRQLDN S+ PDVLK GDSDW GLSHUROHKKHYHLQ VHEDQ\DN J/ ODWHNV 6RHGMDQDDWPDGMD 6XEURWR 0HVNLSXQ VXGDK GDODP EHQWXN VDUXQJ WDQJDQ SURWHLQ PDVLK GDSDW GLHNVWUDN GHQJDQ0EXIHUIRVIDW\DQJPHQJDQGXQJ ERYLQH VHUXP DOEXPLQ GDQ VRGLXPD]LGDVHUWD—JJSURWHLQVDUXQJ WDQJDQ%HH]KROG6ZDQVRQ=HKU .RVW\DO

3HQJKDPEDWDQ -DPXU 3DWRJHQ 7DQDPDQ ROHK3URWHLQ6HUXP

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

(5)

\DQJ NRQWDN GHQJDQ SURWHLQ PHQJDODPL SHQXUXQDQSHUWXPEXKDQELODGLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQNRQWURO 5HVSRQ SHUWXPEXKDQ PLVHOLD EHUYDULDVL XQWXN WLDSWLDS VSHVLHV MDPXU SDWRJHQ \DQJ GLXML WHUKDGDS SURWHLQ VHUXP *DPEDU 3HUWXPEXKDQ MDPXU \DQJ GLDSOLNDVLNDQ GHQJDQ SURWHLQ VHUXP GDODP NHUWDVFDNUDPWHUOLKDWVHGLNLWWHUKDPEDWELOD GLEDQGLQJNDQ GHQJDQ NRQWURO WDQSD DSOLNDVLSURWHLQVHUXP

3HQJKDPEDWDQWHUEHVDUWHUMDGLSDGD VSHVLHV)XVDULXP R[\VSRUXPGDQ WHUHQGDK SDGD$OWHUQDULDVRODQL3URWHLQVHUXPGHQJDQ NRQVHQWUDVL —JP/ VHEDQ\DN —/ PHPLOLNL GD\D SHQJKDPEDWDQ EHUNLVDU DQWDUDKLQJJD7DEHO+DO LQL PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD SURWHLQ VHUXP PHPLOLNL SRWHQVL GDODP PHQJKDPEDW SHUWXPEXKDQ MDPXU SDWRJHQ QDPXQ NRQVHQWUDVL \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ PDVLK EHOXP RSWLPXP 3HQLQJNDWDQNRQVHQWUDVLSURWHLQ PHQMDGLNDOLOLSDW—JP/GLGXJD *DPEDU5DWDDQOXDVSHUWXPEXKDQPLVHOLXPEHEHUDSDVSHVLHVMDPXUSDWRJHQFPSDGD 3'$WDQSDSURWHLQODWHNV6GDQGHQJDQSHPEHULDQSURWHLQODWHNV6

)LJXUH $YHUDJH P\FHOLXP JURZWK RI VHYHUDO SDWKRJHQ IXQJL VSHFLHV FP RQ 3'$ ZLWKRXW SURWHLQDGGLQJ6DQGZLWKDGGLQJRIODWH[SURWHLQ6

*DPEDU3HUWXPEXKDQMDPXU&HUFRVSRUDRU\]DH$GDQ5LJLGRSRUXVPLFURSRUXV%\DQJ GLDSOLNDVLGHQJDQSURWHLQVHUXPDWDVGDQWLGDNDSOLNDVLSURWHLQVHUXP

EDZDKSDGDSHQJDPDWDQKDULVHWHODKLQRNXODVL+6,

)LJXUH*URZWKRI&HUFRVSRUDRU\]DHIXQJL$DQG5LJLGRSRUXVPLFURSRUXV%ZKLFKZHUH DSOLFDWHGE\VHUXPSURWHLQXSSHUDQGZLWKRXWVHUXPSURWHLQEHOORZDWGD\V DIWHULQRFXODWLRQ'$,

(6)

PDPSXPHQLQJNDWNDQGD\DKDPEDWSURWHLQ KLQJJD PHQFDSDL ! VHKLQJJD GDSDW GLDQJJDS HIHNWLI GDODP PHQJKDPEDW SHUWXPEXKDQ MDPXU SDWRJHQ .HWXMXK SDWRJHQ\DQJGLXMLWHUJRORQJNHGDODPIDPLOL \DQJ MDXK NHNHUDEDWQ\D 'HQJDQ GHPLNLDQ S U R W H L Q V H U X P P H P L O L N L G D \ D SHQJKDPEDWDQ \DQJ FXNXS OXDV WHUKDGDS MDPXUSDWRJHQ

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

3HQHOLWLDQVHEHOXPQ\DPHQ\HEXWNDQ EDKZD SHQJKDPEDWDQ SHUWXPEXKDQ EHEHUDSD SHQ\DNLW WDQDPDQ GLEXWXKNDQ NRQVHQWUDVLKHYHLQ—JP/3DULMV HWDO.DQGXQJDQKHYHLQDGDODK GDUL WRWDO SURWHLQ ODWHNV GHQJDQ GHPLNLDQ XQWXN PHQJKDPEDW PLVHOLXP MDPXU SDWRJHQ GLEXWXKNDQ —JP/ SURWHLQWRWDOVHUXPODWHNV$NWLYLWDVSURWHLQ WRWDO GLGXJD OHELK WLQJJL GLEDQGLQJNDQ DNWLYLWDVKHYHLQPXUQLNDUHQDVHUXPODWHNV

MXJD PHQJDQGXQJ EHEHUDSD SURWHLQ ODLQ VHSHUWL KHYDPLQ \DQJ PHPSXQ\DL DNWLYLWDV NLWLQDVH GDQ OLVR]LP 6XEURWR GDQ JOXNDQDVH.RQQR

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

3HQJDUXK3URWHLQ6HUXP/DWHNV7HUKDGDS 6WUXNWXU0LVHOLXP-DPXU3DWRJHQ

3HQJDPDWDQ PLNURVNRSLV WHUKDGDS PLVHOLXP GL ]RQD KDPEDW GLNHWDKXL EDKZD SHQJKDPEDWDQ SHUWXPEXKDQ GLNDUHQDNDQ DGDQ\DVWUXNWXUPLVHOLXPGDQNRQLGLD\DQJ 6SHVLHV 6SHFLHV 3HUVHQWDVHSHQJKDPEDWDQ ,QKLELWLRQSHUFHQWDJH $OWHQDULDVRODQL D &ROOHWRWULFKXPFDSVLFL G &HUFRVSRUDRU\]DH E )XVDULXPR[\VSRUXP G &HUFRVRUDSHUVRQDWXP E 5LJLGRSRUXVPLFURSRUXV F &RU\QHVSRUDFDVVLFROD E 7DEHO'D\DKDPEDWSURWHLQVHUXPODWHNVWHUKDGDSSHUWXPEXKDQMDPXUSDWRJHQSDGD KDULVHWHODKLQRNXODVL+6, 7DEOH,QKLELWLRQDFWLYLW\RIVHUXPSURWHLQRIODWH[WRJURZWKRIVRPHSODQWSDWKRJHQLFIXQJLDW GD\VDIWHULQRFXODWLRQ'$, 1LODL\DQJGLLNXWLROHKKXUXI\DQJVDPDSDGDNRORP\DQJVDPDEHUEHGDWLGDNQ\DWDSDGDWDUDI 1XPEHUIROORZHGE\WKHVDPHOHWWHULQWKHVDPHURZZHUHQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQWDW3

(7)

DEQRUPDO3HUODNXDQSURWHLQPHQ\HEDENDQ

PLVHOLXP&FDSVLFLPHQMDGLWLGDNUDSDWGDQ VXGDK PHPEHQWXN NRQLGLD SDGD +6, 6HGDQJNDQ SDGD SHUODNXDQ WDQSD SURWHLQ VHUXP PLVHOLXP OHELK UDSDW GDQ EHOXP WHUEHQWXNNRQLGLDSDGD+6,$VRODQLSDGD NRQWURO MXJD PHQXQMXNNDQ NRQLGLD \DQJ UDSDWGDQWHEDO*DPEDUVHGDQJNDQSDGD DSOLNDVLSURWHLQVHUXPMXPODKNRQLGLDOHELK VHGLNLW GDQ GLQGLQJQ\D OHELK WLSLV GLEDQGLQJNDQNRQWURO%HQWXNNRQLGLDSDGD NRQWURO OHELK SDGDW GLEDQGLQJNDQ NRQLGLD \DQJ PHQGDSDW SHUODNXDQ SURWHLQ VHUXP + D V L O S H Q J D P D W D Q P L N U R N R S L V PDNURNRQLGLDGDQKLID&RU\]DHOHELKUDSXK SDGD SHUODNXDQ SURWHLQ 'HPLNLDQ KDOQ\D GHQJDQ PLVHOLXP ) R[\VSRUXP PHQMDGL OHELKPXGDKOLVLV 6RHQDUWLQLQJVLK7DODQFD-XQLDUVLK GDQ<DVLQ PHQ\HEXWNDQEDKZDMDPXU \DQJ GLWXPEXKNDQ SDGD PHGLD \DQJ GLEHULNDQ]DWSHQJKDPEDWDQPDNDWLQJNDW YLUXOHQVLQ\D DNDQ PHQXUXQ VHKLQJJD PHPSHUODPEDW LQIHNVL GDQ VSRUXODVL 3DGD &FDSVLFLGDODPNRQGLVLWHUKDPEDWVWUXNWXU PLVHOLDQ\D WLSLV GDQ WLGDN PHPEHQWXN NRQLGLD .HUXVDNDQ VHEDJLDQ NRPSRQHQ S H Q \ X V X Q G L Q G L Q J V H O M D P X U \ D Q J G L G R P L Q D V L R O H K N L W L Q G D Q J O X D Q N PHQ\HEDENDQ WLSLVQ\D GLQGLQJ KLID MDPXU .HWLGDNVHPSXUQDDQ VWUXNWXU PLVHOLXP LQL GLGXJD DNDQ PHQJXUDQJL YLUXOHQVL LQRNXOXPMDPXU\DQJGLKDVLONDQ

6HFDUD VSHVLILN WLDSWLDS SURWHLQ GL G D O D P V H U X P O D W H N V P H Q J J D Q J J X SHPEHQWXNDQGLQGLQJVHOGDQVSRUD+HYHLQ P H P S X Q \ D L N D U D N W H U V H E D J D L NLWLQDVHOLVR]LP \DQJ EHUSHUDQ GDODP

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ÃJOXNDQ\DQJPHUXSDNDQ NRPSRQHQ XWDPD SHQ\XVXQ GLQGLQJ VHO MDPXU

6HODLQ LWX SURWHLQ VHUXP MXJD PHQJDQGXQJOLSLGDF\OK\GURODVH\DQJGDSDW PHUXVDN PHPEUDQ SODVPD KLID MDPXU 1D]KLUDK )DULGDK3HQJJDEXQJDQ

*DPEDU 6WUXNWXU PLVHOLXP $ VRODQL SDGD SHUEHVDUDQ [ D PLVHOLXP \DQJ GLWXPEXKNDQ SDGD PHGLD WDQSD SURWHLQ E PLVHOLXP GLWXPEXKNDQ SDGD SHUODNXDQSURWHLQVHUXP%DUPHQXQMXNNDQXNXUDQSDGD—P

)LJXUH6WUXFWXURIP\FHOLXPRI$VRODQLDW[PDJQLILFDWLRQDP\FHOLXPJURZQRQPHGLXP ZLWKRXW SURWHLQ E P\FHOLXP JURZQ RQ PHGLXP WUHDWHG ZLWK VHUXP SURWHLQ %DU VKRZHGVL]HDW—P

(8)

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

3URWHLQ ODWHNV ODLQ \DQJ PHQDULN XQWXN GLSHODMDUL DGDODK SHQJKDPEDW SURWHDVH 3URWHLQ LQL MXJD WHUJRORQJ SURWHLQ \DQJWHUNDLWGHQJDQVLVWHPSHUWDKDQDQSDGD WDQDPDQ 0XVRU &KRWLJHDW 3KRQJGDUD %XQ\DWDQJ&KLUDSRQJVDWRQNXOGDQ &KXQJFKRZPHODSRUNDQSHQJKDPEDW SURWHDVH PHQJKDPEDW SHUWXPEXKDQ 3K\WRSKWKRUDSDOPLYRUD

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

3URVSHN SURWHLQ LQL XQWXN GLMDGLNDQ SURGXN DQWLMDPXU KD\DWL FXNXS WLQJJL PHQJLQJDW MXPODK VXPEHU SURWHLQ \DQJ GDSDWGLSDVRNVHFDUDUXWLQGDULSHUNHEXQDQ NDUHW FXNXS EHVDU .HOHELKDQ ODLQ GDUL SURWHLQ LQL DGDODK UHODWLI VWDELO GHQJDQ SHUODNXDQSDQDVSDGDVXKXƒ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

(9)

XQWXNSHQJHQGDOLSHQ\DNLWWDQDPDQSDQJDQ

GDQSHUNHEXQDQ\DQJUDPDKOLQJNXQJDQ

'$)7$53867$.$

$\GLQ $ .DQW & 7XUDQ 0 +\GURJHO VXEVWUDWH DOOHYLDWHV VDOW VWUHVV ZLWK LQFUHDVH DQWLR[LGDQW HQ]\PHV DFWLYLW\ RI EHDQ 3KDVHROXV YXOJDULV/XQGHUVDOLQLW\VWUHVV

$IU-RI$JULF5HV² %HH]KROG ' 6ZDQVRQ 0 =HKU % ' .RVW\DO ' 0HDVXUHPHQW RI QDWXUDOUXEEHUSURWHLQVLQODWH[JORYH H[WUDFW FRPSDULVRQ RI WKH PHWKRGV $QQDOV RI $OOHUJ $VWKPD ,PPXQ %UHWRQ)&RXSH06DQLHU& G$X]DF - 'HPRQVWUDWLRQ Ã JOXFDQDVHDFWLYLWLHVLQOXWRLGRI+HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV ODWH[- 1DW 5XEE 5HV

%XQ\DWDQJ 2 &KLUDSRQJVDWRQNXO 1 &KXQJFKRZ13XULILFDWLRQRID SURWHDVH LQKLELWRU IURP +HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV FHOO VXVSHQVLRQ DQG LWV HIIHFW RQ WKH JURZWK RI3K\WRSKWKRUD S D O P L Y R U D - 3 O D Q W % L R F K H P

%LRWKHFKQRO '2,

V\

& K X U Q J F K R Z 1 6 X Q W D U R $ :LWLWVXZDQQDNXO 5 Ã JOXFDQDVH LVR]\PHV IURP WKH ODWH[ +HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV 3K\WRFKHPLVWU\

&K\H0/ &KHXQJ.<Ã *OXFDQDVH LV KLJKO\H[SUHVVHG LQ ODWLFLIHUV RI+HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV3ODQW

0RO%LRO

'DUXOL]D50$ <DQJ.//DP./ 3ULVFLOOD-76XQGHUDVDQ( 2QJ 0 7 $QWL&DQGLGD DOELFDQV DFWLYLW\ DQG EULQH OHWKDOLW\ WHVW RI +HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV %VHUXP(XUR IRU

0HGDQG3KDUP6FL

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

.RQQR . 3ODQW ODWH[ DQG RWKHU H[XGDWHV DV SODQW GHIHQVHV V\VWHPV 5ROHRIYDULRXVGHIHQVHFKHPLFDOVDQG S U R W H L Q F R Q W D L Q H G W K H U H L Q 3K\WRFKHPLVWU\ GRLMSK\WRFKHP /LPRQ0&3LQWRU7RUR-$ %HQLWH]7 ,QFUHDVH DQWLIXQJDO DFWLYLW\ RI 7ULFKRGHUPD KDU]LDQXP WUDQVIRUPDQW WKDW RYHUH[SUHVV D .'D FKLWLQDVH

3K\WRSKDWRORJ\

0DUWLQ 0 1 7KH ODWH[ RI+HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV FRQWDLQV KLJK OHYHO ERWK FKLWLQDVHVO\VRVLPHV 3ODQW 3K\VLRO

0XVRU $ &KRWLJHDW : 3KRQJGDUD $ &ORQLQJDQGFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRI SRWHDVHLQKLELWRUIURPODWH[RIUXEEHU WUHH+HYHDEUDVLOLHQVLV

(10)

1D]KLUDK0 )DULGDK=6FUHHQLQJ DQG VHSDUDWLRQ RI LQGXVWULDOO\ XVHIXOO K\GURODVHV IURP ZDVWHIXO VNLP ODWH[ VHUXPRI+HYHDEUDVLOLHQVLV53RTDNX H W D O H G W ' H Y H O R S P H Q W V L Q VXVWDLQDEOH FKHPLFDO DQG ELRSURFHVV WHFKQRORJ\ 0HGLD 1HZ <RUN 86$ 6SULQJHU6FLHQFH%XVLQHVV

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

6XEURWR 7 3URWHLQ \DQJ WHUNDLW GHQJDQ SDWKRJHQHVLV GDUL +HYHD EUDVLOLHQVLV 0XHOO $UJ ,VRODVL 6WUXNWXU GDQ )XQJVL >'LVHUWDVL@ , Q V W L W X W 7 H N Q R O R J L % D Q G X Q J ,QGRQHVLD

6XU\DQWR':LERZR5+ 6LUHJDU(0 % 0XQLU($SRVVLELOLW\RI FKLWLQRO\WLF EDFWHULD XWLOL]DWLRQ WR FRQWURO EDVDO VWHDP GLVHDVH E\ *DQRGHUPD ERQLQHQVH LQ RLO SDOP VHHGOLQJ$IU - PLFURELRO

7LVWDPD57DQDPDQNDUHWVHEDJDL ELRUHDNWRU EHUEDJDL VHQ\DZD \DQJ SRWHQVLDO XQWXN LQGXVWUL :DUWD

3HUNDUHWDQ

8NXQ 5 .DUDNWHULVDVL GDQ IXQJVL SURWHLQSURWHLQ VSHVLILN GDUL ODWHNV NDUHW VHUWD SHUDQDQQ\D GDODP SURGXNVL NDUHW >6NULSVL@ 8QLYHUVLWDV 3DGMDGMDUDQ,QGRQHVLD

:LWLWVXZDQQDNXO 5 5XNVHUHH . .DQRNZLURRQ. :LWLWVXZDQQDNXO ' $ UXEEHU SDUWLFOH SURWHLQ VSHFLILF IRU +HYHD ODWH[ OHFWLQ ELQGLQJ L Q Y R O Y H G L Q O D W H [ F R D J X O D W L R Q

3K\WRFKHPLVWU\

<HDQJ+<<XVRI) $EGXOODK/ 3UHFLSLWDWLRQRI+HYHDEUDVLOLHQVLVODWH[ SURWHLQV ZLWK WULFKORURDFHWLF DFLG DQG SKRVSKRWXQJVWLF DFLG LQ SUHSDUDWLRQ IRU WKH /RZU\ SURWHLQ DVVD\ $QDO

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Dari hasil analisis dan pengujian yang diperoleh dari penelitian di lapangan mengenai pengaruh kualitas produk, harga, dan promosi terhadap keputusan pembelian Yamaha Mio M3 125

Namun masih terdapat beberapa bagian pada indikator pertanyaan mengenai kualitas pelayanan Resto yang masih menimbulkan beberapa komentar negatif dari responden,

5 peserta didik pada kedua kelas sama atau tidak berbeda secara signifikan, maka penelitian dilaksanakan dan didapatkan data hasil post-test kelas kontrol dan kelas

Dalam UU No 8 tahun 1995 tentang pasar modal (Badan Pengawas Pasar Modal dan Lembaga Keuangan, 1995) pasal 1 ayat 25 ditegaskan bahwa yang dimaksudkan dengan transparansi dalam

Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pembuatan bioplastik mengunakan pati ubi jalar, gliserin sebagai platisizer dan nanopartikel yang disintesis dengan capping agent ekstrak air

Zastupljenost korova na tretiranoj varijanti - Weed Distribution in the Treated Variant ŽF LF Vrsta korova Weed species Broj jedinki po m 2 No of weed plants m -2 % zastupljenosti

Kualitas produk handphone Evercoss ini menjadi suatu kepercayaan konsumen untuk membeli produk handphone Evercoss tersebut, sebab konsumen percaya bahwa produk

Sebelum pemilu dilaksanakan, ada yang namanya tahapan sosialaisi untuk masyarakat baik untuk sosialisai terkait teknis penyelenggaraan pemilu mapun