The Derivational Adjectives in the "New York Times".

THE DERIVATIONAL ADJECTIVES IN “

THE NEW

YORK TIMES

”

NI LUH NOVITA SARI JAYANTI

1201305098

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to dedicate my greatest gratitude to God, Ida Shang Hyang Widhi Wasa for His blessing and guidance to complete and finish this study entitled “Derivational Adjectives in the New York Times”. I would like to express my special appreciation and gratitude to my first supervisor, Dr. Ni Luh Ketut Mas Indrawati, Dip. TEFL,.M.A and Yana Qomariana, S.S., M. Ling as my second supervisor for their patience, guidance and advice to finish and complete this study.

I am also thankful to Prof. Dr. Sutjiati Beratha, M.A. as the Dean of Faculty of Arts, I Gusti Ngurah Parthama, S.S., M.Hum as the Head of English Department and all lecturers who have supported and taught me.

I express my deepest gratitude to my beloved parents for their support, love, and guidance. I also would like to express my great thanks and appreciation to KSE Foundation (Karya Salemba Empat) for giving me financial support and as well as the members of KSE for giving me advice, moral lesson, and training to be a better person. Last, but not least for all my friends, especially to my best friends to make my life colorful and fun.

Denpasar, February 2016

ABSTRACT

positions of derivational adjectives found in the New York Times. It was aimed to find the types of derivational suffixes forming adjectives and to analyze the positions of derivational adjectives found in the data source.

The data source of this study was taken from the articles of e-newspaper in

New York Times. The articles were selected randomly in the edition of early October 2015. The method that applied in collecting the data was documentation method. It was done by collecting the derivational suffixes forming adjectives and tabling the adjectives based on the suffixes formed adjectives. The method that applied to analyze the data was qualitative method. The main theory applied in this study is proposed by Quirk, et al (1985) in his book entitled A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language.

The result of the analysis shows that there are derivational suffixes including suffix –al,-able, -ous, -ive, -ent, -ous, -ly, -y, -less, -ful, -ic which is attached to the base can change the word class from noun or verb into adjective. The syntactical analysis finds that there are derivational adjectives have positions as predicative that modify the subject or well known as subject complement and the position as attributive or noun modifier.

iii

ABBREVIATIONS

S/C : Sentence/ Clause

VP : Verb Phrase

NP : Noun Phrase

PP : Prepositional Phrase

AdjP : Adjective Phrase

AdvP : Adverb Phrase

V : Verb

N : Noun

Adj : Adjective

Cs : Subject Complement

Co : Object Complement

Adv : Adverb

Prep : Preposition

Art : Article

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

ABSTRACK... ii

ABBREVIATIONS ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 3

1.3 Aims of the Study... 3

1.4 Scope of Discussion ... 3

1.5 Research Method ... 4

1.5.1 Data Source ... 4

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 4

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE, CONCEPT AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 6

2.1 Review of Literature ... 6

2.2 Concept ... 10

2.2.1 Concept of Morpheme ... 11

v

2.2.3 Concept of Adjectives ... 13

2.2.4 Concept of Four Characteristics of Adjective ... 13

2.2.5 Concept of Phrase ... 14

2.2.6 Concept of Noun Phrase ... 14

2.2.7 Concept of Tree Diagram ... 16

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 18

2.3.1 Derivational Process ... 18

2.3.2 Syntactic Positions of Adjectives ... 19

CHAPTER III ANALYSIS ... 23

3.1 Derivational Suffixes ... 23

3.1.1 Noun or Verb + Suffix ... 23

3.2 The Positions of Adjective ... 43

3.2.1 Predicative ... 43

3.2.2 Attributive ... 48

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION ... 61

BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background

A word may be formed by one or more morphemes. Some English words are the result of the combination between lexeme (word entries in dictionary) and suffix or/and prefix which has different or similar word class (noun, adjective, verb, and adverb) and sometimes change the meaning as well. Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning that cannot be divided into smaller unit since it refers to the semantic context.

Morphology is the study of word formation. Morphology is the study of word structure (Katamba, 1993: 19). Morphology is dealing of how words are formed. Derivation is one of the word formation processes. Derivational morpheme can change the class word, meanwhile inflectional morpheme cannot change it. Derivational process means the formation of word of certain word classes into another word class by adding suffix.

This thesis concerned in analyzing the adjectives derived from other word classes and also syntactical function of adjective itself. This study used the theory by Quirk, et al (1985) to analyze the derivational process of adjectives in English words and analyze the syntactical functions. One example of lexeme is nerve (noun) and added by suffix –ous. Then from this process there will be word formation from nerve to

2

with their relation to the noun or verbs. Quirk, et al (1985:418) stated that the adjective has three positions; they are predicative, attributive and post positive. For example: naughty boy. Naughty in this example has position as attributive adjective since it appear before the head of noun phrase and the function as modifier.

Nowadays, many people are still confused in differentiating word class. In a sentence contains various word classes. Sentence is the largest unit of language structure treated in traditional grammar having a subject and predicate (Chalker and Weiner, 1996:358).

1.2Problems of the Study

Based on the background related to Morphological and Syntactical context arise two problems to be discussed:

1. What derivational adjectives are found in the articles of New York Times? 2. In what syntactical positions do they occur in clauses?

1.3Aims of the Study

Based on the problems raised above which applies the study of morphosyntax, the aims that are discussed in this study are:

1. To identify and analyze the derivational suffixes forming adjectives

2. To explain the syntactical positions at the level of clauses containing derivational adjectives.

1.4Scope of Discussion

The limitation of the analysis is important and necessary in order to make it effective. Since this study was dealing with morphology and syntax which was focused on two points. They were focused on the derivation suffixes that made the formation of adjectives derived from other word classes and about the syntactical position of adjectives which was focused on the clauses or phrases containing derivational adjectives.

4

Research method is needed to support the research in order to make the process of research structured well, run smoothly and logic. There are three steps of research method need to be followed when we do a research. Those are (1) data source, (2) method and technique of collecting data, and (3) method and technique of analyzing data.

1.5.1 Data Source

The main data was taken from e-newspaper in www.nytimes.com. They are: 1 article taken from Oct 2nd 2015, 9 articles taken from Oct 5th 2015, 4 articles from Oct 6th 2015, and 1 article taken from Oct 9th 2015. The articles were selected randomly. This e-newspaper was chosen since it contains lots of various kinds of adjectives words and there are many interesting news around the world. The data was focusing on the process of derivational adjectives and syntactical functions as well.

1.5.2 Method and Techniques of Collecting Data

1.5.3 Method and Techniques of Analyzing Data

6 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURES, CONCEPTS, AND

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS

This chapter discusses three main topics, they are: review of literature which is important to compare this study to other studies, concept and the last is theoretical framework which explains the theory that is used to solve the problems.

1.1 Review of Literature

There are many studies about morphosyntax. The previous studies reviewed

here were taken from students’ thesis showing the differences among their studies, which is presented in the following paragraph:

discussion that this study is concerned to find the word formation both derivational and inflectional.

The second review was written based on a thesis written by Rahayu (2008) entitled The Study of Derivational and Inflectional Adjectives in Novel the Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. Theory that she applied was proposed by Quirk (1985). The data was taken from novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain. The Method used was documentation method to collect data and qualitative method to analyze the data. The conclusion of her thesis was that two processes were applied to form adjectives. They are derivational and inflectional process. Nouns and verbs were changed into adjectives by adding suffixes /-able, -ly, -ful, -ish, -y/. There is also degree of comparison of regular and irregular adjectives in term of inflectional process. There were only predicative and attributive adjectives found in the data source. The difference to this present study is on the scope of discussion to find the derivational and inflectional forming adjective, meanwhile this present study is only focused on the derivational suffixes forming adjective.

Another relevant thesis was written by Maharta (2010) entitled

Morphosyntactic Analysis of Suffixes –ion, -ment, -ness in English. The problems of this thesis are the morphological process of suffix –ion, -ment, -ness and morphosyntactic analysis of derivation words. The data was collected from Follet’s

8

adjective into noun. In syntactical analysis, the derivational nouns functioned as subject, object, and complement of the sentence and the head of the noun phrase. The differences to the present study is data source was taken from novel and problems that he analyzed were more specific in terms of suffix for deriving noun /-ion, -ment, -ness/.

Another relevant thesis entitled Derivational English Suffixes Forming Noun

Other thesis which is relevant to this present study was by Saputra (2011) entitled The Morphological Processes on Adjective Formation in the Washington Club a Cliff Hardy Novel by Peter Corris. The main theory which is used in this study is proposed by Katamba (1993) and supported theory by Quirk. The method to get the data source was documentation method and for analyzing the data source was qualitative method. This study was trying to find types of morphological process on adjectives and word classes which can change into adjectives and the functions of morphological process on adjectives found in the novel. This study found types of morphological process which occur in adjective formation namely derivational and inflectional morphemes. The word classes which can be modified into adjective are: adj to adj, noun to adj and verb to adj. The function of morphological class changing by derivational prefixing is to form adjectives. In English adjective, class maintaining which is derived from adjective is known as de-adjectival adjective. Meanwhile, class changing which is derived from noun is known as de-nominal adjective. Then, another class changing which is derived from verb is known as de-verbal adjective. The results found that inflection morpheme took the comparative and superlative degree of regular forms which can occur in one or two syllable by suffix –er and –est.

Another related study that is international article was written by Luisa Fidalgo Allo entitled The Morphological and Semantic Types of Old English Lost Adjectives

10

losses. The results in this study found that affixation still functioned and another type-frequent affixation showed lower rates of lexical loss than less type-type-frequent and lost affixation processes and for the semantic analysis is lexical losses of the adjectival class often contained adjectives denoting abstract qualities.

The review which is taken from International article entitled Compound Adjectives in English: The Type Lion – Hearted and Good Natured written by Grazia Crocco Galeas. Collim (2003). She used theory proposed by Cobuild (1990), Marchand (1969), Matthews (1991), Scalise (1984), and Dressier et al (1987). The method in analyzing was qualitative method. This study analyzed the relationship between derivational compound adjectives and other types of compound adjectives, the morphological structure of the derivational compound adjectives, and define the -ed suffix as a type of affix found both in inflectional and derivational word-formation. This study found that derivational compounds are based on morphological structures whose common feature is –ed suffix. It results in an affix that can be assigned not only toinflection and derivation but also compounding. The derivational compound adjectives is morphological pattern which is not centre of the word-formation but provides a successful strategy for forming compound adjectives which are structurally and semantically easy to determined. Word formation is productive to form compound adjectives.

1.2 Concepts

1.2.1 Morpheme

Morpheme is the smallest meaning of word. Bauer (1983:14) stated that a morpheme may be defined as the minimal unit of grammatical analysis. Morpheme cannot be divided into the smaller meaningful unit, since the term of morpheme refers to the smallest unit. Two examples words which can be proved such as table-s and

shoe-s.Table which belongs to one piece of furniture and shoe belongs to one item of footwear, while both –s refers to the grammatical function which means plural. There are 2 kinds of morphemes, they are:

a. Free Morpheme.

Free Morpheme means morpheme which is able to stand independently. It can be classified as a lexeme, since lexeme it a lexical entries in dictionary. Lexeme is pure without attachment. They are nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs.

Example of Free Morpheme:

- play - bike - eat - bed - table - pray - shoe - chair b. Bound Morpheme

12

1.2.2 Definition of Affixes

Affix is considered as morpheme attaching to other morphemes such as root or base or stem. This type of affixes is bound morpheme. There are 2 types of affixes as follow:

1.2.2.1Prefixes

Prefixes are affixes (re-, un-, in-, -en) which attached in the beginning of a stem or a root or a base and it can change the meaning.

1.2.2.2Suffixes

Suffix is bound morpheme which is attached after root or stem or base and it can change the meaning or the context of syntax and sometimes change the class word as well.

For example:

teach –er - care –ful - cat –s

kind –ness - easy –ly - nation –al

develop –ment - nerve –ous - point - less

1.2.3 Definition of Adjective

According to Huddleston and Pullum (2005: 295), adjectives are lexemes characteristically denoting properties of persons or objects. Adjective has functions with their relation to nouns or verbs.

Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Suartvik stated that there are four characteristics of adjective in their book “A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language”

(1985:402), as follows:

a. Adjective may freely occur in attributive function and modify a noun. It usually appears between the determiner and the head of a noun phrase including zero articles.

For example:

- An ugly painting (Quirk, et al. 1985: 402) - The round table (Quirk, et al. 1985: 402) - Good news (Huddleston, 2005: 112)

b. Adjective may freely occur in predicative function and have a function as subject or object complement, as follows:

- The painting is ugly (Quirk, et al. 1985: 403)

- He thought the painting ugly (Quirk, et al. 1985: 403) c. The adjective can be premodified by the intensifier very.

For example:

- The children are very happy (Quirk, et al. 1985: 403)

14

For example:

- The children are happier now (Quirk, et al. 1985: 403) - These students are morediligent (Quirk, et al. 1985: 403) - They are the happiest people I know (Quirk, et al. 1985: 403)

- They are the mostbeautiful paintings I have ever seen (Quirk, et al. 1985: 403)

1.2.5 Phrase

A group of word which is as a part of sentence is called Phrase. A phrase is different from clause since Phrase does not contain subject and verb, however it carried meaning (may be single piece of meaning). There are 5 kinds of phrases, they are: Verb Phrase, Noun Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase, and Prepositional Phrase.

1.2.6 Noun Phrase

Noun phrase is a group of word or phrase which noun as its head and at least is accompanied by modifier, determiner (such as the, a, his) or adjective (such as

beautiful, small). According to the book “A University Grammar of English”

proposed by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum stated that Noun phrase or can be abbreviated as NP has functions as subject, object, complement or sentences and as a complement in prepositional phrases.

The man The scary man

The scary man in the back row is John Brown The scary man who became frightened

He

Based on the book entitled “A Comprehensive Grammar of the English

Language” (1985:1238-1239) proposed by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Suartvik stated that a noun phrase contains the following constituent parts, they are:

a. The Head, it is the main noun that is modified by other elements in a noun phrase, for example:

- The scary boy sitting in the back row is my ex-boyfriend. - I saw a scary boy in the back row which was full of audiences. b. The determinative which is used to modify a head, for example:

- All the students

- Some new brand clothes

c. The premodification, which comprise all the items placed before the head, for example:

- Some beautiful ladies - All discount items

16

- The scary man in the back row

- The mall that located in the center of city

1.2.7 Concept of Tree Diagram

A sentence is a group or set of words as a basic unit of language which is usually based on grammatical units in uttering, conveying and expressing a thought to mean and intend something based on purpose. According to Brown and Miller (1982; 17), there are a number of ways of indicating the constituent structure, such as by bracketing (labeled and bracket strings), tree diagram, and vine diagram. Tree diagram or Phrase Structure Rule is well known as the most effective syntactic ways in describing the constituent structure of sentence based on lexical categories.

Brown and Miller (1982; 61 – 97) have recommended the syntactic categories based on lexical categories such as:

S/C : Sentence/ Clause

VP : Verb Phrase

NP : Noun Phrase

PP : Prepositional Phrase

AdjP : Adjective Phrase

AdvP : Adverb Phrase

V : Verb

Adj : Adjective

Adv : Adverb

Prep : Preposition

Art : Article

Det : Determiner

There is a relation between the head of a phrase category and its part since lexical classes are classified into subclasses on the base of the number and the nature of their constituent within the phase.

There is Phrase Structure Rules proposed by Noam Chomsky (1957) in his book entitled Syntactic Structure. It is related to the Tree Diagram in determining the rules of how lexical formed phrases, as follows in the following paragraph:

Phrase Structure Rules

NP : (DET) (Adj) N (PP)

VP : (AUX) V (NP) (NP) (PP) (CP)

PP : P NP

AP : (ADV) ADJ (PP) (CP)

S : NP VP

1.3 Theoretical Framework

18 attachment of certain suffixes demonstrated the changing of word classes into adjectives.

1.3.1.1Noun or Verb + Suffix

There are some suffixes that can change the class word noun or verb into adjective class word. They are -able, -ful, -ish, -ous, -y, -al, -less, -ic, -ive, -ly. As they are involved in derivational process, they can be called derivational suffixes. The examples of adjectives that are derived from noun or verb by attaching these suffixes shown in the table below:

Word Word Class Suffix Adjective Meaning

Care Noun/ Verb -ful Careful

Helpful

Having…

Giving...

Fashion Noun -able Fashionable Having the character of...

Grey Noun -ish Greyish

Foolish

Belonging to…

of…

Danger Noun -ous Dangerous State of …

Nation Noun -al National Belonging to…

Hero Noun -ic Heroic Having the Character of..

Use Noun/ Verb -less Useless State of no / Without…

Lacking…

Dirt Noun -y Dirty

Creamy

Covered with…

Like…

Attract Verb -ive Attractive Having…

Coward Noun -ly Cowardly Having the qualities of…

1.3.2 Syntactical Positions of Adjectives.

According to Quirk, et al (1985: 719), a simple sentence consists of a single independent clause. Clause is a part of sentence. Quirk and Greenbaum (1976: 167) stated that there are seven clause types. They are:

- S – V : They smiled.

- S – V – A : She was in hospital.

20

- S – V – C : Mr. Sedeng is a Syntax Teacher.

- S – V – O – O : He bought them some bags.

- S – V – O – Co : He always makes me sleepy.

- S – V – O – A : I found a book in the toilet.

Based on the theory proposed by Quirk, et al (1985:418) stated that the adjective has three positions; they are predicative, attributive and post positive.

1.3.2.1 Predicative

The position of adjective appears after a verb in a sentence is called Predicative. In this case the adjective is as a modifier of noun and can be said as

“complement”. There are 2 functions of adjectives: Subject and object complement.

ex: Indry was happy. S

NP VP

N V Adj P

Indry was Adj

happy

This example show that the adjective “happy” appears after verb “was” and it

1.3.2.2 Noun Modifier or Attributive

Attributive adjective pre modify noun, and always appear between after determiner and before head of NP, including zero determiner. It describes noun or NP and often creates the meaning as well.

Example: The small classroom.

NP

Art Adj N

The small classroom

This example show the position of small in noun phrase is attributive

adjective since it appears between the determiner “the” and the head of noun phrase

classroom. It functions as noun modifier that gives specific meaning to the head of noun phrase.

1.3.2.3 Postpositive

22

Example: She bought something useful. S

NP VP

N V NP

She bought N Adj P

something Adj

useful

Compound indefinite pronouns and adverbs ending in –body, -one, -thing, and – where can be modified postpositively. For example:

- Anyone (who is) intelligent can do it.