[ 1 2 5] De le Rahe e m
Transfe r o f te c hno lo gy fro m no rth to so uth – me e ting the ne e ds o f a rural e nviro nme nt: a re vie w o f the Mtwara-Lindi wate r pro je c t
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 4 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 2 4 –1 2 7
im p lem en t a t ion a ct iv it ies. T h e p la n s s p eci-fi ed t h e fu t u r e im p lem en t a t ion r a t e u n t il 1991, bu t a p a r t fr om t h a t t h ey d id n ot con t a in t h e d et a iled sp ecifi ca t ion s of fu t u r e a ct iv it ies im p lied by t h e blu e p r in t a p p r oa ch [5]. In Mt w a r a , d u r in g a r ecen t s u r vey, it w a s est i-m a t ed t h a t on ly 30 p er cen t of p eop le h ave a cces s t o a n im p r oved w a t er s u p p ly. N o fi g-u r es a r e ava ila ble for t h e Lin d i r e gion [6]. T h er efor e, m or e d r a st ic a p p r oa ch es a r e r eq u ir ed t o m a k e w a t er ava ila ble t o m or e p eop le w it h ou t m a jor p r oblem s.
T h e p ip ed sch em e in Kit a n ga r i, M a k on d e p la t ea u , w a s r efer r ed t o a s W ä r tsilä . T h e n a m e d er ives fr om t h e t im e w h en t h e h u ge p u m p in g m a ch in er y w a s t r a n s p or t ed slow ly over n a r r ow r oa d s. Ap p a r en t ly, W ä r tsilä w a s p a in t ed a cr os s t h e b oxes a n d t h e p eop le of t h is r e gion got u s ed t o t h is n a m e[7].
Getting the people involved
In p ip ed s ch em es, p a r t icip a t ion of t h e com -m u n it y w a s or igin a lly li-m it ed t o la b ou r h ir ed fr om v illa ges for t r en ch d iggin g. In t h e Kit a n -ga r i a n d M b aw a la Ch in i-N a lien d ele p ip ed sch em es, t r en ch d iggin g h a s su cces sfu lly b een a ch ieved on a volu n t a r y b a sis. T h e t ot a l len gt h con s t r u ct ed s o fa r in Ta n za n ia u s in g self-h elp la b ou r is a b ou t 120 k ilom et r es, w h ich r e p r es en t s a con st r u ct ion cos t of a b ou t 1.2 m illion Ta n za n ia n s h illin gs (TAS). T h e p ay m en t w a s p h a s ed ou t a s t h e s ch em e p r ogr es s ed b eca u s e v illa ger s volu n t eer ed a s sis -t a n ce a s -t h ey fel-t con fi d en -t -t h a -t -t h ey wou ld get w a t er if t h ey h elp ed . Villa ger s ca n ea sily follow t h e p r ogr ess of p ip e lay in g, w h ich m ea n s t h a t t h ey h ave t im e t o t h in k a b ou t t h e p r oject b efor e it r ea ch es t h eir v illa ge a n d a r e t h er efor e m en t a lly p r e p a r ed for t h eir ow n in volvem en t in d u e cou r s e[8].
Hand-pump wells
In st it u t ion a l bu ild in g, t r a in in g a n d com m u -n it y p a r t icip a t io-n a ct iv it ies ca r r ied ou t t o
in cr ea se t h e w a t er su p p ly h ave b een r e p or t ed . T h e t a r get for im p r ov in g h a n d -p u m -p w a t er su -p -p ly a s w ell a s t h e a ch ieved r esu lt s a r e sh ow n in Ta ble I.
Ta ble I sh ow s t h a t on ly 60 p er cen t of t h e t a r get s w er e r ea ch ed . On e of t h e m a in r ea -son s w a s t h e fa ilu r e of t h e d ist r ict s t o a lloca t e fu n d s for t h e p r ogr a m m e. T h e p er for m a n ce of MAJ I a n d t h e com m u n it ies h a s b een r a t h er low, p a r t ly ca u s ed by fi n a n cia l con st r a in t s . F in a lly, r es u lt s w er e a ffect ed by fl ood s in sp r in g 1990, w h ich cu t off t h e m a in r oa d s in t h e a r ea a n d h in d er ed a ll n or m a l a ct iv it ies[9].
Economic implications
P a r t of t h e Mt w a r a -Lin d i p r oject w a s t h e Ma k on d e P la t ea u Wa t er Su p p ly w h ich is a n a t ion a l sch em e – m a n a ged , op er a t ed a n d fi n a n ced by MAJ I h ea d q u a r t er s. P eop le live on a h igh p la t ea u a n d w a t er is fou n d on ly in low er a r ea s. All sch em es r eq u ir e ext en sive p u m p in g a n d a r e t h er efor e com p lica t ed a n d exp en sive t o op er a t e a n d m a in t a in [10].
T h e t ot a l cost s of t h e w a t er m a st er p la n w a s a b ou t 6 m illion F in n is h m a r k k a (F m ) in 1976 ($1 = 3.9 F m ). Du r in g t h e im p lem en t a t ion p h a ses t h e t ot a l a n n u a l cost s h ave b een a r ou n d 16 m illion F m in 1986 (w it h $1= 5.1 F m ). T h e cost of a bu ck et of w a t er (20 lit r es) w a s t o b e 1.65 Ta n za n ia n sh illin gs (TAS). T h e p r ice w a s t h ou gh t t o b e t oo h igh – v illa ger s t h u s r efr a in ed fr om u sin g clea n , sa fe w a t er a n d fell b a ck on p ollu t ed t r a d it ion a l sou r ces[10]
T h e w a t er p r oblem s w er e d ir ect ly r ela t ed t o ot h er a sp ect s of life, su ch a s h ea lt h a n d n u t r i-t ion . Wii-t h low in com e, i-t h e q u a lii-t y of life of p eop le liv in g in t h is a r ea su ffer ed a ccor d in gly.
Native intelligence
T h e t h ir d im p lem en t a t ion p h a se, J a n u a r y 1982 t o Decem b er 1984, w a s h eav y -con st r u c-t ion or ien c-t ed a n d w a s ca lled c-t h e cr a sh
Table I
Ac hie ve me nt c o mpare d to targe t during fis c al ye ar
1987/ 88 1988/ 89 1989/ 90
Survey activitiesa 2 4 /b 3 3 / 1 4 8 6 8 / 1 2 4
Construction 3 6 /b 3 8 / 6 7 6 0 / 8 8
Hand-pump replacement 8 0 /b 1 9 3 / 2 6 8 2 3 3 / 4 0 4
M aintenance/ rehabilitation 8 6 /b 1 2 6 / 1 7 3 1 4 4 / 3 3 8
Well deepeninga 2 6 /b 1 9 / 8 0 3 / 6 8
DTH-drillinga 8 /b 1 8 / 1 5 1 3 / 3 4
Notes: a Total of 8 5 seismic profiles investigated and 2 5 geoelec tric soundings c arried out Notes:b First half of 1 9 8 8 only, no target figures set
[ 1 2 7] De le Rahe e m
Transfe r o f te c hno lo gy fro m no rth to so uth – me e ting the ne e ds o f a rural e nviro nme nt: a re vie w o f the Mtwara-Lindi wate r pro je c t
Enviro nme ntal Manage me nt and He alth
8 / 4 [1 9 9 7 ] 1 2 4 –1 2 7
st u d ies, w a t er d evelop m en t p r ogr a m m e), d r a ft , Ma r ch 1977.
3 Ka tko, T., Com pa r ison of Fou r N ord ic S u ppor ted
R u ra l Wa ter S u p p ly Pr ojects in T a n z a n ia ,
Ta m p er e Un iver sit y of Tech n ology, In st it u t e of Wa t er a n d E n v ir on m en t a l E n gin eer in g, P u blica t ion N o. 34, Ta m p er e, 1987, p. 154. 4 F in n w a t er Con su lt in g E n gin eer s, In stitu tion a l
stu d y: M tw a ra -L in d i R u ra l Wa ter S u p p ly Pr o-ject, F in n w a t er Con su lt in g E n gin eer s,
H elsin k i, Au gu st 1986.
5 T h er k ild sen , O., Wa ter in g W h ite E lep h a n ts?
L esson s fr om Don or Fu n d ed Pla n n in g a n d Im p lem en ta tion of R u ra l Wa ter S u p p lies in T a n z a n ia , Sca n d in av ia n In st it u t e of Afr ica n
St u d ies, Up p sa la , 1988.
6 Kop on en , J ., A R ev iew of th e K n ow led ge B a se
for R u ra l Dev elop m en t in M tw a ra a n d L in d i R egion s, T a n z a n ia , 1992, a con su lt a n cy r e p or t
for F IN N IDA, N ovem b er 1992.
7 Sw a n t z, M-L., “Ca se stu d y: M tw a ra -L in d i Wa ter
S u pply Project”, in T ra n sfer of T ech n olog y a s a n In tercu ltu ra l Pr ocess, H els in k i, 1989, p p. 138-58.
8 F IN N IDA, T a n z a n ia : M tw a ra -L in d i R u ra l
Wa ter S u p p ly Pr oject, R ep or t of th e E v a lu a tion M ission , Ma r ch 1984.
9 F in n w a t er Con s u lt in g E n gin eer s, M tw a ra
-L in d i Wa ter S u p p ly Pr oject, Ph a se V, Fin a l R ep or t, F in n w a t er Con s u lt in g E n gin eer s,
H elsin k i, Decem b er 1991.
10 Ch a ligh a , C., Mogella , C. a n d Kiw a sila , H .,
S tu d y on th e In stitu tion a l a n d Fin a n cin g A g ree-m en t of M a k on d e Pla tea u Wa ter S u p p ly, d r a ft
r e p or t t o F in n w a t er, In st it u t e of Resou r ce As s es s m en t , Un iver s it y of Da r es Sa la a m , Ta n za n ia , 1991.
11 Cr eh a n , K., S tru ctu res of M ea n in g a n d S tru
c-tu res of In terest: Pea sa n ts a n d Pla n n ers in N or th Wester n Z a m b ia , 1991, p p. 185-208.
12 J oh a n s s on , L. a n d Mlen ge, W., “E m p ow er in g cu s t om a r y com m u n it y in s t it u t ion s t o m a n a ge n a t u r a l r esou r ces in Ta n za n ia – ca se st u dy fr om Ba r ia d i d ist r ict ”, Forests, T rees a n d
Peo-p le N ew sletter, N o. 22, In s t it u t e of Biot ech n
ol-ogy, Up p s a la , 1993.
13 F in n w a t er Con s u lt in g E n gin eer s, M tw a ra
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d r a ft , M a r ch 1987.
14 Kor t en , D., “Beyon d bu r ea u cr a cy : t h e d evelop -m en t a gen d a ”, Forests, T rees a n d Peop le
N ew sletter , N o. 14. In s t it u t e of Biot ech n ology,
