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The social movements of Thailand University students in Thailand as depicted in Minfong Ho`s Rice Without Rain.

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N O I T C U D O R T N I . I R E T P A H C

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2 ProblemFormulaiton……… . 4 .

3 ProblemLimtiaiton s……….. 4 .

4 Objecitve soft heStudy………. 4 .

5 Benefti soft heStudy……… . 5 .

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ti n u m m o C l a r u R 1 .

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1 Sympathy………... 8 3

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1 Geographica lCondiiton sandFoodandD irnk……… 9 l

a r u tl u c o i c o S e h t f o w e i v e R .

2 -Histo irca lBackground……… 9 2.1 TheLfieCondiiton so fvillagersi nRura lAreas……… 9

1 . 1 .

2 Unfai rDevelopmen tofI r irgaitonFaclitiy .... ……… . 1 0 2

. 1 .

2 Poo rHeatlhCondiiton……… 1 2 3

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2 HighLandRen t………. . 1 4 2

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3 Theoreitca lFramework……… 1 7

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1 Objec toft heStudy………. . 1 8 .

2 Approache soft heStudy……… . 2 0 .

3 Methodoft heStudy……… 2 0

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1 TheLfieCondiiton sa tRura lVi llagesi nThaliand……… . 2 2 1

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1 ThePorrtayo fUnfai rDevelopmen t……….. 2 4 1.1.3 TheI mpo tranceo f rI irgaiton………. . 2 7 2

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1 1 3

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1 Poo rAcces so fHeatlhTreatmen t……… 33 l

a n o it i d a r T f o t n e m t a e r T h tl a e H 3 . 2 .

1 Heale r………. 4 3

. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … t s o C h tl a e H h g i H 4 . 2 .

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1 . 6 3

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1 Disappointmen tont heRouitne……… 73

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2 9 3

.. … … … … … … … … … s t n e d u t S y ti s r e v i n U e h t f o l a v ir r A e h T 1 . 1 .

2 9 3

… … … … t c A t n e R d n a L l a r u tl u c ir g A e h t n o n o it a c if ir a l C e h T 2 . 1 .

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S N O I T S E G U S D N A N O I S U L C N O C . V R E T P A H C

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2 Suggesiton s……… 2 5 1

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O Y R A M M U S . 2 X I D N E P P

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v i x T C A R T S B A :) 2 1 0 2 ( . F . E s u i s y o l A , o h o r g u

N The Socia lMovement so fThaliand Universtiy i a h T n i s t n e d u t

S land a sDepicted in Minfong Ho’ sRice Wtihou tRain , f o t n e m tr a p e D , m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E : a tr a k a y g o Y , n o it a c u d E d n a g n i n i a r T s r e h c a e T f o y tl u c a F , n o it a c u d E s tr A d n a e g a u g n a L . y ti s r e v i n U a m r a h D a t a n a S s i h

T thesisi sal tierarystudyonanove lenitltedRiceWtihou tRainbyMinfong y tr e v o p e h T . s a e r a l a r u r n i s t n a ti b a h n i f o s n o it i d n o c e fi l e h t d e t n e s e r p l e v o n s i h T . o H e h t n I . s r e g a ll i v f o s e it i x e l p m o c s u o ir a v h g u o r h t n e e s e b n a c s n o i g e r e h t n i g n it s i x e it n a e

m me, t he ar irva lo fa group o funiverstiy student sfrom Bangkok really change g n i k n i h t f o y a w e h

t oft hei nhabtiantst here .Theyarei nspriedt odecideacourageou s h g i h f o m e t s y s e h t t s i s e r o t n o i s i c e

d -landr en.t

Thi s study , therefore , focuse s on some lfie condiiton s and the socia l g n i w o ll o f o w t e h t o t n i d e r e v o c e r a s t n i o p h t o B . s t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u f o s t n e m e v o m d e m i a s i y d u t s s i h t , y lt s ri F . s m i

a to ifnd ou tthe lfie condiitons o fpeople a trura l e v e d e h t f o s a e r a e h t n i r a l u c it r a p n i d n a li a h T n i s e g a ll i

v lopmen to fri irgaitonf aclitiy ,

m e t s y s t n e r d n a l d n a , s s e c c a h tl a e

h .Then ,the second aim i sto porrtay the socia l t n e m e v o

m s fo Thalianduniverstiy .

, e r o f e r e h t , n o i s s u c s i d e h T . y d u t s y r a r b il a s a w s i s e h t s i h t f o d o h t e m e h t , n e h T h t r o f s k o o b s u o ir a v d e s

u e main and secondary sources .In addiiton,t his t hesi salso y d u t s s i h t , s e v it c e j b o e h t g n i z y l a n a n I . t e n r e t n i m o r f s e c r u o s s u o ir a v d e t n e m e l p m i o i c o s d e il p p a y l n i a

m -cu tlura lhisto irca lapproach .Paritcula rmoment sin the nove l h T f o s e t o n e m o s o t d e x if e r e

w aliandhisto ircalr eview sands omes ocialt heo ire .s Then , thi s study repo trs some impo tran t ifndings . In relaiton to the lfie

n o it i d n o

c s o fvillager sin r ural r egion ,st herew asan unfai rdevelopmen to fri irgaiton . y ti li c a

f Then ,thei nhabtiant sw sereal ol acko fapprop irateheatlhaccess .Inaddiiton , a h l li t s y e h

t d to pay l and ren tveryhigh even t hough a dry season exists . Then, t he s a w e n o t s ri f e h T . s t n e m e v o m o w t r e v o c s t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u e h t f o s t n e m e v o m l a i c o s o h s t n e m e v o m r i e h t d n a e g a ll i v e h t n

i wed t hei rawarenes son t he rura lpeople .The f o n o it a g il b o e h t t s i s e r o t s a w l a o g s ti d n a n o it a rt s n o m e d e g u h a s i t n e m e v o m d n o c e s n o it a rt s n o m e d e h t n i s t n e d u t s d n a s r e m r a f f o s n o it a p i c it r a p e h T . t n e r d n a l h g i h ri e h t g n it a t s n i m e h t f o e g n a h c e l o r a y a rt r o

p demand .s

In conclusion ,some compilcaiton soccurred along Thaliand rura lvillages . f o s t n e m e v o m l a i c o s e h t , n e h T . s t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u y b d e d n o p s e r e r e w s m e l b o r p e h T t a e r g d n a s t n e d u t s d n a s r e m r a f f o s e g n a h c e l o r e h t d e w o h s s t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u e h t r a w

a enes soft hes tudentst owardr ura lpeople’ scondiiton. s d r o W y e

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v x K A R T S B A :) 2 1 0 2 ( . F . E s u i s y o l A , o h o r g u

N The Socia lMovement so fThaliand Universtiy i a h T n i s t n e d u t

S land a sDepicted in Minfong Ho’ sRice Wtihou tRain , n a k i d i d n e P n a s u r u J , s ir g g n I a s a h a B n a k i d i d n e P i d u t S m a r g o r P : a tr a k a y g o Y a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U , n a k i d i d n e P u m lI n a d n a u r u g e K s a tl u k a F , a rt s a S n a d a s a h a B . a m r a h D l u d u jr e b l e v o n a rt s a s a y r a k i d u t s n a k a p u r e m i n i i s p ir k

S RiceWtihou tRain oleh

h a r e a d i d k u d u d n e p n a p u d i h e k i s i d n o k n a k a ti r e c n e m t u b e s r e t l e v o N . o H g n o f n i M a r a p n a ti l u s e k a d a p t a h il i d t a p a d t u b e s r e t h a r e a d i d n a n i k s i m e K . d n a li a h T n a ri g g n i p a w i s a h a m k o p m o l e k e s n a g n a t a d e k , i d a jr e t s i s ir k i a g a b r e b t a a s i D . k u d u d n e p -a

m hasisw i universtia s dar i Bangkok mengubah cara berpiki r penduduk disan .l a h a m t a g n a s g n a y h a n a t a w e s m e t s i s n a w a l e m k u t n u i s a ri p s n ir e t a g g n i h e s

Oleh sebab tiu ,peneilitan in ifoku spada beberapa kondis ikehidupan dan a w s i s a h a m h e l o l a i s o s n a k a r e g r e

p -mahasiswi .Poin-poin tersebu takan driangkum k u t n u n a k h a r a i d i n i n a it il e n e p , a m a tr e P . n a h a l a s a m r e p n a s u m u r k o k o p a u d m a l a d e k s a ti li s a f n a n u g n a b m e p t u k g n a y n e m d n a li a h T n a ri g g n i p a s e d i d i s i d n o k n a k u m e n e m u m e K . h a n a t a w e s m e t s i s n a d , n a t a h e s e k s e s k a , i s a g ir

i dian ,tujuan kedua tersebu t

a w s i s a h a m h e l o l a i s o s n a k a r e g r e p n a k r a b m a g g n e m k u t n

u -mahasisw iThaliand .

i s u k s i d , a g g n i h e S . a k a t s u p i d u t s h a l a d a n a it il e n e p i d e d o t e m , n a i d u m e K . t e n r e t n i n a d n a h a b m a t n a d k o k o p r e b m u s k u t n u u k u b i a g a b r e b n a k a n u g g n e m e m m a l a d i

D nganailsa beberapa permasalahan tersebut ,stud iin isecara menyeluruh n a i d a j e K . l a i s o s n a d a y a d u b h a r a j e s n a t a k e d n e p n a k a n u g g n e

m -kejadian didalam

n a s a l u i r a d n a t a t a c a p a r e b e b n a g n e d n a k o c o c i d t u b e s r e t l e v o

n -ulasans ejarahThaliand

l a i s o s ir o e t a p a r e b e b n a d . i s i d n o k n a g n e d n a ti a k r e B . li s a h a p a r e b e b n a k li s a h g n e m i n i i d u t s , n a i d u m e K . i s a g ir i s a ti li s a f a d a p a t a r e m k a d it n a n u g n a b m e p t a p a d r e t n a ri g g n i p a s e d k u d u d n e p h i s a m a k e r e m , n a i d u m e K . n a k n it a h ir p m e m k u d u d n e p n a t a h e s e k i s i d n o k , k a h i p n i a li D b m e m n a k b ij a w i

d aya rsewa t anah sanga t itngg iwalaupun musim kemarau melanda a w s i s a h a m h e l o l a i s o s n a k a r e g r e p , n a i d u m e K

. -mahasisw imencakup duapergerakan . p a d a h r e t a k e r e m n a it a h r e p n a k k u j n u n e m t u b e s r e t n a k a r e g r e p n a d a s e d i d a m a tr e P a u d e k n a k a r e g r e P . n a ri g g n i p t a k a r a y s a

m demonsrtas i secara masa l menentang a w s i s a h a m n a d i n a t e p a r a p i r a d i s p i s it r a P . t u b e s r e t i g g n it g n a y h a n a t a w e s n a b ij a w e k -m a l a d i d n a r e p n a h a b u r e p n a k r a b m a g g n e m t u b e s r e t i s a rt s n o m e d m a l a d i d i w s i s a h a m . a k e r e m n a a t n i m r e p n a k a r a t u g n e m

Sebaga ikesimpulan ,beberapa k irsi ste jrad idisepanjang daerah pinggrian a w s i s a h a m h e l o i p a g g n a ti d t u b e s r e t n a h a l a s a m r e p n i a l i s i s i D . d n a li a h

(17)

i v x

a w s i s a h a m h e l o l a i s o s n a k a r e g r e p , n a i d u m e

K -mahasisw i universtia s tersebu t

n a h a b u r e p n a k k u j n u n e

m -perubahanperan dar iparapelaja rdankesadaran itngg idar i .

n a ri g g n i p t a k a r a y s a m i s i d n o k p a d a h r e t t u b e s r e t r a j a l e p a r a p

a t a

K -kataKunci:f aslitiasi irgasi ,kesehatan,s ewat anah ,danpergerakan-pergerakan a

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1

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E

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P

A

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C

N

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D

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s i h

T chapte rencompasse ssome secitons .The fris tseciton consist so fthe s

i n o it c e s t n e u q e s b u s e h T . y d u t s s i h t t c u d n o c o t s n o s a e

r theproblemf ormulaiton .

e h t , n e h T . y d u t s s i h t f o s n o it c e ri d e h t r o f d e t n e s e r p s n o it s e u q o w t e r a e r e h t , e r e H

s i n o it c e s d ri h

t the problem ilmtiaiton so fthi sstudy a sthe boundaire so fthe e h t , n e h T . y d u t s s i h t f o s e v it c e j b o e h t s i n o it c e s t x e n e h T . e p o c s d e d n e t n i

f o n o it i n if e d f o n o it c e s e h T . y d u t s s i h t f o s ti f e n e b e h t s n o it n e m n o it c e s g n i w o ll o f

n i d e s u s m r e t e h t s n i a l p x e s m r e

t ordert oavoidanymisunderstanding.

.

1 Backgroundoft heStudy

n i y lr e d n u n a s e r o t s t i ,l e v o n e h t f o e lt it e h t m o r

F gmeaningi nsidet hegroup .

s d r o w e h t f

o The word Ricecan be understood ast he achievemen to ffuflliilng r i e h t s p a h r e p , t n e m ll if l u f e h t t u o h ti W . s g n i e b n a m u h f o t n e m e l e c i s a b e h t

. r e g n a d n i s i e c n e t s i x

e Howeve,r t heattainmen tneed seffo trsf ort hosewho have y li a d r i e h t s a t i b a h r i e h t o t n i n r u t y ll a u d a r g s tr o f f e e h T . ti h c a e r o t e ri s e d

it i v it c

a es .However ,aseirou squesiton can occur i n relaiton on how sufifcienlty o t g n o l e b t o n s e o d s n a e m e h t fi s s e c o r p g n o l a r e tf a t n e m ll if l u f e h t h c a e r n a c y e h t

e h t o t e u d e s r o w s m e e s n o it i d n o c n i a tr e c n u n a d r a w o t y c n e d n e p e d e h T . m e h t

s r e n w o d n a l o t n o it a g il b

(19)

e h t e v l o s o t g n i h t e m o s e t a e r c n a c d n i m r i e h t h ti w n e m t u b e l b a d i o v a n u s m e e s

, d r o w r e h t o n I . m e l b o r

p the creaiton hopefully can reduce the problem o fthem ti

f o r e f f u s o h

w .Then ,howpeoplehavet of acet hesigni ifcan tdiverstiy duet oan l

e v o n s i h t n i d e c it o n e b n a c t n e m p o l e v e d r i a f n

u .

d e lt it n e l e v o n s ’ o H g n o f n i M s i h t n

I Rice Wtihou tRain ,the reader sare h

t h ti w d e d i v o r

p e ilving o fThai sespecially those inhabiitng in the rura larea .s , e l p m a x e r o F . e c it s u j n i d n a y tr e v o p f o s n o it i d n o c e l b a t s n u n i e v il y l s s e lt s e r y e h T

a f s

a rmerst hei rilve scommonlyr elyont heagircutlura lresources .Howeve ,rt hey t

o n n a

c maximallyharvestthe ircei nal loccasions .Theobstacle sareno tmerelyi n a

l e

r iton to the drough tenvrionment .There i salso a lack o fthe governmen ’t s e

t u b ir t s i d o t t n e m ti m m o

c a fai r developmen t o f riirgaiton infrasrtucture . f

e h t s s e c c a t o n n a c s r e g a ll i v l l a , e r o f e r e h

T aclitiymaximally .Ironically ,thearea s e

r a k o k g n a B r a e

n developed completely so tha tthey can manage thei rfarming s

n o it i d n o c n e r r a b h c u s n i n e v e s e it i v it c

a .Theeviden tdfiference sshow an unfai r s

n e z it i c l l a r o f y ti li c a f c il b u p f o n o it u b ir t s i

d . Then,t h eproblemo fpoorharvestsi s f

y b d e c n e ir e p x e o s l

a amliy from highe rstatu swho arehonored by people ilving h

t , e l p m a x e r o F . e r e h

t e headmaste ro fthe village also expeirences the same y

tl u c if fi

d .Thi snove lalso told …“ Jinda wondered? Bu tthei rstorage bin wa s m d d a t s u j d l u o h s e h s e b y a M . s u o i c e r p e c ir f o n i a r g y r e v e d n a , y t p m e y lr a e

n ore

. ) 4 3 . p ( ” ? r e t a

w Commonly people w tih high statu s rarely expe irence the ,

s t s i x e y ti li b i s s o p e ti s o p p o e h t f i , n e h T . n o it i d n o

c i ti sno ta sexrteme a sothe r .s

(20)

nI the novel ,farmer salso face the repression o fland owners . The

s t s i x e n o i s s e r p e

r in t he form o fhigh charge to pay t he land rent .The amounti s ri

e h t f o f l a h a y a p t s u m s t n a s a e p l l a e c n i s , e l b a r e l o t n

i crop sin each harvesitng

n i n e v E . e m

it et rh te irblecondiiton, t hef armer sarestli lunfailry forcedt o fuflli l .

n o it a g il b o e h t

a l a r u r e h t n i n o it i d n o c e h

T rea ilkei nMaekungalsooccursi ntheotherr ura l .

d n a li a h T n i s a e r

a The complexiite samid the people are responded by the n

u f o s t n e d u t

s iversiitesi n Thaliand .They have adesriablecommtimentt o r evea l r

h g i h g n i y a p r o f t s i s e r o t r e d r o n i s tr o f f

e e .nt Theuniverstiystudents ’movements , ,r

e v o e r o

m ra e considered a s revoluitonary movements .According to Babbie )

2 8 9 1

( ,heagrees tha t“revoluitonary movement sare socia lmovement saimed a t e h t n e v e d n a s r e l u r f o w o r h tr e v o e h t g n i d u l c n i n e tf o , e g n a h c l a i c o s l a it n a t s b u s

” e l u r f o m e t s y

s (p.302) .The effo tr so fstudent sare a good sign o fresponding h

t d r a w o

t econdiitons .Babbie (1982 )also states n“ o socia lforce can become a ti o t e v it p e c e r t a h w e m o s e r a o h w e l p o e p g n o m a s r a e p p a t i s s e l n u t n e m e v o

m ”( p .

. ) 2 0

3 T shi aide si sutiablet ot heuntiyo fTha iuniverstiys tudents .Thei nsufifcien t e

v a h s n o it i d n o

c caused thei rdiscontent .Moreover ,al lo fthem have the same n

r e c n o c n i a

m fo thechangesin Thaliand.Then , tii salso unavoidablet ha tal lo f c

e l b a li a v a e h

t ondiiton s including the rura lvillagers ’ suffeirng becom s e the s

t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u e h t f o n o it n e tt

a .

e s u a c e b , e r o m r e h tr u

F the conten to fthe nove ltells some complexiite so f h

t n i e l p o e p i a h

(21)

a

ll i v f o s n o it i d n o c e fi

l gers i n Thaliand and t he porrtay o fsocia lmovement so f s

t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n

u ass eeni nt henove.l

.

2 ProblemFormula iton y

d u t s s i h

T i sconductedt oanswert hef ollowingquesiton .s )

a Wha taret hel fiecondiiton so fvillagers i t en h rura lareasi nThalianda s s

’ o H g n o f n i M n i d e t c i p e

d Ricewtihou tRain? )

b How do t he socia lmovement so fThaliand universtiy students porrtay d

n a li a h T n i s n o it i d n o c e h

t ass eeni nMinfongHo’ sRicewtihou tRain?

.

3 ProblemLimtia iton s

t s ri f e h T . s t n i o p r o j a m o w t n o n o i s s u c s i d e h t f o e p o c s e h t s ti m il y d u t s s i h T t n i o

p only cover sthe lfie condiiton so fvillager sand i tconsist so fthree bs -u r

o o p e h t h ti w s l a e d t i , y lt s ri F . s t n i o

p faclitiy o f riirgaiton .Secondly, i tdiscusse s n

o theheatlh condiiton so fvillager in t he rura larea .s Thridly, the nex tpointi s t

s a l e h t , n e h T . t n e r d n a l h g i h f o m e t s y s e h t o t d e t c e n n o

c pointmainlyconsist sof

y a rt r o p e h

t oft hesocialmovements o fThalianduniverstiys tudents .

.

4 Objecitve soft heStudy

: w o ll o f s a , s s u c s i d o t s e v it c e j b o d e t a l e r o w t s l a e v e r y d u t s s i h T

)

a To ifnd outthel fiecondiiton so fvillager sint herura lareasinThaliand e

h t n i r a l u c it r a p n

i area soft hedevelopmen to f riirgaitonf aclitiy ,heatlhaccess , s

a m e t s y s t n e r d n a l d n

(22)

)

b To porrtay the socia lmovement so fThaliand universtiy student sin d

n a li a h

T a sdepictedi nMinfongHo’ sRiceWtihou tRain

.

5 Benefti soft heStudy y

d u t s s i h

T i salsos upposedt ogains omebenefti sfo rother .s )

a Fo rPBIs tudent s

t n e t n o c e h T . s ti f e n e b e m o s n i a tt a l li w s t n e d u t s I B P , y d u t s s i h t h g u o r h T

n i s r e g a ll i v f o s n o it i d n o c s u o ir a v h ti w m e h t s e h c ir n

e therura lareasi nThaliandi n o

d o ir e p e h

t f1970s .Theconcern sfocu son paritcula rpoint ,s i ncludinghighl and c

il b u p f o n o it u b ir t s i d d e ti m il , m e t s y s t n e

r faclitiy ,andl owheatlhcondiiton . )

b Forf uturer esearchers

e r u t u f r o f s ti f e n e b e r a h s n a c y ll u f e p o h y d u t s s i h t f o t n e m h s il p m o c c a e h T h c r a e s e

r e Ts . he futureresearcher swtih t he samei nteres tcan apply t hi sstudy a s r i e h t d r a w o t t h g i s n i r i e h t n e d i w n a c n o it a t n e m e l p m i e h T . e c n e r e f e r r e h t o e h t

n o i s s u c s i d r e tt e b t a h t o s s e i d u t s e h t f o s n o it c e ri

d s canber eached.

.

6 Deifni itono fTerms e

r e h

T are some term simpo trant to be deifned in orde r to avoid any g

n o m a g n i d n a t s r e d n u s i

m vairou sreaders .Here, t het erms t o deifne are only t he .s

t n e m e v o m l a i c o s d n a s t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u d n a li a h T f o s d r o w

)

a ThaliandUniverstiys tudents

d r o w e h t y r a n o it c i D e g a ti r e H n a c ir e m A n o d e s a

B s“universtiy students”

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, y d u t s s i h t n I . g n i h t e m o s s e i d u t s o h w e n o s a d o o t s r e d n u e b n a c y e h t , n o it i d d a n I

d e n i o j o h w s t n e d u t s e s o h t o t r e f e r e r e h s t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u d n a li a h

T themassive

3 7 9 1 n i s n o it a rt s n o m e

d -1976 .

)

b Socia lmovemen t

, y r a n o it c i d s ’ e n il n o r e t s b e W e h t n o d e s a

B a socia lmovemen tmean sa d

n a e g r a l s i p u o r g e h t f o e z i s , n o it i d d a n I . n o it c a p u o r g f o e p y

t i ti sknown a s

s n i a l p x e y r a n o it c i d s i h T . s n o it a z i n a g r o r o / d n a s l a u d i v i d n i f o s g n i p u o r g l a m r o f n i

d r o w e h

t s ,a sbelow.

s t n e m e v o m l a i c o

S are a type o fgroup aciton . They are large n o d e s u c o f s n o it a z i n a g r o r o / d n a s l a u d i v i d n i f o s g n i p u o r g l a m r o f n i

l a c it il o p c if i c e p

s o rsocial i ssue ,s i n othe rwords ,on carrying out , .

e g n a h c l a i c o s a g n i o d n u r o g n it s i s e r

n e h

T ,Babbie (1982 )also emphasizes s“ ocia lmovements provide an m e h t e s u a c t a h t s n o it i d n o c e h t g n i g n a h c r o f e l c i h e v a d n a s g n il e e f h c u s r o f t e lt u

o ”

i e h T . ) 3 0 3 . p

( ntended socia lmovement soft hi sstudy aret hehugedemonsrtaiton t

s y ti s r e v i n u d n a li a h T f o r e b m u n e g r a l a f o g n it s i s n o

c udent sin 1976 and the

. s a e r a l a r u r e h t o t s p ir t ’ s t n e d u t

(24)

7

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t e v l o s d n a n o i s s u c s i d e h t t r o p p u s o

T he problems ,thi sstudy requries

f o w e i v e r d n a s e ir o e h t s t n e s e r p y l n i a m r e t p a h c s i h t , e r o f e r e h T . s e c r u o s s u o ir a v

t r a p t x e n e h t , n e h T . d e s u s e ir o e h t l a r e v e s s e d i v o r p t r a p t s ri f e h T . y r o t s i h d n a li a h T

w e i v e r l a c ir o t s i h e h t s n o it n e

m s .Theyaregoingt obespeciifcally presentedint he

w o ll o

f ings eciton .s

.

1 Reviewo fRelatedTheories

r o e h t ll

A ie susedi nt hi sstudyareappiled toenhancet hediscussion .Frislty ,

f o n o it i d n o c e h t t u o e r u g if o

t rura lvillages, t hi sstudy selects t het heory o frura l

t e h t s e s o o h c y d u t s s i h t , y l d n o c e S . y ti n u m m o

c heory o f sympathy and i t i s

e d i v o r p o t d e d n e t n

i a reason why t he rura lpeople’sl fie condiiton satrtacted t he .

s t n e m e v o m t n e d u t s y ti s r e v i n u f o s n r e c n o

c The las tone i s the theory on

t d e il p p a s i ti , e r o m r e h tr u F . k n ir d d n a d o o f d n a s n o it i d n o c l a c i h p a r g o e

g omeniton

a n u a f d n a a r o lf f o e c n e d n e p e d e h

t resource so facetrainenvrionment; andqualtiy

.s t n a ti b a h n i n i a tr e c f o d o o f f o y ti t n a u q d n a

.

11 Rura lCommuntiy

Soekanto( 2010 )agrees thecommon ilveilhood f ort hevillager si sthrough g

n i s s e c o r

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c d n a l e h t g n i s s e c o r p f o y a w r i e h t , n e h T . ) 6 3 1 . p ( d n a l n w o r i e h t e v a h s r e m r a

f a n

y e h t e s u a c e b y lt n e i c if f e n i d n a y ll a n o it i d a rt e n o d e

b are unfamiila rto apply the

. m s i n a h c e m l a r u tl u c ir g

a Thei ro irentaitoni smerelyi n r elaitont ot herif ulifllmen t

t n e m e ti c x e f o e e r g e d r i e h T . s d e e n e fi l y li a d r i e h t f

o i s based on how well t hey

. ) 7 3 1 . p ( s d e e n r i e h t ll if l u f

2 .

1 Sympathy

n i k ir o

S (1927 ) sa ys more abou t how individua l uniquenes s can affec t

. s r e h t o m o r f y h t a p m y s

…simlia irite s in taste , ideas , beilefs , manners , and moral s d n a , y h t a p m y s , g n i k il f o p i h s n o it a l e r e h t e t a ti li c a f ” y l b a k a t s i m n u “

e h t e li h w , s p u o r g d n a s l a u d i v i d n i e h t g n o m a y ti r a d il o s

e h t e c u d o r p o t d n e t d l e if s i h t n i s e it ir a li m i s s i

d relaitonship o f

y h t a p it n a r o e c n e ll e p e

r .( p 727) .

d n u o r g k c a b l a i c o s e h

T atrtacts others especially i fboth parite sshare the same

t r a p g n it s e r e t n i e h T . s a e d

i i sthatt hes amenes sca nd riectt oaun tiyt ogaincetrain

y r o e h t s i h T . s e s o p r u

p i s implemented in the discussion on why universtiy

. s t n e m e v o m e h t t c u d n o c o t r e d r o n i r e h t o h c a e e ti n u s t n e d u t s

3 .

1 Geographica lCondi iton sandFoodandDrink

A geographica lenvrionmen tca n in lfuence the society’ sso tr so ffood and

n i k ir o S . k n ir

d (1927)i nt hi sseciton show sther elaitont ha t“Therew asalsosome

e h t d n a t n e m n o ri v n e c i h p a r g o e g a f o a n u a f d n a a r o lf e h t n e e w t e b e c n e d n e p e d

” y t e i c o s a f o k n ir d d n a d o o f f o y ti l a u q d n a y ti t n a u

(26)

n i k ir o S , n o it a l e r r o c s u o i v e r p e h t f o e ti p s n

I (1927)alsogroups somepeople s

.s d o o f ri e h t f o s d n i k e h t o t n i m e h t y fi s s a l c o t r e d r o n i s tr o s e m o s o t n

i Heclassiifes

“ t a h

t P irncipa lkind soff oodandcorrespondingpeoples…rice :Oraons ,S.I ndians ,

k n o T , s n a g a r A . N , s i a h s o o L , e s e n a p a J , s a d n u M , s n a e r o K , e s e n i h

C ingese ,

o a

L sians ,Siamese… ( .p 112).

s n i a l p x e o s l a n i k ir o

S (1927) the value o fweatlh o fcetrain product si s

. d e t a c o l s i ti h c i h w n i s e c n a t s m u c ri c l a i c o s e h t o t d e t a l e

r I twa sclealrystatedt ha t

“ the product so fa geographic envrionmen tbecome economically valuable ,

s l a t u b s t c u d o r p e s e h t f o e r u t a n e h t n o y l n o t o n s d n e p e

d o on t hecharacte ro fa

. p ( y t e i c o

s 114)” .

.

2 Reviewoft heSociocutlural-Historica lBackground

t r a p s i h

T providessomeinformaiton in r elaitont ohisto irca lnote soccurirng

s 0 7 9 1 n

i . Theclassi ifcaitoncanavoidt hemisunderstandingi ni mplemenitngt hem

y d u t s s i h t o t n

i . tI srolei st o suppo trt hediscussion combined wtih somet heo ire s

.s n o it s e u q d e d n e t n i e h t e v l o s o t e v o b a

1 .

2 TheLfieCondiiton so fvillagersi ntheRura lArea s

e r e h

(27)

1

. 1 .

2 UnfairDevelopmen tofI rriga itonFaclitiy

d e lt it n e k o o b r e h n

I Thaliand in Transiiton ,P irzzia explain s(1985 )tha t u n a d e c a f d a h s a e r a l a r u r n i s r e g a ll i v y n a m t a h t s t c a f e m o s e r e w e r e h t

“ nfai r

. ” t n e m n r e v o g g n il u r e h t m o r f e c n e ir e p x e h t u o S s n o it a N f o y r a r b i L f o r o ti d e e h t n a ll

A -eas tAsia (1987) i nforms tha t

t n e m ti m m o c s ’t n e m n r e v o g e h t f o g n it b u o d d e tr a t s s n o i g e r e m o s n i e l p o e p l i v i

c o f

p ( t n e m p o l e v e

d .138) .H erepo trs tha t“Int hel ate1960s ,poorf armers ,paritcula lry

h tr o n e h t , h tr o n e h t n

i -east ,andt hesouth ,grewi ncreasingly r esenftult owardst he

. ) 8 3 1 . p ( ” t n e m p o l e v e d l a r u r o t t n e m ti m m o c f o k c a l s ’t n e m n r e v o g , e l p m a x e r o

F P irzzia(1985 )repo trs the rea ldevelopmen ton a dam projec t

f

o Bhummibho lactually should be responded posiitvely by the civiilan sthere .

y lr i a f t o n s a w , e c n i v o r p k a T n i a e r a e t o m e r n i d e t a c o l , t c e j o r p e h t , r e v e w o H . s a e r a n i a tr e c n i s n a il i v i c l l a o t d e t u b ir t s i d ) 5 8 9 1 ( a i z z ir

P descirbe stha tprojecta sbellow .

n a g e b d n a d n a li a h T l a r u r f o a e r a e t o m e r a n i d e t a c o l s i t c e j o r p s i h T r o f n o it a g ir ri y l n o t o n e d i v o r p d l u o w t a h t s n g i s e d e t a r o b a l e h ti w e h t n i s d l o h e s u o h l a r u r r o f y ti c ir t c e l e o s l a t u b s e s o p r u p l a r u tl u c ir g a r e v e n s a w n a l p e h t f o t c e p s a n o it a g ir ri e h T . a e r

a fullyi mplemented ,

o t t u p t u o y g r e n e s ’ m a d e h t d e ir r a c s e l b a c e g u h d n a , r e v e w o h e h t n i s r e g a ll i v e h t f o t s o m e li h w k o k g n a B d n a s l a ti p a c l a i c n i v o r p c e l e t u o h ti w d e n i a m e r m a d e h t f o y ti n i c i v e t a i d e m m

i tirctiyo reasy

r e t a w o t s s e c c

a .( p.104)

o C f o y r a r b i L S .

U ngres s(n.d )repo trs the riirgaiton faclitiy did no tscope if ir a l c y ll a c if i c e p s tI . s d n a l ll

a e sthecondiitoni nt hef ollowingctiaiton .

5 . 4 n a h t e r o m s ' n o it a n e h t f o r e tr a u q a y lr a e n e r e h w , h tr o N e h t n I 3 8 9 1 ( d e t a c o l e r e w s d l o h e s u o h l a r u tl u c ir g a n o il li

m esitmate) ,ove r

(28)

a h y l n o m r a f l a c i p y t e h t , n o it a g ir ri d e ll o rt n o

c d silghlty more t han

o w t t u o b a f o d e t s i s n o c d n a l d e t a g ir ri n o n n o m r a f A . e r a t c e h e n o n i a r s a w h c i h w f o t r a p , s e r a t c e

h -fedpaddyandpar tupland .(p .1)

) d . n ( l u k a y n a p tr e l g n u e

R clairifes how the condiiton in cen rta lplain wa s

v e d n a t n e r e f fi d y lt n a c if i n g i

s en in t he ilmtied developmen tthe unfarines salso

e H . d e r r u c c

o statesthecondiiton ,a sbellow .

s a w h t w o r g l a r u tl u c ir g a , s 0 8 9 1 y lr a e e h t o t s 0 6 9 1 e h t t u o h g u o r h T e r e w s t u p n i m r a F . t n e m e g a n a m m r a f n i e g n a h c e lt ti l h ti w d e v e i h c a c x e , t n e t x e d e ti m il a o t d e s

u epti nt hecen rta lplain r egion wherea ll

u

f -scaleGreenRevoluitont ookplace.( p .2)

r e h t o n

I reviews o fThaliand history ,Reungletrpanyaku l(n.d )idenitifes

e H . g n i s s e c o r p d n a l m r a f f o y ti u n it n o c e h t r o f l a it n e s s e y r e v d e n o it c n u f s n o it a g ir ri e t a t s y ll a c if i c e p

s s tha t“riirgaiton i sa mos timpo tran tinfrasrtucture fo rmodern

n i a r l a r u t a n d r a w o t y c n e d n e p e d e h t , t n e m e t a t s r e h t o n I . ) 5 7 1 . p ( ” e r u tl u c ir g a h t d e t c e f f

a e quanttiy o fharvest .He also suppo trs why t he funciton o f riirgaiton

t I . d e r e d i s n o c e b d l u o h

s i s stated tha t“…i ffarming i sto rely on natura lrain ,

e h t s g n o l o r p y l n o t o n n o it a g ir r I . d e h s il b a t s e e b t o n n a c m e t s y s g n i m r a f e v i s n e t n i o s l a t u b d o ir e p g n i m r a

f allow sfarmers t o regulate t he waterl evel saccording t o

n o it a g ir ri f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t , y ti l a e r n I . ) 5 7 1 . p ( ” s p o r c r i e h t f o t n e m e ri u q e r e h t f o t c e j o r p e h t n e e b d a

h the government .In the con rtary ,i tseem sno tmaximal .

l u k a y n a p tr e l g n u e

R (n.d )clair ifes ht a t“the Tha igovernmen tha srecognized thi s e v a h , r e v e w o h , e c n a m r o fr e p r i e h T . s t c e j o r p y n a m n e k a tr e d n u s a h d n a e c n a tr o p m i .) 5 7 1 . p ( ” r o o p y l e v it a l e r n e e b e L d n a a r a M ’

O - iS (1985 ) in thei r study share thei r ifnding s on the

s e il i m a f f o r e b m u n e h t f o e g a t n e c r e

(29)

n o il li m 4 e h t f o t n e c r e p 8 9 e r a s d l o h e s u o h g n i w o r g e c ir “ t a h t e t a t s ) 5 8 9 1 ( y e h T . ) x . p ( ” … n o it a l u p o p l a t o t f o t n e c r e p 5 5 r o f g n it n u o c c a , s e il i m a f m r a f r e p o o

C (1979 )repo trs there wa sa decilning qualtiy o fsoi lfetrlitiy .I t

n i y ll a i c e p s e s e il i m a f y n a m f o e fi l e h t d e t c e f f

a no trhern Thaliand .I twa ssuch

t a h t d o ir e p e h t f o s d l e i y d e ti m

il alo toft hem wereno tablet o fulifllt hei rneed

y lt n e i c if f u

s becauseo filmtiedyieldsi nt hepeirod(p.324) .

2 . 1 .

2 PoorHeatlhCondiiton

m e l b o r p r e h t o e h

T i sheatlh qualtiy i n the rura lvillages .Du irng t he peirod n i e l p o e p l l a , e m it f

o the rura larea sfaced poo rheatlh condiitons .There were

a m , s e it il i c a f y r a ti n a s e t a u q e d a n i s a h c u s s n o it i d n o c e m o

s lnutiriton ,andt he ilkes .

h tl a e H d lr o W f o h tl a e H c il b u P f o y rt s i n i M f o y g e t a rt S d n a y c il o P f o u a e r u B tr o p e r ) 5 0 0 2 ( n o it a z i n a g r

O s the condiitons o fheatlh faced by rura lpopulaiton

e r e

w such a spoo r ilving condiiton , ilmtied faciilite so fsantiaiton ,deteriorated

n o it ir t u n l a m d n a , t n e m n o ri v n e l a r u t a

n (p .7) .

) 5 0 0 2 ( O H

W also repo trs tha tthe no trhern area swere actually a remote . n o it i d n o c l a c i h p a r g o e g o t n o it a l e r n i s r e ir r a b h ti w e c a l p O H

W (2005 ) sil st tha tcondiitons a sbellow .

c i m o n o c e d n a l a i c o s t n a c if i n g i s s w o h s n o i g e r n r e h tr o n e h T d n o c e s d n a li a h T s e d u l c n i o s l a t i e s u a c e b t r a p n i , t n e m p o l e v e d s a l l e w s a n o it a c u d e r e tt e b s n a e m s i h T . i a M g n a i h C , y ti c t s e g r a l , n o it i d d a n I. … s e c i v r e s d n a s m a r g o r p l a c i d e m e t a ir p o r p p a o t s s e c c a m e h

t ountainousr egionsi nt heno trhcreatephysica lbarirers ,which o t s e c i v r e s h tl a e h r o f t l u c if fi d t i e k a m d n a s p u o r g y n a m e t a l o s i d e t a l o s i e s o h t y l n o t o n s r e g n a d n e s i h T . e l p o e p e s e h t h c a e r s u o it c e f n i w e n a f i s t c e f f e h tl a e h c il b u p e v a h y a m t u b , s e it i n u m m o c s a e r a e s e h t n i d e c u d o rt n i t s ri f s i e s a e s i

(30)

h tl a e h f o t n e m p o l e v e d e h t ,t c a f n

I access wa sno tanew projec tfo rThais .

y a w r i e h t d a h e l p o e p s u o n e g i d n i e h t ,s a e r a l a r u r o t e m a c e n i c i d e m n r e d o m e r o f e B m e l b o r p h tl a e h r i e h t e r a c o

t s . WHO , moreover , adds (2005 ) tha t “heatlh

e c a l p g n i k a t n e e b g n o l d a h n o it a p i c it r a p s ’ e l p o e p n o d e s a b s e it i v it c a t n e m p o l e v e d fl e s n o y l e g r a l d e d n e p e d d a h e l p o e p l a r u r e h t … s e it i n u m m o c i a h T l a r u r n i -ti d a rt f o s e c i v r e s e h t n o g n i y l e r r o e n i c i d e m l a n o it i d a rt g n i z il it u , n o it a c i d e

m iona l

” s r e l a e

h (p .37) .

l a n r u o j s i h n i ir s m r e

S (2002 )agrees thati n1970t hemajortiyofr ura lpeople

d d a e h , n e h T . ) 9 6 1 . p ( s r e t n e c h tl a e h t n e m n r e v o g n a h t s r e l a e h l a n o it i d a rt o t t n e w s e h t n e m n r e v o g e h t y b d e d i v o r p s s e c c a f o e s u d e ti m il e h t f o s n o s a e r e h

t atlhcenter ,

. w o ll e b s a r e d n u e h

T -uitilzaiton refer sto a balance o fgovernmen teffo tr s i a h T e h T . e s u t n e it a p f o t u p t u o e h t d n a s r e t n e c h tl a e h g n i n r e c n o c d n a s r e t n e c h tl a e h g n i d li u b n i t n e m t s e v n i f o t o l a t u p t n e m n r e v o g v o r p o t l e n n o s r e p h tl a e h g n i n i a

rt idedecen tcaret o t he majortiy o f e h t e s u o t e m a c s r e g a ll i v l a c o l w e f a y l n o t u b , s a e r a l a r u r n i s i a h T n i m e l b o r p t n a c if i n g i s A . s r e t n e c h tl a e h e s e h t y b d e r e f f o s e c i v r e s , s e c i v r e s e h t f o t s o c e h t t a h t s a w e r a c h tl a e h t n e m n r e v o g g n i s u n a c i m o n o c e g n i d u l c n

i d socia l costs , wa s highe r than tha t o f .) 9 6 1 . p ( ” s r e n o it it c a r p l a n o it i d a rt 3 . 1 .

2 HighLandRent

o t g n ir r e f e

R the othe rhisto irca lnotes on the pracitce so fland ren tin

. t n e r d n a l e h t r o f t n e m y a p f o s d n i k o w t e r e w e r e h t , d n a li a h

T SEAMEO (2000 )

e if ir a l

c s bothmodelsi nt hef ollowings eciton .

l a u d i v i d n i n o g n i d n e p e d , h s a c n i r o d n i k n i r e h ti e d i a p s i t n e R . s e c it c a r p y r a m o t s u c g n il i a v e r p e h t d n a s t n e m e g n a r r

a In ce train

f o t r a p e t u b ir t n o c s r e n w o d n a l e h t t u b d e ri u q e r s i d n i k n i t n e r ,s a e r a s n e p x e m r a f e h

t est oward produciton of t he paddy. Fo rexample , . d r o l d n a l e h t y b d e n w o s e o l a f f u b y b e n o d e b y a m g n i h g u o l

(31)

e h t d n a h s a c n i s i t n e m y a p l a t n e r f o e d o m l a u s u e h t , l a r e n e g

ll a t a n o it c u d o r p f o t s o c y n a r a e b t o n o d s r e n w o d n a

l (p.1).

e r g n o C f o y r a r b i L . S .

U s s (n.d) repo trs tha tin the ealry o f1970s, Tha i

e h t d r a w o t t n e t n o c s i d r i e h t s s e r p x e o t d e t a it i n i s r e m r a f r e r o o p y ll a i c e p s e e l p o e p

f o y a w n o m m o

c the high land rent .They focused mainly on the amoun to fthe

o d e s u a c o s l a s a w t n e t n o c s i d e h t , e li h w n a e M . t n e

r fno l ega lagreemen tbetween

e n o d e d e e c x e y l e r a r t a h t “ t n e m e e r g a l a b r e v e k a m o t d e s u e r e w y e h t ,s e it r a p h t o b

” l a w e n e r f o s e it n a r a u g o n d e ir r a c d n a r a e

y (p .1) .

2 .

2 UniverstiyStudentMovement

s e d i s e

B ,Allan (1987 )cla irifes the staritng poin to fthe universtiy studen t

.s t n e m e v o

m Heexplain showint heyears,s tudent scommencedt obeawareoft he

. s n o it i d n o c s ’ r e k r o w e h t o t d n o p s e r o t s a w n o it c a l a e r e h T . s n o it i d n o c l a n o it a n

. t n e t n o c s i d f o s u c o f r e h t o n a e m a c e b s e it i s r e v i n u e h t , e li h w n a e M

s e h t f o y n a

M tudent shad becomeciritca loff oreign economicand f o s n o it i d n o c e h t f o e r a w a e b o t n a g e b d n a s e c n e u lf n i l a r u tl u c

) 8 3 1 . p ( s r e k r o w l a r u r d n a n a b r

u .

y ll a u t c

A , i twas reailzed tha tatfe rfo ra long pe irod ,they were lead by

T . e l u r n a ir a ti r o h t u

a herefore , the socia l movement s really en ilghtened the

T . e fi l ’ s n a il i v i

c he role o fstuden tmovement sessen itally affected the poilitca l

d n a li a h T n i e g n a h

c att he it . me d e lt it n e k o o b a n

I Library o f Naiton s South-Eas t Asia , Allan (1987 )

n o it n e

m s tha t“wtih t hei rdepatrurea l ong peirod o fauthortiairan rule t o an end

(32)

o h w s t n a s a e p f o y ti r o n i m e h t r o f s t n e r l a r u tl u c ir g a n o d e t a l s i g e l ,s e h s i w r a l u p o p . ) 8 3 1 . p ( ” s r e d l o h e e r f t o n e r e w , n e h

T P irzzia (1985 )explains the in lfuence o fthe studen tmovemen tin

I . 3 7 9

1 tw as descirbed that the paritcipaiton o fvairou sgroup soccurred and i t

. n o it i d n o c s u o i v e r p e h t m o r f t n e r e f fi d d e m e e s

The studen t revoluiton o f 1973 which ovetrhrew the Thanom r

a ti li

m y regime forced open the Tha ipo ilitca lsystem ;… t;he d e k c o l y l s u o i v e r p f o n o it a p i c it r a

p -ou tgroup srepresenitng vairou s 3 7 9 1 ( d o ir e p s i h t g n ir u d ; … ; y t e i c o s i a h T f o s r o t c e

s -1976) ,mos to f

r a r o p m e t t s a e l t a e r e w s d n a m e d r i e h

t liy me t by the Tha i

t n e m n r e v o

g …(fo rwage ,sl and…(p.104).

a i z z ir

P (1985 )add sothe rnotest oward t hei mpac toft heup irsing especially

r o

f farme rposiiton .S he (1985 ) explains tha t“...whlie farmers ’associaiton s

l o r e v it c e f f e n a y a l p d n a e z i n a g r o o t n a g e b o s l a d n a s e h c r a m d e t c u d n o

c ei n rtying

n o it u b ir t s i d d n a n o it c u d o r p e c ir n i s l o rt n o c e c ir p d n a m r o f e r d n a l e v e i h c a o

t ” .(p

) 4 0 1 . , n e h

T U.S .Library o fCongres s(n.d )explains tha tin 1973 the civiilan

d n a l d n a t n e r n o s n r e c n o c r i e h t d e l a e v e r e m it f o d o ir e p e h t d e n r e v o g t a h t t e n i b a c s r e m r a f , tl u s e r a s A . n o o s d e t n e m e l p m i t o n e r e w s n o it c a e h t t c a f n I . m r o f e r tl u s e r ti d n a n o it c a f s it a s s i d r i e h t l a e p p a o t d e c n e m m o

c e d demonsrtaitons no May

m r o f e r t n e r e h t g n i s s a p f o g n i m o c h tr o f s a w t c a p m i e h t , e r o f e r e h T . 4 7 9 1 e n u J d n a e r s a w t i , n e h T . w a

l cognizedast heAg ircutlura lLandRen tConrto lAc to f1974.I t

x i s r o f g n i d i v o r p “ s t n i o p e m o s f o d e s o p m o c s a

w -year ,indeifntiely renewable

r o f s e r u d e c o r p d n a , y l n o r a e y a e c n o e l b a y a p e b o t e r e w s t n e R . s t c a rt n o c l a t n e r . d e if i c e p s s a w t n u o m a e h t g n i n i m r e t e

(33)

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