THE IDEOLOGY OF TRANSLATION IN TRANSLATING CULTURAL TERMS FOUND IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S WORK BUMI MANUSIA INTO THIS EARTH OF MANKIND.

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THE IDEOLOGY OF TRANSLATION IN TRANSLATING

CULTURAL TERMS FOUND IN PRAMOEDYA ANANTA

TOER’S WORK

BUMI MANUSIA INTO THIS EARTH OF

MANKIND

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By

NURIANTI SITORUS Registration Number: 8136112062

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This thesis was written with the help of many great and extraordinary

people, who had contributed their inspiring thought, idea, and huge support

through long discussions, wonderful understanding, compassions, love and

prayers. First and foremost, the greatest gratitude goes to the writer’s Lord, Savior

and forever companion Jesus Christ for His love and grace.

A great gratitude goes to her advisers Dr. Syahron Lubis., MA and Dr.

Zainuddin, M. Hum for their incredible guidance, advice, knowledge, time and

moreover support and wisdom during the writing of this thesis.

An appreciation is also acknowledged to the Head and Secretary of

English Applied Linguistics Study Program of UNIMED, Prof. Dr. Busmin

Gurning, M. Pd, and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS for the encouragement and

valuable advices. Gratitude also goes to the administrative staff of LTBI

UNIMED, Farid Ma’ruf, for the administrative assistance in accomplishing this

thesis.

Special thanks are dedicated to all examiners for the critics, advice,

feedback and constructive comments for the betterment of this thesis. For all

lecturers of LTBI UNIMED, who had guided and illuminated the writer during

her study at the Postgraduate School with their remarkable knowledge and passion

in teaching, a thank you is not good enough. Dear professors, sirs, and madams,

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From the classroom LTBI B1 where they used to pour ideas and insights,

to the real world where they apply what they have learnt, these following people

have been the writer’s inspiration and role models in the past few years. Thank

you Kak Yenny, Sri and Laura for being such a good friend to share all the life

stories beyond what we had studied in linguistics. Thank you all the class mates

that I found so supportive in encouraging one another, especially to Mila,

Mustafa, bang Dedi, Panda, kiky, who inspiring the writer to finish this.

Special gratitude goes to writer best friends Lastri, Dwi Sidabutar, Ika,

Jokek, Tioria, for the advices and encourages to finish this thesis. For my

travelling and teaching partner in POS Felisia, Dameita, Riama, Vio, Ide, kak

Donna, Mr. Maryanto, Vely, Nanda, Fendy during the challenging and of course

tiring days of study and the moments of waiting, thank you for becoming some

sweet distractions by sharing your fresh thoughts, stories and laughter. May God

always lights your path, your future endeavor as you will stay healthy and happy.

A sincere gratitude also goes to all family, daddy, abang Arnol, bou and

cousins for the thoughtful prayer and the everlasting love. For the remembrance of

my late mommy in heaven who inspired me to be a better lady each and every

day. Family is one of the most essential motivations to finish this thesis and also

for their unconditional love to the writer. Their presence and prayers are the most

significant features to her life. To David, a special one who popped up in the very

last minutes of this thesis writing, thank you for those meaningful sleepless nights

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Last but not least, Pramoedya Ananta Toer, her Indonesian most favorite

novelist, and Max Lane, the translator of Bumi Manusia, may God bless your life, as always, and for writing those brilliant inspiring novel, a joyful appreciation is

humbly extended to you.

Medan, July 2015 The writer,

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ABSTRACT

Sitorus, Nurianti. The ideology of translation in translating cultural terms found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s work Bumi Manusia into This Earth of Mankind. Thesis: English Applied Linguistics

Study Program. State University of Medan 2015

This study deals with the ideology of translation in translating cultural terms in a novel Bumi Manusia into This Earth of Mankind. The technique of analysis data used in this thesis is the theory developed by Newmark and Molina - Albir. The finding showed that there are five categories of cultural terms found in this thesis, and it was found that there are eighteen techniques of translation used in translating the cultural terms with the most frequently applied ideology is domestication with (72. 80%). The eighteen techniques used are namely pure borrowing (6.80%),calque (5.60%), as the foreignization ideology while the domestication ideology are adaptation (15.43%), compensation (3.70%), description (3.70%), discursive creation (3.08%), established equivalent (35.19%), generalization (3.70%), modulation (3.08%), reduction (3.70%), particularization (0.61%), and combination of established equivalent and reduction (0.61%), Besides that, there are partial foreignization and partial domestication namely as amplification (3.08%), pure borrowing + modulation (0.61%), combination of pure borrowing + description (2.47%), combination of pure borrowing + reduction(1.24%), combination of pure borrowing + adaptation (4.93%), and pure borrowing + established equivalent (2.47%). From the techniques of the translation used it was found that the translator domesticate the cultural terms in ST into TT.

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v ABSTRAK

Nurianti, Sitorus. The ideology of translation in translating cultural terms found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer’s work Bumi Manusia into This Earth of Mankind. Thesis: Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Universitas Negeri

Medan 2015

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan ideologi penerjemahan budaya yang terdapat dalam novel yang berjudul Bumi Manusia ke dalam bahasa sasaran This Earth of Mankind. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah pengembangan teori penerjemahan dari Newmark dan Molina – Allbir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat lima kategori istilah budaya serta delapan belas teknik penerjemahan yang dipakai dalam menerjemahkan istilah budaya dan domestikasi sebagai ideologi yang paling banyak dipakai (72.80%). Delapan belas teknik penerjemahan yang digunakan adalah peminjaman (6.80%) dan kalke (5.60%) sebagai ideologi foreignisasi sedangkan teknik penerjemahan dalam ideologi domestikasi adalah adaptasi (15.43%), kompensasi (3.70%), deskripsi (3.70%), Kreasi diskursif (3.08%), padanan lazim (35.19%), generalisasi (3.70%), modulasi (3.08%), reduksi (3.70%), partilkularisasi (0.61%), serta penggbungan padanan lazim dan reduksi (0.61%). Selain domestikasi dan foreignisasi, terdapat penggabungan antara sebagian foreignisasi dan domestikasi yaitu amplifikasi (3.08%), penggabungan peminjaman dan modulasi (0.61%), penggabungan peminjaman dan deskrispi (2.47%0, penggabungan peminjaman dan reduksi (1.24%0, penggabungan peminjaman dan adaptasi (4.93%) dan penggabungan peminjaman dan padanan lazim (2.47%). Dari keseluruhan teknik penerjemahan yang dipakai diketahui bahwa penerjemah menggunakan ideologi domestikasi dalam menerjemahkan istilah budaya dari Bahasa Sumber ke Bahasa Sasaran.

Kata Kunci: Istilah budaya, teknik penerjemahan, dan ideologi penerjemahan.

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4.1.1.3.4 Terms closely related to kinship 69 4.1.1.4 Social Organization – political and administrative 70 4.1.1.4.1. Terms closely related to administration 69 4.1.1.4.2 Terms closely related to religion 71 4.1.1.4.3 Terms closely related to artistic things and craft 73 4.1.1.4.4 Terms closely related to history 75

4.1.1.5. Gestures and Habits 77

4.1.1.5.1 Terms closely related to habits 77 4.1.1.5.2 Terms closely related to special words used

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4.1.2 Techniques of Translation 82 4.1.2.1 SL Oriented Techniques of Translation 82

4.1.2.1.1 Pure Borrowing 82

4.1.2.1.2 Calque 83

4.1.2.2 TL oriented Techniques o Translation 86

4.1.2.2.1 Adaptation 84

4.1.2.2.2 Compensation 86

4.1.2.2.3. Description 86

4.1.2.2.4 Discursive Creation 87

4.1.2.2.5 Established Equivalent 88

4.1.2.2.6 Generalization 90

4.1.2.2.7 Modulation 91

4.1.2.2.8 Reduction 92

4.1.2.2.9 Particularization 92

4.1.2.2.10 Combination of Established equivalent and Reduction 93 4.1.3 SL partially-oriented and TL partially-oriented

Techniques of Translation 94

4.1.3.1 Amplification 95

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions 108

5.2 Suggestions 110

BIBLIOGRAPHY 112

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of Study

Culture is manifested in many things, such as food as a material culture or

language as non-material culture. The concept of culture itself is universal and it

is used in various disciplines, such as anthropology, political science, sociology,

literary studies, etc. However, as the focus of this thesis is translation of culture

specific items or cultural terms, the concept of culture will be considered from the

linguistic point of view. Translation is a process or a result of converting

information from one language into another or is a process of transferring

meaning.

Catford (1965:1) states that translation is an operation performed on

languages: a process of substituting a text in one language for a text in another. He

further states that language is a patterned human behavior. It is a way, probably

the most important way, in which human beings interact in social situations.

Language-behavior is externalized or manifested in some kind of bodily activity

on the part of a performer, and presupposes the existence of at least one other human participant in situation, an addressee. The specific type of behavior in which language is manifested not only identifies the behavior as

language-behavior but also defines the medium which the performer is using. The

performer‟s activity most commonly takes the form of either vocal movements

which generate sounds-waves or hand movements which leave a visible trace.

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The first type of activity is a manifestation of language in the spoken medium –

the performer is a speaker, and his addressee (s) is/are a hearer (s). The second

type is a manifestation of language in the written medium – the performer is a writer, and his addressee (s) is/are a reader or readers.

Translation work is intended to make it easier for the reader to get

information from other different languages, but the process of translating itself is

not easy. People often think that if someone knows or can speak a language, then

he or she must be able to do a translation. As a matter of fact, it is not as simple as

that. As Larson (1988) states that besides mastering the lexicon and grammatical

structure of a language, a translator also has to understand the communication

situation and the cultural context of source text and reconstruct this same meaning

using lexicon and grammatical structure of the target text. As no such a thing as a

perfect, ideal or „correct; translation, a translator always tries to extend his

knowledge and improve his means of expression by pursuing facts and words. A

translator works on four levels: firstly translation is a science, which entails the

knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describes them –

here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified; secondly, it is a skill,

which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage; thirdly, an art, which

distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive,

sometimes the inspired, level of the translation; lastly, a matter of taste, where

argument ceases, preferences are expressed, and the variety of meritorious

translation is the reflection of individual differences (Newmark, 1988:6). He also

states that as a means of communication, translation is used for multilingual

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for instructions issued by exporting company; for tourist publicity, where it is too

often produced from the native into the foreign language by natives as a matter of national pride; for official documents, such as treaties and contracts; for reports,

papers, articles, correspondence, textbooks to convey information, advice and

recommendations for every branch of knowledge. Its volume has increased with

the rise of the mass media, the increase in the number of independent countries,

and the growing recognition of the importance of linguistic minorities in all the

countries of the world.

A translator should create a good translation since it is a bridge to connect

two different cultures by the conversation of linguistic system as well as a

medium that enables people to interact well with others from different cultural and

linguistic backgrounds. Vermeer (1986) opposes the view that translation is

simply a matter of language, for him, translation is primarily a cross-cultural

transfer and in his view, the translator should be bicultural, if not multicultural,

which naturally involves a command of various languages, as language is an

intrinsic part of culture. He views that translation is a cross-cultural event. He also

states that the concept of culture as a totality of knowledge, proficiency and

perception is fundamental in our approach to translation. If language is an integral

part of culture, the translator needs not only proficiency in two languages; he must

also be at home in two cultures. In other words, he must be bilingual and

bicultural. The extent of his knowledge, proficiency and perception determine not

only his ability to produce the target text, but also his understanding of the source

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One of the great novels from Indonesia which has been translated into

English is BumiManusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Pramoedya Ananta Toer

was an Indonesian author of novels, short stories, essays, polemics, and histories

of his home and its people. His sure name is Pramoedya Ananta Mastoer, however

because he felt too aristocratic with the prefix name „mas‟ he removed „mas‟ and

use only “toer” for his sure name. He stayed in Netherland in 1950s as the part of

the cultural exchange program, and when he returned to Indonesia he became a

member of Lekra, one left-wing organizations in Indonesia. His writing style

shows about the corruption, fiction criticism in the civil service who fall in to

traps of corruption. Because of his writing theme, it creates friction between him

and Soekarno government. He also studied about the abuse of Indonesian Chinese

and wrote Hoakiau as the history of the Chinese in Indonesia. In the 1960s he was arrested because he criticized the government ignoring the Java-centric needs and

desires of other areas in Indonesia. He also proposed that the government should

be moved outside of Java. Because of his views was pro-communist, Soeharto

government banned all of his books and he was arrested and detained without trial

in reclaiming of the coast Java, and finally on Buru island in eastern Indonesia.

Most of his writings are semi-autobiographical, in which he drew his own

experiences. In Bumi Manusia he reflects the Javanese culture in general as well

as the aristocratic Java, interaction between Javanese and Dutch, and the

Indonesian court, which all of was experienced by Pramoedya, himself. He

obtained a Ramon Magsaysay Award for Journalism, Literature, and Creative

Communication Arts in 1995. He has also been considered for the Nobel Prize in

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He also won the Fukuoka Asian Cultural Gifts XI 2000 and in 2004 Norwegian

Authors' Union Award for his contributions to the literary world. He completed

the trip to North America in 1999 and received an award from the University of

Michigan.

In translating a literary work, such as novel, the translator has to know the

equivalence translation of cultural terms in the target language. In this present

study, the writer takes the cultural specific items found in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. This novel was set in Javanese culture in 1898 which

brings the reader to the colonial life in Indonesia that time. The examples of

cultural terms found in Bumi ManusiaareGaruda, Ningrat, Nyai, Mas, etc. The cultural specific items in this study are taken in the form of words, phrase and

expressions.

As a part of translation strategies, a translator has their own strategy in

translating the product of translation. As cultures are increasingly brought into

greater contact with one another, it is the cultural aspect of the text that the

translator should take into account. The translators are faced with an alien culture

that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a strange way. Williams

(2002) states that related to translation, culture manifests in two ways, first, the

concept or reference of the vocabulary items is somehow specific for the given

culture. Second, the concept or reference is actually general but expressed in a

way specific to the source language culture. In practice, however, it is suggested

that a translator should take into account the purpose of the translation in

translating the culturally-bound words or expressions. The translation techniques

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A translator is the one who controls the transfer of meaning, whether he or

she tends to emphasize the source language or the target language; reducing the

„foreign‟ as much as possible that a translated text sounds natural or deviating

from the target language norms to bring readers to an alien reading experience.

Lawrence Venuti‟s work (1995) has focused on the dichotomy between what he

terms „domesticating‟ and „foreignizing‟ translation. „Domestication‟ implies that

the translator‟s aim is to give the readers of the Target Text (TT) the illusion that

it was originally written in the Target Language (TL), whereas „foreignizing‟

translation aims to challenge the TL reader by confronting the dissimilarities

between Source and Target Language cultures. In the domesticating translation, a

translator attempts to produce a target language translation as naturally as

possible. It means that he minimizes the strangeness of the foreign text for target

language readers through a clear, transparent and fluent style of translation. The

translated text will be much more familiar to the target language readers so that

they feel as if they were reading an original text, not a translated one. On the

contrary, in foreignizing translation, a translator attempts to take the target

language readers to the foreign culture and make them feel the linguistic and

cultural differences. The target language readers will recognize that they are not

reading an original text but that of translated.

The importance of domestication and foreignization in translating specific

cultural items is to know the aim of the translator as well as his attitudes towards

the cultural features and values expressed in a source text (ST) which is different

from the translator and the target readers. Besides, what may be obvious forthe

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share a common experienceand they do not belong to that particular

community.Furthermore, every language possesses specific words andphrases for

special kinds of culture-specific concepts:events, customs or objects

It is interesting to investigate the tendency of the use of the ideology of

translation, domestication or foreignization, and techniques adopted by the

translator in the translations of Indonesian cultural terms into English. This

research is conducted with the focus on viewing the frequently-applied ideology

of translation in dealing with cultural terms in the translations of words, phrases,

or expressions related to culture. In addition, the techniques of translation used in

the translations of words, phrases, or expressions related to cultural terms were

also analyzed in this research. The novel Bumi Manusia (1980) and its translation

This Earth of Mankind (1990) were considered representative as the data sources in this research, since the novel Bumi Manusia contains many cultural terms, Indonesian cultural terms and their translations in English.

This earth of mankind is translated by an Australian, Max Lane, a lecturer on Asian Studies at The University of Sydney. Lane is responsible for the

magnificent translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s great novel The Buru

Quartet, as well as being the translator of other works by that author and other

writers. In addition, he worked for years with various dramatists and actors in the

Indonesian theater, and he is a writer and poet in his own right. He has also been a

leading figure in building solidarity with the Indonesian left and popular

movements and over the years written innumerable articles about the struggles

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To emphasize the background of this present study, the writer realizes that

translating a novel is not an easy thing to do, especially when it contains the

cultural terms or cultural specific items. The cultural terms found in Bumi

Manusia which istranslated toThis Earth of Mankind arethe representative of

certain culture in Indonesia. The product of the translation is translated by a

native from Australia, Max lane, who is also a lecturer who studies and teaches

Asian culture. It is expected that the translator does not only able to transfer the

meaning in his translation but also has the competency in translating the cultural

terms in the novel. In addition, it is also important to know his techniques and his

tendency, whether SL oriented or TL oriented, in translating cultural terms found

in Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer.

1.2 The Problems of Study

Based on the background above, the problems of the study for are

formulated as the following.

1. What categories of cultural terms are found in Pramoedya Ananta Toer‟s work

Bumi Manusia and their translation in This Earth of Mankind?

2. How are the techniques of translation applied to the translation of cultural terms

in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind?

3. What is the most frequently-applied ideology of translation in dealing with the

translation of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This

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1.3 The Objectives of Study

Based on the problems above, this study has two objectives. They are:

1.3.1 General Objectives

The general objectives of this study are:

1)to find out whether all categories of cultural terms are found in translated text

especially in literary translation

2) to find out whether a translator tends to retain cultural terms in his translation.

3) to identify the tendencies of the use of ideologies of translation in translated

texts and to provide valuable understanding of domestication and foreignization

ideologies in literary translation.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

The specific objectives of this study are:

1) to investigate categories of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and their translation in This Earth of Mankind

2) to explain the techniques of translation applied to the translation of cultural

terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind

3) to analyze the most frequently-applied ideology of translation, domestication or

foreignization, used in the translation of cultural terms of Pramoedya Ananta

Toer‟s work Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind and to identify factors leading to the application of the ideology of translation to the

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1. 4 TheScope of Study

This study focuses on translation as a product, more specifically on words,

phrases, or expression closely related to culture from Indonesian into English in

terms of categories of culture, techniques of translation, foreignisation or

domestication, and factors leading to the application of the ideology of translation.

In short, it is related to the cultural terms at which translated from Bahasa

Indonesia into English. The study of translation through domestication and

foreignization is important since it concerns with two cultures, the former means

replacing the source culture with the target culture and the latter means preserving

the differences of the source culture.

The data of this study are limited to cultural terms, in form of words,

phrase and expressions from the novel entitled Bumi Manusia (1978) by

Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its translation into English This Earth of Mankind (1980) by Max Lane. The cultural terms in this study are divided into words,

phrases and expressions from the source language into the target language.

Specifically, this study is focusing on the analysis of cultural terms proposed by

Newmark (1988) and as qualitative evidence, then the data will also be analyzed

based on the techniques of translation theory proposed by Molina and Albir

(2002) which has the same notion with Newmark (1988). The analysis is done by:

1. Observing, identifying, and categorizing the cultural terms found in the text

Bumi Manusia and the translation into This Earth of Mankind. The writer determined whether it is a cultural term by consulting the KBBI (Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia, 2014) to check the root of the words, if it comes from specific

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All instances of cultural terms, words and phrases, in the source language and

their translations in the target language were classified based on categories of

culture as proposed by Newmark (1988).

2. Analyzing the data collected based on the translation theory proposed by

Molina and Albir (2002) which also in a line with translation method by

Newmark (1988).

3. Identifying and analyzing the tendencies of the use of the ideologies of

translation, domestication or foreignization

4. Explaining the data which were classified into the domestication and

foreignization

5. Identifying the factors determining the translation techniques applied by the

translator.

1.5 The Significance of Study

The significance of this present study is divided into theoretical and practical

significance as the following:

1.5.1 Theoretical Significance

This study contributes to the development of cultural and linguistic studies

particularly the tendencies of the use of domestication or foreignization ideologies

in the translation of literary texts from Indonesian into English. It also provides

theoretical and valuable insight into the relationship between the applications of

techniques of translation and the ideology of translation in cultural translation. In

addition it is also useful to those who want to learn about translation or to those

who want to be an ideal translator by understanding, theoretically, linguistic and

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1.5.2 Practical Significance

This study serves as a reference for translator in translating cultural terms

in literary texts especially from Indonesian into English. This study will also be

helpful and useful for those who are interested in translation since they can

comprehend the techniques applied by the translator and the tendencies of the use

of ideologies of translation, domestication and foreignization. In addition, those

who are interested in translation also realize that culture is important to take into

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion

After conducting the research, drawing conclusions and offering

suggestions is the final part in which the findings of the research are summarized

according to the research problems clearly. Having conducted the analyses of the

translations of cultural terms from Indonesian into English including the analysis

of categories of cultural terms, techniques of translation, the most

frequently-applied ideology of translation, and the factors leading to the application of the

ideology of translation, some conclusions and suggestions can finally be drawn in

this chapter.

Based on the findings presented in the previous chapter, some conclusions

can be made as follows:

1. In the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation This Earth of Mankind, some categories of cultural terms were found and investigated. There were 162

identified cultural terms classified into five categories, they are ecological culture

including terms closely related to fauna and geographical features; material

culture including terms closely related to clothes, food, house, transports, and

medium of exchange; social culture including terms closely related to work,

leisure, personal names and terms of address, and kinship; social organization

including terms closely related to social administration, religion, artistic things

and craft, and history; gestures and habits including terms closely related to

habits, and special words used in relation to a particular thing or activity or

condition.

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2. Some techniques of translation were applied in the translations of cultural terms

from Indonesian into English. There were 18 techniques of translation adopted in

the translations of cultural terms in the novel Bumi Manusia and its translation

This Earth of Mankind including the applications of single and double techniques of translation. They were SL-oriented technique of translation including pure

borrowing and calque; TL-oriented techniques of translation including adaptation,

compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent,

generalization, modulation, reduction, particularization, and combination of

established equivalent and reduction; and SL oriented and TL

partially-oriented techniques of translation including the applications of amplification,

combination of pure borrowing and modulation, combination of pure borrowing

and description, combination of pure borrowing and reduction, combination of

pure borrowing and adaptation and combination of pure borrowing and

established equivalent.

3. Having analyzed the techniques of translation, the analysis of the

ideology of translation, the most frequently-applied ideology of translation, could

also be made. There are, in fact, two basic ideologies of translation, foreignization

and domestication. However, in this research, it was revealed that some cultural

terms were also partially foreignized (partial foreignization) and partially

domesticated (partial domestication). From the analysis of techniques of

translation, it could be concluded that the most frequently-applied ideology of

translation was domestication (72.80%). The domestication ideology of

translation was applied through some techniques of translation including

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generalization, modulation, reduction, particularization, and combination of

established equivalent and reduction, while 12.40% of the cultural terms were

foreignized. The foreignization ideology of translation was applied through pure

borrowing technique of translation and calque. In addition, 14.80% of the cultural

terms were also partially foreignized and partially domesticated. It means those

cultural terms received partial foreignization and partial domestication ideology of

translation. The partial foreginization and partial domestication was applied

through the application of amplification technique of translation and through some

combinations of two different techniques of translation including combination of

pure borrowing and modulation, combination of pure borrowing and description,

combination of pure borrowing and reduction, combination of pure borrowing and

adaptation, and pure borrowing and established equivalent.

The factors leading to the applications of those ideologies were cultural

differences, linguistic differences, and translator’s preference

5.2 Suggestions

Translating is not merely changing words, phrases, or sentences into

different languages; it has to do with culture. Translating cultural terms or

culturally-bound texts is not as easily as translating other terms. A translator

should have deep understanding of the source language and that of the target

linguistically and culturally, it means that a translator should be bilingual

bicultural, and also bicompetent. In cultural translation, a translator does not need

to render terms that are unfamiliar and unknown in the target language, just retain

the cultural terms so that the target language readers will know and understand

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students, researchers, scholars, and anyone who are interested in conducting a

research on translation, they can use this research as a reference to conduct a

further research closely related to cultural translation, especially on ideology of

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