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Physical Pharmacy II. Physicochemical Principles of Drugs in relation to Dosage Form Design

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(1)

Physical Pharmacy II

Physicochemical Principles of

Drugs in relation to Dosage Form

(2)

Paracetamol dosage Forms

02-01-00678 Paracetamol 100mg/ml,or 60mg/0.6ml Drop 10581500

02-01-00679 Paracetamol 125mg/5ml, Elixir 34856500

02-01-00680 Paracetamol 250mg/5ml Syrup 13440500

02-01-00681 Paracetamol 125mg Suppository (infant) 36909000

02-01-00682 Paracetamol 250mg Suppository (child) 35422500

02-01-00683 Paracetamol 500mg Suppository 27057000

02-01-00684 Paracetamol 125mg + Phenobarb 10mg Suppository (infant) 36944500

02-01-00685 Paracetamol 250mg + Phenobarb 20mg . Suppository (child) 38358000

02-01-00686 Paracetamol 1g (I.V. , I.M. ) Injection 3326500

02-01-00687 Paracetamol 150mg/2ml Ampoule 1593500

02-01-00688 Paracetamol 500mg Tablet 800000000

02-01-00689 Paracetamol 350mg + Codeine phosphate10mg + Caffeine 50mg Tablet 370379500

02-01-00690 Paracetamol 325mg + Meprobamate 135mg + Caffeine 65mg Tablet 84243000

(3)

Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)

• Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol (1:10) and NaOH • A weak acid • Susceptible to

hydrolysis due to the amide group in the structure OH N H C O CH3

(4)

Paracetamol

Problems:

1. How to formulate this slightly water

soluble compound in to a liquid dosage

form.

2. It certainly degrades in solution

(hydrolysis). How to control its rate of

degradation such that its concentration in

the dosage form remained > 95% for the

maximum of 5 years.

(5)

Solution 1, Solubility

Acid-base theory: Lowry – Bronsted

Asam : donor proton Basa : akseptor proton Exp 1: asam asetil salisilat (asetosal)

+ O C O CH 3 C O O - O C O CH 3 C O OH H 3 O + + H 2 O

(6)

Exp 2: weak basic (benzocaine) H 2 N C O OC 2 H 5 + H 2 O C O OC 2 H 5 + H 3 N + OH -

(7)

Disosiasi senyawa asam dan basa lemah dapat ditulis sbb:

HA + H2O A- + H3O+ (1) B + H2O BH+ + OH- (2)

Derajat ionisasi suatu asam dinyatakan oleh:

 

(3)

 

HA

A

O

H

Ka

3  

(8)

pKa = - log Ka (4)

pKa + pKb = pKw (7) nilai pKw pada suhu 25oC adalah 14

Nilai pKa dan pKb merupakan alat paling mudah untuk membandingkan kekuatan

senyawa-senyawa asam lemah dan basa lemah.

Berdasarkan nilai pKa suatu senyawa seorang pharmacist dapat mengatur pH larutan yang akan dibuatnya untuk menjamin kelarutan maksimum senyawa tersebut di dalam air

(bentuk terion obat maksimum) atau kelarutan maksimum dalam medium non polar (bentuk tak-terion obat yang maksimum).

(9)

pKa untuk membandingkan

kekuatan asam atau basa lemah

Secara umum tingkat keasaman dan kebasaan suatu obat dapat digolongkan berdasarkan nilai pKanya, yaitu:

• Nilai pKa < 2 : asam kuat; sama sekali tidak bersifat basa dalam air

• Nilai pKa 4 – 6 : asam lemah; basa konyugasi sangat lemah

• Nilai pKa 8 - 10: asam sangat lemah; basa konyugasi lemah

• Nilai pKa > 12: basa konyugasi kuat; sama sekali tidak bersifat asam dalam air

(10)

Persamaan HENDERSON – HASSELBACH Persamaan ini merupakan persamaan dasar

yang digunakan untuk :

• Memprediksi pengaruh pH larutan terhadap

derajat ionisasi

• Perhitungan-perhitungan yang melibatkan

asam-asam dan basa-basa lemah

• Menghitung pH larutan asam-asam dan

basa-basa lemah

(11)

Henderson-Hasselbach equation

               HA A log pKa pH          pH pKa antilog 1 100 si %terionisa           pKb pKw pH antilog 1 100 si %terionisa

(12)

Grafik antara % ionisasi versus pH

menggambarkan

betapa

derajat

ionisasi dapat digeser-geser dengan

mengubah pH larutan. Juga dapat

dilihat dengan mudah kelarutan dari

senyawa

asam

atau

basa

lemah

(13)

• Untuk asam lemah:

• pada pH >>> pKa, ionisasi mencapai 100% • pada pH <<< pKa, ionisasi mencapai 0% • Untuk basa lemah:

• pada pH >>> pKa, ionisasi mencapai 0% • pada pH <<< pKa, ionisasi mencapai 100% • Pada titik dimana pH larutan = pKa senyawa

obat, maka baik asam lemah maupun basa lemah berada dalam proporsi: 50%

(14)

Back to Paracetamol

• pKa paracetamol = 9,9

• Find out the right pH for maximum and

minimum solubility of paracetamol

• Plot the ionisation

profile for PCT based on its pKa OH N H C O CH3

(15)

Notes

Berdasarkan tabel, PCT (pKa=9,9) sebagai asam lemah. Akan larut maksimal pada larutan

dengan pH 11,9 (99,9% terion) dan paling minimum larut pada pH 7,9 (99,9% bentuk

molekul). Secara teoritik sediaan larutan untuk PCT nilai pH nya adalah 11,9.

Perlu diingat pH fisiologis tubuh ??

Faktor lain yang jadi penentu adalah kestabilan PCT pada pH tersebut.

(16)

Nilai pKa dari beberapa senyawa obat

• Acetaminophen: 9,9

• Aspirin : 3,5

• Ascorbic acid: 4,2 & 11,6

• Atropine: 9,7

• Barbital : 7,8

• Benzoic acid: 4,2

• Benzocaine : 2,8

(17)

Polyprotic compounds

• H3PO4 + H2O H2PO4- + H 3O+ pKa1=2,12 • H2PO4- + H 2O HPO42- + H3O+ pKa2= 7,21 • HPO42- + H 2O PO43- + H3O+ pKa3=12,68

(18)

Pilokarpina (basa diprotik)

O H 3 C-H 2 C H H O CH 2 CH 3 N N

(19)

Senyawa amfoter

Contoh: glisin, pada pH 3 - 9 berada sebagai +NH3-CH2-COO- dalam larutan. Dapat bereaksi sebagai asam yaitu : +NH 3CH2COO- + H2O +NH3CH2COOH + OH- Sebagai basa: +NH 3CH2COO- + H2O NH2CH2COO- + H3O+

Pada pH tertentu di dalam larutan, disebut dengan titik isoelektrik, kedua ionisasi terjadi sampai pada tingkat yang sama sehingga larutan mengandung jumlah

(20)

Amoxycillin Dosage Forms

• 02-01-00810 Amoxycillin as trihydrate 250mg Capsule 611992000 • 02-01-00811 Amoxycillin as trihydrate 500mg Capsule 421348000 • 02-01-00812 Amoxycillin as trihydrate 125mg/5ml Syrup 28653000 • 02-01-00813 Amoxycillin as trihydrate 250mg/5ml Syrup 25536000 • 02-01-00814 Amoxycillin as trihydrate 50mg/ml Drop 2132500 • 02-01-00815 Amoxycillin as sodium 250mg per Vial 22138000 • 02-01-00816 Amoxycillin as sodium 500mg per Vial. 32262500

• 02-01-00817 Amoxycillin as sodium 1gm I.V,I.M. Injection 23625000

• 02-01-00818 Amoxycillin as trihydrate 250mg + Clavulanic acid as potassium salt 125mg Tablet 106664000

• 02-01-00819 Amoxycillin as trihydrate 500mg+ Clavulanic acid as potassium salt 125mg Tablet 141268500

• 02-01-00820

• Amoxycillin as trihydrate 125mg + Clavulanic acid as potassium salt 31.25mg/5ml • Suspension 7981500

• 02-01-00821

(21)

Physicochemical properties of

amoxicillin

• Sparingly soluble in water • Susceptible to hydrolysis

• pKa = 2.4 (carboxyl); 7.4 (amine); 9.6 (phenol)

OH HC NH2 CONH CH CH CO N CH S C(CH3)2 COOH

(22)

Ampicillin Dosage Forms

• 02-01-00824 Ampicillin as trihydrate 250mg Capsule 482961500 • 02-01-00825 Ampicillin as trihydrate 500mg Capsule 264060500 • 02-01-00826 Ampicillin as trihydrate 125mg/5ml Syrup 21175000 • 02-01-00827 Ampicillin as trihydrate 250mg/5ml , Syrup 13483000 • 02-01-00828 Ampicillin as trihydrate 100mg/ml(20ml) Drop 1615500 • 02-01-00829 Ampicillin as sodium 250mg per Vial 39663500

• 02-01-00830 Ampicillin as sodium 500mg I.V.I.M. per Vial 77466500

• 02-01-00831 Ampicillin (as sodium salt) 250mg + Cloxacillin (as sodium salt) 250mg Vial 106927500

• 02-01-00832 Ampicillin 500mg+ Cloxacillin 500mg inj I.V.,I.M. Vial 55138000

• 02-01-00833 Ampicillin as trihydrate 125mg+ Cloxacillin as sodium 125mg /5ml susp 3072500

• 02-01-00834 Ampicillin as trihydrate 250mg+Flucloxacillin as sodium 250mg/Capsule 4056500

• 02-01-00835 Ampicillin as trihydrate 125mg /5ml+Flucloxacillin as megnesium 125mg Syrup 800000

• 02-01-00836 Ampicillin as sodium 250mg+Flucloxacillin as sodium 250mg/Vial 3876000

(23)

Physicochemical properties of

ampicillin

H C NH2 CONHCH CO CH N S C(CH3)2 CHCOOH

• Water soluble and stable to acid • Susceptible to alkaline hydrolysis • pKa = 2.7 (carboxyl); 7.3 (amine)

(24)

Multivitamins preparations

• Vitamin B1 5mg,Vit. B2 5mg,Vit. B6 0.5mg,Vit. B12 5mcg,Vit.

C100mg,Nicotinamide

• 20mg,Calcium pantothenate 5mg,Vit. A 10000 units,Vit. D2 1000 units,Vit. E 1mg,Inositol

• 5mg Capsule 52576500 • 02-01-01563

• Vitamin B1 5mg,Vit. B2 2mg,Vit. B6 6mg,Vit.B12 6mcg,Vit C50mg,Nicotinamide 20mg,Ca.

• Pantoth. 6mg,Vit. A 5000 IU,Vit.D 500 IU/5ml Syrup 9607000 • 02-01-01564

• Vitamin A 5000 units,Vit. B1 2.5mg, Vit.B2 0.5mg,Vit B6 1mg, Vit. B12 2.5mcg,Vit.C

• 37.5mcg,Vit. E 1.5mg,Vit.D2 1000 units,Nicotinanide 5mg/ml Drop 3951500 • 02-01-01565 Vitamin B1 200mg + Vit.B6 50mg + Vit.B12 1000mcg Tablet

(25)

Multivit (contd)

• Vit. C 1000mg +Vit. B1 40mg +Vit. B2 40mg +Vit.B6 40mg +Vit. PP200mg +calcium

• pantothenate 200mg+Vit.A 60000 I.U +Vit .D 8000 I.U /100ml Syrup 2510000

• 02-01-01568

• Vitamin A (as palmitate) 5000 I.U + Vit. D 500 I.U + Vit.b, 5mg + Vit. B2 2mg + Vit.B6 6mg+ • Vit.B12 6mcg+Vit. C 50mg+ Nicotinamide

20mg+Calc.Pantothenate 6mg/5ml Syrup 3217000

(26)

Topical corticosteroid prep

• 02-01-01954 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1% Ointment 8882500 • 02-01-01955 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1% Cream, 8233500 • 02-01-01956 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1% Lotion 1707500 • 02-01-01957 Betamethason as dipropionate 0.1% Cream 1362500 • 02-01-01958 Betamethason as dipropionate 0.1% Ointment 800000 • 02-01-01959 Betamethasone as dipropionate 0.05% + Salicylic acid 2%

Lotion 1154000

• 02-01-01960 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1% Scalp Application 1176500 • 02-01-01961 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1% + Clioquinol 3% Cream,

1582500

• 02-01-01962 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1%+Clioquinol 3% Ointment 1515000

• 02-01-01963 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1%+Gentamycin as sulphate 0.1% Ointment 2746000

• 02-01-01964 Betamethasone as valerate 0.1% + Gentamycin as sulphate 0.1% Cream 3080500

(27)

(contd)

• 02-01-01993 Hydrocortisone acetate 1% Cream, 3414500

• 02-01-01994 Hydrocortisone 2.5% Cream. 2850000 • 02-01-01995 Hydrocortisone 0.25% + Clemizole

hexachlorophen sulphate 2.5% Ointment 800000

• 02-01-01996 Isoconazole nitrate 10mg+Diflucortolone valerate 1mg/g cream 800000

• 02-01-01997 Miconazole nitrate 20mg + Hydrocortison 10mg/1gm Cream 800000

• 02-01-01998 Triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% + Econazole nitrate 1% Cream 800000

• 02-01-01999 Triamcinolone 0.1% Skin Ointment 2140000

Referensi

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