THE STUDY OF DEIXIS IN SONG LYRICS OF
DOO WOPS AND HOOLIGANS 2010
ALBUM
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Wiwin Puji Lestari
Reg. Number: A83211200
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
THE STUDY OF DEIXIS IN SONG LYRICS OF
DOO WOPS AND HOOLIGANS 2010
ALBUM
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
Wiwin Puji Lestari
Reg. Number: A83211200
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
ABSTRACT
The Study of Deixis in Song Lyrics of Bruno
Letters and Humanities. State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag
Key words: Dexis, Lyrics, Bruno Mars, Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album
The aim of this research is to analyze five types of deixis and describe the reference meaning of deixis are found in song lyrics of Bruno Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album In analysis, the writer uses theory of Levinson about deixis in 1983. This research presented two statements of problems; include what
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album and what are the reference meanings of those song lyrics. The research method used is descriptive qualitative method.
The result of this research is personal deixis mostly used in every song lyrics included the three kinds of personal deixis. The use of personal deixis indicates the role of participant in the song, such us the use of word
you, she Moreover, the use of temporal deixis indicates relative time of speech event, such us the use of words
The following types is spatial deixis indicates the location of participant in the speech event, such us the use of word
While for discourse deixis indicates the expression which the referent in the text, such us the use of word The last is social deixis indicates social status of participant in the speech event, such us the use of word
In this research, the writer found the different result. There is a switch of referent which have similar type but they still refer to one type of deixis such as the word and she or in Just the Way you are song. The following result is shift of reference means one word include into two types of deixis as in the word can be include discourse and spatial deixis based on the context.
This research can be useful for the reader and rich understanding about deixis. For the next researcher who are interested in studying pragmatics to make other pragmatics field such as in implicature, speech acts, entailments or presupposition. The writer also suggests who are interested to observe deixis to explore more about deixis using different data sources not only in song lyric but also can use in radio, advertisement, fairy tale, etc.
INTISARI
Lestari, Wiwin Puji. 2015. Skripsi Sebuah Studi tentang Deixis dalam Lirik Lagu karya Bruno Mars dalam Album Doo Wops and Hooligan tahun 2010
Program Studi Sastra Inggris. Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing: Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M. Ag
Kata Kunci: Dexis, Lirik, Bruno Mars, Album Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis lima tipe dari deixis dan menggambarkan arti rujukan dari deixis yang di temukan dalam lirik lagu Bruno Mars dalam album Doo Wops and Hooligan tahun 2010. Dalam menganalisis, penulis menggunakan teori dari Levinson tentang deixis pada tahun 1983. Penelitian ini menyajikan dua permasalahan termasuk apa saja tipe deixis yang muncul dalam tujuh lirik lagu Bruno Mars dalam album Doo Wops and Hooligans pada tahun 2010 dan apa arti yang rujukan dari tipe deixis yang muncul dalam lirik lagu tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa deixis persona lebih banyak digunakan di setiap lirik lagu termasuk tiga tipe dari deixis persona tersebut. Penggunaan persona deixis menunjuk pada peran partisipan dalam lagu, seperti kata
Selain itu, penggunaan deixis waktu menunjuk pada waktu terjadinya ucapan,
seperti dalam kata Tipe
selanjutnya yaitu deixis tempat yang menunjuk pada tempat terjadinya ucapan, seperti dalam kata Sementara untuk deixis teks menunjuk pada ucapan yang rujukannya ada dalam teks itu sendiri, seperti dalam kata Tipe terakhir adalah deixis sosial yang menunjuk pada kondisi sosial dari partisipan dalan ucapan, seperti dalam kata
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menemukan hasil yang berbeda. Adanya pergantian rujukan yang mana mempunyai tipe yang sama tapi juga mengacu pada satu tipe deixis yang lain seperti dalam kata dan dalam lagu Just the Way you are. Ada juga perubahan rujukan yang mana satu kata dapat masuk dalam dua tipe deixis seperti kata yang bisa masuk dalam deixis teks atau deixis tempat.
Penelitian ini dapat memberi manfaat untuk pembaca dan menambah pengetahuan tentang deixis. Untuk peneliti selanjutnya yang tertarik dalam bidang pragmatik untuk memilih bidang pragmatik yang lain seperti implicature, speech acts, entailment atau presupposition. Penulis juga menyarankan bagi peneliti yang tertarik untuk meneliti tentang deixis supaya lebih mendalami tentang deixis menggunakan sumber data yang berbeda tidak hanya dalam lirik lagu tapi dapat juga menggunakan radio, iklan, dongeng dan sebagainya.
TABLE CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page ... ii
Declaration Page... iii
Motto ... iv
Dedication Page ... v
... vi
Page... vii
Acknowledgements ... viii
Table of Content ... x
List of Table ... xii
Abstract ... xiii
Intisari ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 4
1.3 Objective of the Study ... 5
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 5
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6
1.5 Definition of Key Terms ... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 7
2.1.1. Theory of Pragmatics ... 7
2.1.4. Definition of Reference ... 15
2.1.5. Context ... 16
2.2. Related Studies ... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1. Research Design ... 22
3.2. Data and Data Sources ... 22
3.3 Research Instrument ... 23
3.4. Technique of Data Collection ... 23
3.5. Technique of Data Analysis ... 24
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1. Types of Deixis ... 26
4.2. Reference Meaning... 36
4.3. Discussions ... 54
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 61
5.2 Suggestion ... 63
REFERENCES ... 64
APPENDICES ... 66
LIST OF TABLE
1. Table 3.1 classifying of personal deixis ... 25
2. Table 3.2 classifying of spatial deixis ... 25
3. Table 4.1 table of Personal deixis ... 27
4. Table 4.2 table of Spatial deixis ... 30
5. Table 4.3 table of Temporal deixis ... 32
6. Table 4.4 table of Discourse deixis ... 33
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers background of the study, statement of the problem, objective of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study
and definition of key terms. All these sections will be discussed as follows:
1.1. Background of Study
Every human expresses their personality and fulfill their social interaction with other people by using language. Language refers to the process of
conveying meaning and referring idea. According to Kreidler (1998:19), language is used to communicate and interact with each other in our daily life, whether in society, environment, educational institutions, recreational places,
family, etc. Moreover, communication can be success if both of listener and speaker can give clear meaning and use language easily. The meaning will be clear if the listener or reader know about who, where, and when the utterance is
uttered. Sometimes
listener. It is related to understanding of utterance meaning with the reference or
the context itself. In order to understand the reference of utterance, reader or listener should be able to identify the contexts of utterance. This phenomenon called by deixis.
2
Greek word means It means that the function of deixis
is to point or indicate something. In other word, the utterance or sentence can be called as deixis if the referent is nomadic and change depend on the context.
Deixis is including in pragmatic fields. It is a study of meaning related to the context. According to Levinson (1983:5), pragmatics is the study of language
usage and how people interpret the meaning of the conversation based on the context. While, Yule (1996: 3) stated that pragmatics is concerned with the study
of meaning as communicated by a speaker or a writer and interpreted by a listener or a reader. Talking about deixis, it cannot be separated with context. Mey (1993:41) stated that context is more than just a reference. Context is the
whole of situation which is complete the meaning of sentences. Context in can help the reade There are several researchers who have conducted the research on deixis such as in poem, novel, movie, interview,
etc. Besides that, the phenomenon of deixis also can be found in song lyrics. Lyrics are not only the string of words into sentences but also representations
family, friends etc. One of the singers which show the meaningful lyric is Bruno Mars. Bruno Mars is an American singer song writer, record producer, voice
actor, and choreographer. Born and raised in Honolulu, Hawaii by a family of musicians, Mars begin his career in music at a young age and perform in various musical venues in his hometown throughout his childhood. His debut album is
3
the Billboard 200 anchored by the worldwide number by the singles
Way you are and . (http://www.biography.com/people/bruno-mars). In Doo Wops and Hooligan2010 album, the writer uses seven selected songs. First song is Grenade. Grenade is one of the popular songs of Bruno Mars released on 2010 that tells the story about heartbreak caused by a failed
relationship. Grenade represents the other side of love where you are in love with a woman and you know that she does not love you the way you love her. The
second is Talking to the Moon that invites us to know and explore into the dreams and hopes of the special person. His song Just the Way You are declared as a single pledge in Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album. This song tells about the
sincerity love of a boy to a girl. Next song is The Lazy Song that tells about someone who lazy to do something and just want to stay at home. Count on Me
tells us about the actual and best friend. When a friend was having trouble, they
will be there for the other. The following song is Marry You. This song lyric explain about spontaneous marriage idea. The last is Liquor Store Blues which is tells about
There are a lot of researchers that conduct research on deixis using different topic and object. The first research conducted by Magdalena,
poems such as Three Years She Grew in Suin and Shower, Nutting and We are Seven. In her research, she uses the theory of Levinson and find seven kinds of
4
Setyawati (2013), ent
Deixis in the novel are taken from conversations conducted by characters in the novel and analyze by using descriptive qualitative way. the following research has done by Sherly Marliana (201
Deixis in the Transcription of the Interview between Oprah Winfrey, President
The current research will focus on deixis in song lyrics of Bruno Mars Doo
Wops and Hooligan 2010 album because the writer noticed that every people like listen to the music and Bruno Mars is one of the popular singer in the world. The writer chooses song lyrics as the research object because during the writer reads
references about deixis, the research object which most often use is in the novel, poem, movie, short story and interview. The writer only finds one research which conducted in song lyric but it is only focused on one type of deixis not all the
types of deixis. While in this thesis, the writer analyzes all the types of deixis which is contained in the song lyrics of Bruno Mars Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album
also helps the reader to know the meaning or the message in the song.
1.2. Statement of the Problems
Based on the background of the study above, there are two statements of the problem addressed in this study, they are:
a. Doo Wops
5
b. What are the reference meanings of deixis found in song lyrics of Bruno
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album?
1.3. Objective of the Study
Based on the problem of the study above, the objectives of this study are
formulated as follows:
a. Doo
-Wops and Hooligans 2010 album.
b. To analyze the reference meaning of deixis found in song lyrics of Bruno
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album
1.4. Significance of the Study
This study is significant to conduct some considerations include theoretical
and practical. There are a lot of researchers which discusses about deixis with a variety of different topics and research object such as novels, movie, short story and poem.
1.4.1. Theoretically, this study can give significances such as to show the use of deixis in English songs and give information about the reference meaning
of deixis in the English songs.
1.4.2. Practically, the writer hopes for the next researchers who are interested in studying pragmatics to make other pragmatics field such as in implicature,
6
1.5. Scope and Limitation
In order to make the discussion in this study more focus on the problem, the writer decides to make the scope and limitation. The scope of this study is to identify and analyze the five types of deixis include personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis and discourse deixis based on theory of Levinson.
While the limitation of this study is the use of seven selected song lyrics of Bruno
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album, include Grenade, Count on Me,
Just the Way You Are, the Lazy Song, Talking to The Moon, Liquor Store Blues and Marry You.
1.6.Definition of Key Terms
There are several key terms which are significant for this study. Therefore, in order to help the reader in understanding this study, it is important for the writer to
explain the definition of those key terms.
1.6.1. Deixis comes from the Greek word means nting or indicating and has function to point or indicate something. Deixis also has definition as
the referring expression in which the interpretation of utterance depends on the context of utterance. It divided into five types include personal, spatial,
temporal, discourse and social deixis, (Levinson, 1983).
1.6.2. Bruno Mars is an American singer songwriter, record producer, voice actor, and choreographer. While, Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album is
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter consists of many important aspects concerning the theoretical framework include the theory of pragmatic, definition of deixis, five types of
deixis, definition of reference, definition of context and the related studies to support the analysis.
2.1. Theoretical Framework 2.1.1. Theories of Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics which is focuses how utterances communicate meaning in context. According to Levinson (1983:5), pragmatics is the study of language usage. It can be said that pragmatics is how people interpret
the meaning of the conversation based on the context. Stalnaker (1999:34) stated that pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contexts in which they are performed.
Yule (1996:3) stated that pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. Therefore, Pragmatic is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by
a speaker or a writer and interpreted by a listener or a reader. The communication clearly not only depends on recognizing the meaning of words in utterance, but also recognizing what speakers mean or the writers mean by their utterance. Yule
8
and interpreted by the listener or reader. The first definition said that pragmatics is
study how to analyze what people mean in that utterance and what the words or phrase in those utterance that is referred to speaker. Second, pragmatic is a study of contextual meaning. It means that pragmatics needed a consideration of how speaker organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking
to, where, when the utterance is uttered. Third, pragmatic is the study of how to get communication purpose that is said by the speaker. This definition explains
how listeners can make a conclusion about what is said in order to be successful of an interpretation. Fourth, pragmatic is the study of the expression of relative distance. It means how close the distance of the listener and the speakers
determined how much need to be said.
Based on the explanation above, the writer concludes that pragmatic is a general study of how the context influences the speaker in interpreting the
meaning of a sentence or study in the connection with situations of speech in system of communication.
2.1.2. Deixis
Deixis has wide definition. Each expert has different explanation about
deixis. Yule (1996:9) stated that deixis derived from the ancient Greek word that means, While, according to Levinson (1983:54), deixis comes from Greek word means The means of pointing
9
place pronounced that words. Yule (1996:9) distinguished deictic expression into
two parts, include proximal and distal terms. Proximal terms are known near from
are Whereas, distal term is known away from the speaker, it is include
Therefore, the deixis is the signifier in which it refers to a particular case whether object, place, or time. For example:
today I swear (Lyric of the Lazy Song)
The use of word refers to the person who uttering the sentence. The word is included time deixis but do not have clear referent and difficult to
understand because we do not know refers to what time the situation in the song happened.
Based on the definition above, the writer concludes that deixis is referring
expression in which the interpretation of utterance depends on the context of utterance. The function of deixis is to point or indicate something and by knowing deixis can help the reader to know who, where and when the utterance is uttered.
2.1.3. Types of Deixis
10
a. Personal Deixis
Personal deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the speech event, in which the utterance in the question delivered, Levinson, (1983:62). Personal deixis is related directly in the grammatical categories of person. In simple word, personal deixis has a function to indicate person.
Levinson (1983:69) said there are three categories of person deixis, such as first person, second person and third person. Category of first person is refers
to the speaker, second person is refer to addressee and third person is refer to other participant in the speech situation. It is same with Yule (1996: 9-10), described that person deixis involves the speaker and the addressee and
operates in a basic three part division, they are:
- First person (I). The first person deixis is a reference that refers to the speaker or both speaker and referent grouped with the speaker which is
expressed in singular pronouns, like (I, me, myself, mine) and plural pronouns (we, us, ourselves, our, ours).
Example:
I am eating fried rice in the dining room
The use of word is the first person and as a person who uttering the
sentence. It can be said that the word is to point the writer herself in the sentence.
11
yourselves, your, yours. In other word, second person deixis is a person
who takes direct contact with the first person and being a listener. Example:
You can come to my house on Sunday.
The use of word is the second person and person who take direct
contact with first person or someone who invited to talk with first person.
- Third person (He, She, It, They). Third person deixis is a deictic reference as the speaker or addressee and usually imply to the gender that the utterance refers to. It includes pronoun he, she, and they, him,
himself, her, herself, it, their. Third person deixis also can be said as a person who is being talked between first person and second person. Example:
He is handsome boy who ever I meet.
The use of word is the third person and as a person who being talked by first person and second person.
b. Spatial Deixis or Place Deixis
Spatial deixis or place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location relative to the location of participant in the speech event, Levinson (1985: 62). Furthermore, according to Yule (1996:12), spatial deixis is where the
12
the location that the speaker uttered is near from the speaker and and
that is indicates the location that away from the speaker when the speaker uttered. It is sometimes called as proximal (near to the speaker) and distal (far to the speaker).
According to Thomas (1995:9), place deixis such as here, there, this, that,
are only when you know where the speaker is standing or what the speaker is indicating that they become truly meaningful. The function of spatial deixis is
to indicate place. Example:
I know you someone out there (Lyric of Talking to the Moon)
The application of above is the location of person who is performing by you and do not have clear referent and difficult to understand because we do not know refers to where the location mean.
c. Temporal Deixis or Time Deixis
Temporal deixis or time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points
and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or written message inscribed), Levinson (1985:62). It means that time deixis is
references that used to state the time when the utterance is uttered. Furthermore, Thomas (1995:9) said that time deixis, such as yesterday, tomorrow, now, only become fully meaningful if you know when the words
13
- Last, next Monday, week, month, year - Now, then, ago, later, soon, before - Yesterday, today, tomorrow
Time deixis divided into some categories. According to Cruse (2006:179-180), there are three kinds of time deixis. First is before the moment of
utterance, second is at the time of utterance and the last is after the time of utterance. In English, these three kinds of time deixis called by tense, they are
present tense, past tense and future tense. Example:
I will meet you tomorrow.
The use of word is included time deixis but does not have clear referent and difficult to understand because we do not know
refers to when the time happen. It can be on Sunday, Monday etc because the
reference is not clear.
d. Discourse deixis
Discourse deixis also known as text deixis. Discourse deixis is an expression in which the reference is within in the discourse or text. Discourse
deixis also an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text, (Levinson, 1983:85). Discourse deixis is deictic reference to a portion of a discourse
above,
14
and this, that, there, next, last (usually used in utterances). The deictic word
used here are the demonstratives this and that. This can be used to refer to a portion of the discourse and that can be used to a previous portion.
Example:
I meet this girl the other day
The occurring of word here simply refer to girl or a certain young female who needs no further introduction.
e. Social deixis
Social deixis concerns with the aspects of sentences which are reflect, establish, or determined by certain realities of participants or the social situation in which the speech event occurs, (Levinson, 1983:89). While, Cruse (2006:166) stated that social deictic is an expression whose function is
to indicate the position of the referent on the scales of social status and intimacy relative to the speaker. Social deixis is connected with the social distinction with participant who has role. Social deixis is divided into two
basic kinds that are relational and absolute. The relational social deixis is manifested through this certain relationship, (Levinson, 1983: 90-91):
1. Speaker and referent (addressee honorifics by referring him)
2. Speaker and addressee (addressee honorifics without referring him) 3. Speaker and bystander (bystander or audience honorifics)
4. Speaker and setting (formality levels or social activity).
15
1. Authorized speaker (forms reserved for certain speaker)
2. Authorized hearer (restriction of most title, e.g. Your Honor). Example:
But sorry pops you just have to wait. (Lyric of the Lazy Song)
The use of word is including relational social deixis because it
indicates there is a relation between the writer and addressee. It refers to the
2.1.4. Definition of Reference
In discussing deixis, we assumed that the use of words to refer a people,
place and times was a simple matter. We have to define references as an act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a listener or reader to identify something, Yule (1985:115). Reference is thought as an act in which a speaker or
writer uses linguistic forms to enable a listener or reader to identify something. Strawson (in Brown and Yule, 1983:28) claimed that in discourse analysis, reference is treated as an action on the part of the speaker or writer. References
could be divided into two, namely Exophoric reference (situational reference) and Endophoric reference (textual reference). Exophoric reference is when the
reference points outwards from the text, linking the text to the environment (Halliday, 1976:33). One must look to the environment in which the text occurs to interpret the meaning of the reference. Examples of Exophoric can be seen in
16
Endophoric reference is when the reference points inwards to the text,
interpreting the meaning of a reference requires looking elsewhere within the text. Endophoric reference can either be anaphoric (the preceding text) and cataphoric (the following text). Anaphoric is pointing backwards to a referent that has already been introduced. Mey, (1993:58) stated that typical of anaphora references
are pronoun. For example, "the man was walking softly, he carried a big bag". The word "the man" as a known referent and the word refers to the
phrase "the man" which has been introduced before. Whereas the definition of Cataphoric is pointing forwards to a referent that has not to introduced yet. For example, "He was very cold. David needs a jacket and shawl". The identity of
the "he" is refers to David but the referent has not be introduced yet.
From explanation above, the writer concludes that reference is the central point of utterance or sentence. It has function to identifying someone or something
and helps the reader or listener to understand about what the speaker mean in utterance.
2.1.5. Contexts
Talking about pragmatic and deixis, it cannot be separated with context.
Context is the important aspect to complete the meaning of sentences. The importance of context in figuring out ambiguities in spoken or written language, context also considered as the situation in the conversation. Mey (1993:41) stated
17
place take place to create a referent or the speech event always refers to someone
or something.
The role of context is important in the study of pragmatics. There are two prima
Linguistic context is the discourse that precedes the phrase or sentence to be interpreted, whereas the situational context includes knowledge of world
including the speaker, the hearer, third parties and their beliefs. Situational context refers to every non linguistic factor that affects the meaning of a phrase. An example of situational context can be seen in this sentence,
This sentence can either be a simple statement of fact that the class is so hot or a request to turn on the fan. It depends on the intention and expectation from the speaker to the hearer.
Context is all about the whole situation that related with the utterance or sentence. From all explanation above, the writer concludes that context is any information that can be used to characterize the situation of an entity like person,
place, or object.
2.2. Related Studies
Some researchers have investigated about deixis. The previous study was done by:
18
In her research, she uses three kinds of poems from William Wordsworth
as research data to be analyzed. These poems are Three Years She Grew in Suin and Shower, Nutting and We are Seven. In her research, she uses the theory of Levinson and find seven kinds of deixis include person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, social deixis, discourse deixis, gestural deixis and symbolic deixis. In her
research, she finds fourteen kinds of pronoun as person deixis marker. They are I, me, my, my self, mine, she, her, you, your, we, they, their, them and he. For time
deixis, she finds two kind, then and now. Then, she finds three markers of place deixis, they are there, here and this. In social deixis there are seven kinds, consist of lady, girl, king, maiden, sir, and maid and God. For discourse deixis only two
kinds, they are that and this. Meanwhile for gestural deixis and symbolical deixis she cannot find in that poem.
In her research, she takes the object on poem and she uses seven types of
deixis include personal, spatial, temporal, discourse, social, gestural and symbolic deixis. While in this current research the writer takes the different object that is in song lyrics and analyzes five types of deixis without gestural and symbolic deixis
qualitative method same with this current research. In the result of previous
research can be seen that gestural and symbolical deixis did not show in those three poems. While, in this current research all the type of deixis showed in the object. This current research does not use gestural and symbolic deixis because
19
body movement.
2.2.2. Dwi Setyawati (2013) entitles The Analysis of Deixis of the Novel
Deixis in the novel are taken from conversations conducted by characters in the novel and analyze by using descriptive qualitative way. The result of her
research is there are four types of deixis found in the
Austen, such as 195 person deixis (63, 2%), 32 spatial person deixis (10, 4%), 42 temporal deixis (13, 6%), and 40 discourse deixis (12, 9%).
In her research, she takes the object on Novel using descriptive qualitative way and analyz
research, she only found four types of deixis and did not found social deixis in the
novel. While in this current research the writer takes different object in song lyrics. For the result, in previous research can be seen that all the five types of deixis were occurs. If in the previous research she counts the frequency of types of
deixis which is often occur, in this current research the writer does not count it because the writer has been uses the table and from the table can be seen which
one often occur.
2.2.3.
20
Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama in Chicago May 2nd,
This research uses two methods include qualitative and quantitative. The result of this study is she found personal deixis establishing anaphoric or cataphoric relations such as I, He, She, We, They, and You. For the time deixis, the
transcription used such as two and a half years ago, today and now. For the place deixis, the transcription mostly used locative adverbs of place such as here and
there. The transcription also has discourse deixis elements such as it, this/these, that/those. For the social deixis, this interview used some terms for encoding the social relationship status, such as: Mr. President and First Lady.
In this previous research the data are from interview between Oprah Winfrey, Barack Obama and Michele Obama. In her research she uses two methods include qualitative and quantitative because she counts the frequency of
the types often occur. For the result, in her research is complete and all the types are occur. While in this current research the writer takes the object not in interview but in song lyric. For the result it is same with previous research that all
the types of deixis are used in the object. In this current research, the writer also shows the different result which does not find in this previous research.
2.2.4. Yul A Person Deixis analysis of song Lyric in Album
This research is analyzes personal deixis in
21
The result of this research shows that there are three kinds of person deixis which
is used in Maher Zein Album namely, first personal deixis, second personal deixis and third personal deixis. The person deixis that most dominant used are first personal deixis I and We. Then second personal deixis is You while the third personal deixis are He and They.
In the previous research only focused on personal deixis in Maher Zein album. While in this current research focused on five types of deixis based on
current research are used descriptive qualitative method to conduct the research. For the result, in previous research all types of personal deixis are occurring
include first, second and third person deixis. Furthermore, in this current research all types of deixis also complete include personal, spatial, temporal, discourse and social deixis.
Although there are many researchers who have conducted the researches on the same field, yet they have different subjects and different or similar theories. Some of them conducted the research on novel, poem and transcript of
Interview. However, in this research the writer takes the different source. She
Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE STUDY
This chapter discussed about the method that the writer used in this research include research approach, research instruments, data and data source, technique
of data collection and technique of data analysis.
3.1. Research Design
In conducting this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method because the writer described the data and rich understanding about deixis in every
song lyrics. In this study, the writer collected, identified and analyzed the data through systematic steps using qualitative way. Qualitative research is where the data are collected in the form of word or picture rather than number. According to
Yin (2011:8), qualitative research was conducted by a desire to explain the events, through existing or emerging concepts. So, the writer regarded that descriptive method in this research because the writer attempted to describe, interpret and
classifying a problem or phenomenon about deixis found in the song lyrics of Bruno Mars Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album.
3.2. Data and Data Sources
23
Song, Talking to The Moon, Liquor Store Blues and Marry You. While the data of
this research was taken from words or lyrics which are the writer found in the
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album.
3.3. Research Instruments
In this research, the writer was the main instrument. In descriptive studies, the human investigator is the primary instrument for gathering and analyzing data.
The writer herself as the instrument because the writer herself who does the research such as identifying, classifying and analyzing the data. The writer
deixis, and then the writer started to analyze the data provided.
3.4. Technique of Data Collection
The data of this study were collected by doing the following steps:
1. Search
Doo Wops and
Hooligans 2010 album in the internet. The function is to make sure that the lyrics are correct.
2. Read
lyrics in Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album which is included seven
24
3. Coding
Coding here means the writer signed using underline in the words or lyrics that included personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social
Doo-Wops and Hooligans 2010 album. The function of this coding is
intended to make easy in classifying the data into the five types of deixis.
3.5. Technique of Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer does some steps to analyze the data. The analysis of data is the process of arrange the data, organizing the data into pattern,
category and a unit of basic analysis. The procedure of analyzing the data was divided through the following steps:
1. Identification
This part began identified the five types of deixis that occur in the Bruno
25
2. Classification
Classification means the writer classified which one of deixis is included in personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, social deixis and discourse
Doo Wops and
Hooligans 2010 album. In this classify, the writer used five tables based on
the five types of deixis to make the reader easy to understand. Table 3.1: Classifying of personal deixis
Table 3.2: Classifying of spatial deixis
No Song Spatial or Place Deixis
The last process of analyzing the data is conclusion. The writer concluded
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents research findi
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album. This album consists of seven songs, such
as Grenade, Count on Me, Just the Way you are, the Lazy Song, Talking to the Moon, Liquor Store Blues, Marry you and the discussion. The main purpose of this chapter is to answer the questions presented in Chapter I. The writer analyzes
the type of deixis using theory of Stephen Levinson which is consist of five types of deixis include personal deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. The writer uses the theory of Levinson which is said that deixis
is the single obvious way in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structure of languages themselves. Levinson stated that deixis
derived from the ancient Greek word that means, or
4.1. Doo Wops and Hooligan
2010 Album
In this part, the writer presents the analysis of every song lyric. In analyzing
27
4.1.1. Personal Deixis
Personal deixis is concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the
speech event in which the utterance in the question delivered, Levinson (1983:65).
Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album which is include seven
songs such as Grenade, Count on Me, Just the Way You Are, the Lazy Song, Talking to The Moon, Liquor Store Blues and Marry You, personal deixis is occur followed by the three types of personal deixis. It can be seen in this table:
Table 4.1: Personal deixis in seven songs
No Song Personal Deixis
From the table above, it can be seen that in seven songs from Doo Wops
and Hooligans 2010 album, personal deixis and the three types of personal deixis is occur. First song is In the song which is consisting of
six stanzas, the writer finds the use of personal deixis in every stanza. Personal deixis that occurs in this song are complete and followed by three types of personal deixis. The writer finds seven words that include personal deixis and
28
and two words as third person deixis. The use of first person deixis in this song
represented by use of word and Next the word indicates second person deixis shows by use of word and The last is third person deixis represented by use of word and
Second song is This song consists of four stanzas and in every stanza, personal deixis always occurs. Personal deixis that occurs in this song is complete and followed by the three types of personal deixis. The writer finds eight words that include personal deixis, five words as first person deixis,
two words as second person deixis and one word as third person deixis. First person deixis in this song shows by using word and Next are
words that indicate second person deixis shows by use of word and The last is third person deixis which is shows by use of word
Third song is This song consists of seven stanzas.
The use of personal deixis in this song is to indicate the use of personal pronoun in the song lyric. Personal deixis that occurs in this song is complete and followed by the three types of personal deixis. The writer finds eight words that include
personal deixis such as two words as first person deixis, one word as second person deixis and five words as third person deixis. First person deixis in this song
shows by use of word and Next are words that indicate second person deixis shows by use of word The last is third person deixis which is shows
29
Fourth song is This song consists of six stanzas and in
every stanza personal deixis and the three types are occurring. Personal deixis that occurs in this song is complete and followed by the three types of personal deixis. The writer finds seven words that include personal deixis which is include three words as first person deixis, one word as second person deixis and two words as
third person deixis. First person deixis in this song shows by use of word
and Next are words that indicate second person deixis shows by use of word
The last is third person deixis which is shows by use of word
Fifth song is This song consists of three stanzas.
This song uses personal deixis to indicate the use of personal pronoun. The writer finds five words that include personal deixis consist of three words as first person deixis, one word as second person deixis and one word as third person deixis.
First person deixis in this song shows by use of word and Next are words that indicate second person deixis shows by use of word The last is
third person deixis which is shows by use of word
Next song is This song consists of five stanzas and in every stanza, personal deixis always uses. The writer finds five words that
30
The last song is This song consists of six stanzas. The writer
finds the use of personal deixis in every stanza of this song includes first and second person deixis. The writer finds five words that include personal deixis such as two words as first person deixis, two words as second person deixis and one word as third person deixis. The use of first person deixis in this song
represented by use of word and Next the word indicates second person
deixis shows by use of word and
From all explanation above, the writer concludes that from seven songs in
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album, the use of personal deixis and followed by the three types of deixis are occur. The function of personal
deixis is to indicate the use of personal pronoun in the song lyrics.
4.1.2. Spatial Deixis or Place Deixis
Spatial deixis or place deixis concerns the encoding of spatial location
relative to the location of participant in the speech event, Levinson (1985: 62).
Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album, the writer finds and classifies the 7 data or 7 songs which are show the spatial or place
deixis.
Table 4.2: Spatial deixis in seven songs
No Song Spatial or Place Deixis
1 Grenade -
2 Count on Me -
3 Just the Way you are -
4 The Lazy Song Anywhere
31
6 Liquor Store Blues Here, nowhere, this
7 Marry you -
From the table above, it can be seen that from seven songs in Bruno
Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album, spatial or place deixis is used in
three song lyrics. Three of them are
The occurring of spatial deixis or place deixis in the
is represented by use of word While, in the
the writer finds two words that indicate spatial or place deixis, include the use of word and The last is in the
The writer finds two words as spatial deixis that is the use of word and
From explanation above, the writer can concludes that not all the song in
Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album uses spatial or place deixis in the song lyric. It means that the writer of the song does not mention the location of the event in the song lyric happen.
4.1.3. Temporal or Time Deixis
Temporal or time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal points and
spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or written message inscribed), Levinson (1985:62). It means that time deixis is references that it is used to state the time when the utterance is uttered. From seven songs in Bruno
32
data or 7 songs which are show temporal or time deixis. The writer uses the tables
to make it easier and clearer.
Table 4.3: Temporal deixis in seven songs
No Song Temporal or Time Deixis
6 Liquor Store Blues Today, tomorrow, tonight
7 Marry you Now
Next is song In this song the writer finds four temporal
deixis including word and The word
in this song occurs two times in the first and fifth stanza. Moreover, temporal deixis also occurs in the song In this song, the writer
finds two words that include temporal deixis, they are and
Next song which is use temporal deixis is In this song the
33
song the writer finds three words that include temporal deixis. Those words are
and The last is song which is use temporal deixis in the song lyric. In this song the writer finds only one word as temporal deixis that is word which can be seen in the eight stanzas.
From explanation above, the writer concludes that temporal or time deixis mostly use in the song of this album. The use of temporal deixis indicates the time when the event in the song happens.
4.1.4. Discourse Deixis
Discourse deixis also known as text deixis. Discourse deixis refers to the use of expression within some utterance to refer to some portion of the discourse
that contains the utterance, (Levinson, 1983:85). Discourse deixis also an expression used to refer to certain discourse that contain the utterance or as a signal and its relations to surrounding text. This table gives information about
seven songs which is use discourse deixis in the song lyric.
Table 4.4: Discourse deixis in seven songs
No Song Discourse Deixis
1 Grenade This, that
2 Count on Me That
3 Just the Way you are That
4 The Lazy Song This
5 Talking to the Moon - 6 Liquor Store Blues That
34
From the table above, it can be seen that from seven songs in Bruno
Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album, only which does not use discourse deixis in the song lyrics. The use of discourse deixis can be seen in the song In this song the writer finds two words that indicate discourse deixis. Those words are and Both of those words can be
seen in the fourth and fifth stanza in Grenade song. The other song which is use discourse deixis is In this song, discourse deixis occurs only in
one word that is word which can be found in the second stanza. Then in the song , the writer also finds one word indicate discourse deixis that is word Next discourse deixis occurs in the song
In this song discourse deixis shows by use of word in the fifth stanza. Moreover, discourse deixis also can find in the
Discourse deixis in this song represented by the use of one word Then the
last is discourse deixis in the song In this song the writer finds two words as discourse deixis, such as in the use of word and
From the explanation above, the writer concludes that discourse deixis in song lyric of Br Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album is mostly used. Discourse deixis in this song means that the word has relations to other text
before.
4.1.5. Social Deixis
Social deixis is connected with the social distinction with participant who
35
information that seems to be encoded in language around the world, include
relational social deixis and absolute social deixis. The writer uses table to gives information about seven songs which is use social deixis in the song lyric.
Table 4.5: Social deixis in seven songs
No Song Social Deixis
Relational Social Deixis Absolute Social Deixis
1 Grenade - Mad woman
2 Count on Me - -
3 Just the Way you are - Girl
4 The Lazy Song Pops Girl
5 Talking to the Moon - -
6 Liquor Store Blues - -
7 Marry you - Girl, baby
From the table above, it can be seen that from seven songs in Bruno
Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album, only four songs which use social
deixis in their song lyric is. There are two kinds of social deixis, include relational social deixis and absolute social deixis. Relational social deixis is deictic reference
to a social relationship between the speaker and addressee. While absolute social
deixis is a deictic reference usually express in certain forms of address.
First song is This song use one word as the social deixis which is represents by use of word in the fifth stanza. Then in song the writer finds also there is one word as the social deixis
36
The writer finds there are two words as the social deixis shows by
use of word and
4.2. Doo Wops and Hooligan 2010 album
In this part, the writer shows the reference meaning of every song which is
Doo Wops and Hooligans 2010 album. The main purpose of this part is to answer the second questions presented in Chapter I.
4.2.1. Reference Meaning o
The occurring of word in this song indicates first person deixis and
can be interpreted as a person who has role as the main subject of the song. The use of word refers to the writer his self because in this song tells about the
experience of the writer. The writer tells when he broken heart with his girlfriend,
Then for first person deixis can be categorized as the objective case for one
person, especially for the writer. The objective case is usually placed after verb or preposition. Next first person deixis occurs in this song is Using word
can be categorized as the possessive pronoun for singular or one person. The pronoun can be interpreted as belonging to me. In the third stanza, my the word refers to the possessive pronoun of me that is
stanza, my face then rip the brakes out my The using word in the first refers to the , and then in the second refers to the
37
Then for second person deixis in this song shows by use of word
This word can be interpreted as a replacement for someone who has a role as addressee or someone which has direct contact with the first person. In this song, the occurring word can be seen in every stanza. This word refers to
Oh, take, take, take it all but
you shows how disappointed the writer to the girl because the girl has taken and accepted all the writer gives but she does not give anything to him. The
respond appropriately that make a boy feel worse. While for second person deixis
can be classified as a possessive pronoun for the addressee. In the second
stanza, your the using word is
Next is third person deixis in this song which is represented by using of word The occurring of word in this song can be used for all other
inanimate object and for animal where the sex is unknown. In the second stanza,
ou tossed it the use of word refers to
sacrifice etc. The meaning of this line actually is a boy who feels disappointed
with a girl because a boy has given a girl many things but the girl ignore about that.
38
they the using word refers to
Had your eyes wide open
In this song, the writer does not find the using of temporal deixis and spatial deixis. Next is discourse deixis represented by use of the word and
The use of word
the girl does not reply his loves and his sacrifices. It shows in the fourth stanza
would go through all this From this line can be seen how the writer faces his problem and he wants to pass all his pain after he has heartbreak because of
the girl. Then for discourse deixis which are shows by use of word The use of word in the first line include discourse deixis which is refer to a
portion of the discourse in the word This sentence means that everything in this world can come and go unpredictable. It seems with the writer means in this song that a girl whom he loves come to take all the thing that
The last is social deixis in the song In this song the writer
finds one word indicate the use of social deixis that is word This word includes absolute social deixis because there is no social relationship between the writer (a boy) and addressee (a girl). This word occurs in the Mad woman, bad woman, that's just what you are, yeah The writer writes the word
indicate that a girl who firstly becomes someone special and he love, because of ignorance by the girl so the boy feel hate. also
39
is used to make the word more polite. In the first line of this stanza occur sentence that is the name of color which has sad symbol which has means the writer feels sad because his love is not
replayed.
4.2.2.
The occurring of word in this song indicates first person deixis and
can be interpreted as a person who has a role as the main subject of the song. Word refers to the writer his self because in this song tells about the experience of the writer. The writer explains about his friend, what must to do
when the friends in need and how to be the best friend. Then for first person deixis can be categorized as the objective case for one person, especially for the writer as the main subject in this song. Next first person deixis occurs in this song
is Using word can be categorized as the possessive pronoun for singular or one person. The pronoun can be interpreted as belonging to me.
In the fourth stanza, my the using
word refers to the possessive of writer that
sentence means we can help our friend when they needed such as give attention or
40
will not refuse their friendship and always together. Next first person deixis
indicate possessive pronoun of we based on the context.
The use of second person deixis in this song include word and The using word can be interpreted as a replacement for someone
who has a role as addressee or someone which has direct contact with the first person. The use of word in this song refers to the reader. The writer conveys the meaning of this song to the reader. The writer said and remembered the reader what must they do when their friend having trouble. While, for use of
word in this song has a function as reflective pronoun that refers to the subject you. Then for the third person deixis, the writer only uses one word that
indicates third person deixis that is use of word This word can be find in
second line it
always be there to support and help us to face the problems.
A next type of deixis which is use in this song is temporal deixis. The writer finds the use of temporal deixis in this song from the word
This word refers to the time that they spare together. They will be there for the other every day, it is proof in this line
really mean to me, everyday From this line we can know that
friend is really mean to other friend. And if one of them forgets, the other will remind because they believe that friends are like their family and be the part of
41
The last types of deixis occurs in this song is discourse deixis. In this song
the writer finds the use of word indicate discourse deixis is word This word can be seen in the second stanza ause that
The using word refers to the previous portion of discourse that is
can count on you like four, three, two, you'll be there. This line means that as a
true friend, we must close with our friend in happiness or sadness like the number four three two which is very near and nothing space.
4.2.3.
The use of word in this song indicate first person deixis and can be interpreted as a person who has a role as the main subject of the song. Word
refers to the writer his self. He tells about his experience in loving someone deeply and shows how he expresses his love to someone with beautiful words.
first person deixis can be seen in the first stanza, I tell
In that line can be seen that a girl is perfect girl who has beautiful physic and make the writer amazes with her. Next first person deixis is the use of
word This word can be categorized as the objective case for one person, especially for the writer as the main subject in this song.
Next type of personal deixis use in this song is second person deixis. In
this song the writer finds one word which is including second person deixis that is word This word always occurs in every stanza of this song. Word
42
someone which has direct contact with the first person. It refers to the girl as the
addressee by the writer. The writer imagines that the girl is in front of him and talks to him. So, he uses word you to indicate the near place between he and the girl.
The last type of personal deixis is third person deixis. The writer uses five words indicate third person deixis, include the use of word and
First is using word can be categorized as singular third person deixis and can be interpreted as the gender of addressee especially for female. The
using word occurs in the first and fifth stanza can be seen in the first stanza,
she Using word here refers to the
girl as the addressee in this song. The writer described that the girl is beautiful, and then he uses a nice choosing word in a song and using parable to describe how beautiful she is. Next second person deixis is word This word include
possessive pronoun of she based on the context. In first line of first stanza, Her
hair, her hair falls perfectly without her the using word refers to
hair and eyes of the girl which is mentioned before. This line showed how special
Then the use of words can be used for all other inanimate object and
for animal where the sex is unknown. In the second stanza, Yeah, I know, I know when I compliment her, she won't believe me, and it it
43
real. Next third person deixis is word The word can be interpreted as plural third person or as a group of people who are being addressed. The using word showed in first line Oh, her eyes, her eyes make the stars look like
Word here refers to the stars. The writer imagines
than the star. The last third person deixis is words This word can be categorized as the objective case or objective personal pronoun of they. In fifth stanza, Her lips, her lips, I could kiss them the using
word
Next is temporal deixis. This song uses four words indicate temporal
deixis, such as and First is use of word
The use of word refers to the day when the first time the writer falls in love with a girl and how the writer amazed with a girl in everyday of his life. So, from the word occurs in that line we can know that the
writer very deep in love with the girl from now, tomorrow and future of his life. Next temporal deixis is This word occurs in the second stanza,
every time Word in this song refers to
the time that he passes to love the girl, include when he sad, happy, and disappointed, etc he will look okay in front of her. Next is use of word
44
sixth stanza, If perfect's what you're searching for, then just stay ,
refers to the time when the writer said to the girl or someone he loves that he will stay with her and do not search the other perfect girl. The last temporal deixis occurs in this song is This word same as the use of word
which is refers to the time that he passes to love the girl.
Then the use of discourse deixis in this song which is represented by use of word in the second and third stanza of this song. here refers to
the previous portion of discourse in the lyric
The last type of deixis in this song is social deixis. The social deixis in this song represents by use of word The word indicates the social status
of someone which has closed relationship and this word include absolute social deixis. This word occurs in the fourth stanza, Cause girl, you're amazing,
The writer has reason why take the word to describe someone whom he loves because that word indicates intimate between both of the writers and the girl.
4.2.4.
45
me and In the first stanza, the use of word refers to the writer his self. He
feels lazy to do anything in that day. The writer as the main subject in this song because the lyric of this song is his experience when he has nothing to do and want to stay at home. Then for using word in this song can be categorized as the objective case for one person, especially for the writer as the main subject
in this song. While the using word is include possessive pronoun of me and indicate that it is his bed. It proves in the second line my
means that the writer is lazy and uninterested to do anything and he just want to
has different referent based on the context. In the second stanza, the word
ts, hands and snuggie.
Next is second person deixis which is shows by use of word The using word can be interpreted as a replacement for someone who has a role
as addressee or someone which has direct contact with the first person. The occurring can be seen in the sixth stanza, But sorry pops, you'll just have
to wait. From that line, word
writer says that he lazy to go to college and he promise he will make his father proud of him but he asks his father to wait.
46
girl enjoy their sex and make the girl scream out because of their sex. The use of
can be used for all other inanimate object and for animal where the sex is unknown. The word occurs in the fifth stanza and refers to the word in the fourth stanza. It proves in this line, Cause in my castle I'm the freaking man, Oh yes, I said it I said it Next is using of word which
can be interpreted as plural third person or as a group of people who are being addressed. This word refers to the couch in the third stanza. It proves in this line,
I'll be lounging on the couch just chilling in my snuggie, Click to MTV so they
Next types of deixis in this song are spatial deixis which is shows by use
of word This word indicates spatial deixis or place deixis which is
just stay at home to make his body relax.
Next is temporal deixis or time deixis which is represented by use of word and Both of these words explain the time of event in the song
happens. The occurring of word in the first stanza refers to the time when the writer begins to feels lazy and this time is not specific because did not mention
in the song. The using word as the beginning of the song to shows that start from today, the writer just want to stay at home. While for word
