08.0 Domestic and industrial waste

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8. Domestic and Industrial Waste

Content of Lecture

8.1 Composition of waste

8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial waste 8.3 Hazardous waste

8.4 Health care waste 8.5 Organic waste

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8. Domestic and Industrial Waste 8.1 Composition of waste

8.1 Composition of waste

Waste from industrialized countries

Characteristics: high content of packaging made of paper, plastic, glass and metal

Moisture Content: Low Density: Low

Waste from developing countries

Characteristics: large amounts of inerts such as sand, ash, dust and stones and high moisture levels because of the high usage of fresh fruit and vegetables.

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8. Domestic and Industrial Waste 8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial

8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial

Municipal waste includes:

- bulky waste (e.g. white goods, old furniture, mattresses); - yard waste, leaves, grass clippings, street sweepings, the content of litter containers.

- market cleansing waste, if managed as waste

It includes waste originating from: - households

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8.2 Municipal Vs Industrial

Industrial waste includes:

Waste produced by industrial activity, such as that of factories, mills and mines.

Industrial waste may be not hazardous or toxic, such as waste fiber produced by agriculture and logging and may be

hazardous.

Precisely, Industrial waste is the unwanted materials produced in or eliminated from an industrial operation and categorized under a variety of headings, such as liquid wastes, sludge, solid wastes and hazardous wastes.

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Wastes other than radioactive wastes which, by reason of their chemical activity or toxic, explosive, corrosive or other characteristics cause danger or are likely to cause danger to health or the environment. (UNEP)

Definition will decide whether or not a waste should be controlled (this is important for the generator as well as the regulator)

8.3 Hazardous Waste

Definition

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Exposure Routes

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8. Domestic and Industrial Waste 8.3 Hazardous Waste

Classification of Hazardous Waste

• Lists

e.g. Basel Convention, EU European Waste Catalogue, US EPA list

• Source/ origin

e.g. processes: Chemical manufacturers

• Characteristics

e.g. toxicity, reactivity

• Properties

-chemical, physical and

biological-e.g. inorganic, organic, oily, sludges

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Methods of Waste Classification: by Lists

EU European Waste Catalogue; US EPA list e.g. Basel Convention Annex I

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Some types of waste associated with different industries and activities

Chemical manufacturers

Chemical process wastes Acids and alkalis

Spent solvents Reactive wastes

Discarded commercial chemical products

Construction industry

Paint wastes Spent solvents

Strong acids and bases

Vehicle maintenance shops

Paint wastes Used oils

Spent solvents Acids and alkalis

Furniture and wood manufacturing and refinishing

Spent solvents Paint wastes

Methods of Waste Classification: by Origin

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Methods of Waste Classification:

by chemical, biological and physical properties

• Inorganic wastes e.g. acids, alkalis, heavy metals, cyanides, wastewater from electroplating

• Organic wastes e.g. pesticides, halogenated and non-halogenated solvents, PCBs

• Oily wastes e.g. lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids, contaminated fuel oils

• Sludges e.g. from metal working, painting, wastewater treatment

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Methods of Waste Classification: by characteristics

• Toxicity

Miscellaneous wastes - small quantities, widespread - may pose greatest risks in developing economies Chemical wastes may exhibit … and may pose

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Hazardous Characteristics:

Eco-toxicity

Eco-toxic wastes are harmful or fatal to other species or to the ecological integrity of their habitats

Examples:

• Heavy metals

• Detergents • Oils

• Soluble salts

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Relative composition of

hazardous waste types by region

Source: INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANISATION Global waste survey, final report 1885

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•Hazardous waste from households - outside the controls in many countries

•Small quantity generators - often placed outside the system, at least initially

•Aqueous effluents discharged to sewer or treated on-site -

controlled separately from hazardous wastes in most countries •Sewage sludge - excluded in some countries

•Mining wastes - often excluded

•Agricultural waste - often excluded •Nuclear waste - always excluded

Exclusions from Control Systems

Some wastes may be excluded from the legal definition of hazardous wastes, and thus not subject to controls. These vary, but may include:

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Hazardous Waste Generators

Industry / Manufacture

•Chemical and pharmaceutical manufacture • Metals refining, working and fabrication • Petroleum and coal products

•Rubber and plastics manufacture

Municipal solid waste

•Households

•Commercial, institutional

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Non-industrial Waste Sources

• Used motor oils • Used car batteries

• Redundant agricultural pesticides and containers

• Surplus paints and solvents

• Medical and health care wastes –> next section

Some examples include:

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Waste Generating Industries

Large quantity generators: > 1000kg /month

eg pharmaceutical companies

Medium quantity generators: 100 - 1000kg/month

eg laboratories, printers

Small quantity generators: <100kg/month

eg dental surgeries,

photographic processors

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Small and Medium Scale Industries

In developing economies, these often predominate

• Typically they have:

– low level of technology – unskilled management – unspecialised workers – lack of modernisation

– poor environmental performance

• SMIs may account for one third of the total hazardous wastes generated

• There are high risks from occupational and environmental exposure

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The Dirty Dozen

• tanneries

• textile dyeing plants • dyestuff producers

• metal working and electroplating shops • foundries

• automobile service shops and gas stations • lead-acid battery manufacturing/recycling • chemical industries/laboratories

• paint shops • printers

• photographic processors • dry cleaners

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Quantifying Waste Generation:

Inventory/ by Rapid Estimation

• _{Per capita:}

• 100kg/per person/year for industrialised countries with strong chemical sector

• 6kg/per person/year for OECD countries with predominantly agricultural economies

•_{Per unit of GDP:}

• According to contribution of industry to GDP

• According to importance of chemical sector within industry

• _{Per unit of work force}

• Per number of contaminated sites

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Estimated Quantities of Hazardous Wastes

(‘000 tonnes per year - as reported by Parties to the Basel Convention 1998)

More than 400 million tonnes of hazardous

wastes are generated worldwide

each year

Source: UNEP Geo 2000

Selected countries:

The Netherlands 2,926 200 (kg/c/y)

Czech Republic 3,917 130 (kg/c/y)

UK 1,846 32 (kg/c/y)

Morocco 6,543

China 9,896

Uzbekistan 26,442 Russian Federation 107,060

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8. Domestic and Industrial Waste 8.4 Health-care Waste

Health-care waste includes all the waste generated by – health-care establishments,

– research facilities and laboratories,

– including health-care waste produced at home (dialysis, insulin injections etc.)

Definition

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• General waste = non-hazardous, municipal type of waste

(about 85% of the total waste produced in health-care facilities)

• Special health-care waste = waste requiring special attention, including hazardous waste

(about 15% of the total waste produced in health-care facilities)

Types of Health-care Waste

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• Sharps can be infectious (but are considered as a separate category).

• Genotoxic substances can be: – Cytotoxic drugs

– Chemicals (but are considered separately) – Radioactive (but are considered separately) • Chemical waste can be:

– Hazardous

– Non-hazardous

Classification is not clear-cut

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• Infectious waste (containing pathogens)

• Pathological waste (body parts, blood, etc.) • Sharps (needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc.) • Pharmaceutical waste (old medicines, etc.) • Genotoxic waste (cytostatic drugs, etc.)

• Chemical waste (laboratory material, photographic material, solvents, etc.)

• Heavy metal waste ( batteries, thermometers, etc.)

• Pressurised containers (aerosol cans, gas cartridges, etc.) • Radioactive waste (waste from radiotherapy, etc.)

Categories of Special Health-care Waste

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• Hospitals:

– university, general, district

• Other health-care establishments:

– emergency services, health-care centres, dialyses centres, first-aid posts, hospices, blood transfusion centres

• Laboratories and research centres:

– (bio)medical laboratories, medical research centres

• Animal research and testing institutes

• Blood banks and blood collection services • Autopsy centres

• Nursing homes for the elderly

Major Sources of Health-care Waste

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• Small health-care establishments:

– Physicians’ offices, dental clinics, Gynaecologists, acupuncturists

• Specialised health-care establishments:

– Nursing homes, psychiatric hospitals, disabled persons’ institutions

• Non-health activities:

– Piercing and tattoo parlours, drug use • Ambulance services

• Home treatment

Minor Sources of Health-care Waste

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• High income countries: 0.4 - 5.5 kg/capita/year • Middle income countries: 0.3 - 0.4

– North America 7 – 10 kg/bed/day

– Western Europe 3 – 6 – Latin America 3

– Eastern Asia

• high income countries 2.5 - 4 • middle income countries 1.8 - 2.2 – Eastern Europe 1.4 - 2

Hazardous Health-care Waste Generation

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• General health-care waste should follow the stream of household waste.

• Sharps should always be collected together, whether or not they are contaminated and be packed

puncture-proof.

• Bags and containers should always be marked. • Highly infected waste should be sterilised.

• Small amounts of chemical or pharmaceutical waste may be collected together with infectious waste.

• Large quantities of chemical waste should join the stream of industrial hazardous waste.

Good Practises Concerning Health-care Waste

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8. Domestic and Industrial Waste 8.5 Organic Waste

There a number of types of organic waste which are commonly discarded

•Domestic or household waste - food scraps

- garden waste

•Commercially produced organic waste - institutional buildings

- such as schools,

- hotels and restaurants •Animal and human waste

•Agricultural residue

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References

•http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/Environ

mental_sanit/MHCWHanbook.htm

•Safe management of wastes from health-care activities,

edited by A. Prüss, E. Giroult and P. Rushbrook. Geneva, WHO, 1999.

•http://www.healthcarewaste.org/linked/onlinedocs/HC

WM_NAP(3).pdf

•http://www.healthcarewaste.org/linked/onlinedocs/HCW_