Lampiran – A: Gambar Bagian- bagian dari Alat Penukar Kalor Berdasarkan Standar TEMA
(Sumber: Lit. 1 hal. 2)
Lampiran – B: Tabel Tebal Shell Minimum
(Sumber: Lit. 1 hal. 30)
Lampiran – C: Tabel Diameter Ruang Bebas untuk Selongsong
(Sumber: Lit. 1 hal. 30)
Lampiran – D: Tabel Standar Batang Pengikat
(Sumber: Lit. 1 hal. 36)
Lampiran – E: Tabel Pipa
(Sumber: Lit. 31)
Lampiran - F: Tabel Flens
(Sumber: Lit. 32)
Lampiran – G: Tabel Laju Pengotoran untuk Fluida
(Sumber: Lit. 2)
Lampiran –H: Konduktivitas Termal Untuk Benda Padat
(Sumber: Lit. 4)
Lampiran – I: Parameter untuk Sifat Gas Buang SolidWorks Flow Simulation
Dynamic Viscosity
85 K -188.15 oC 0.000005741 Pa.s 100 K -173.15 oC 0.000006615 Pa.s 200 K -73.15 oC 0.00001203 Pa.s 300 K 26.85 oC 0,00001683 Pa.s 400 K 126.85 oC 0.00002113 Pa.s 500 K 226.85 oC 0.00002501 Pa.s 800 K 526.85 oC 0.00003492 Pa.s 1000 K 726.85 oC 0.00004060 Pa.s 1500 K 1226.85 oC 0.00005298 Pa.s 2000 K 1726.85 oC 0.00006301 Pa.s 2300 K 2026.85 oC 0.00006773 Pa.s 2500 K 2226.85 oC 0.00007046 Pa.s 3000 K 2726.85 oC 0.00007791 Pa.s
Spesific Heat
100 K -173.15 oC 1031 J/Kg.K 110 K -163.15 oC 1030 J/Kg.K 120 K -153.15 oC 1030 J/Kg.K 130 K -143.15 oC 1030 J/Kg.K 140 K -133.15 oC 1031 J/Kg.K 150 K -123.15 oC 1031 J/Kg.K 160 K -113.15 oC 1032 J/Kg.K 170 K -103.15 oC 1032 J/Kg.K 180 K -93.15 oC 1033 J/Kg.K 190 K -83.15 oC 1034 J/Kg.K 200 K -73.15 oC 1035 J/Kg.K 210 K -63.15 oC 1036 J/Kg.K 220 K -53.15 oC 1037 J/Kg.K 230 K -43.15 oC 1039 J/Kg.K 240 K -33.15 oC 1040 J/Kg.K 250 K -23.15 oC 1042 J/Kg.K 260 K -13.15 oC 1043 J/Kg.K 270 K -3.15 oC 1045 J/Kg.K 280 K 6.85 oC 1047 J/Kg.K 290 K 16.85 oC 1049 J/Kg.K 300 K 26.85 oC 1051 J/Kg.K 350 K 76.85 oC 1062 J/Kg.K 400 K 126.85 oC 1075 J/Kg.K 450 K 176.85 oC 1089 J/Kg.K 500 K 226.85 C 1103 J/Kg.K
Thermal Conductivity
83.15 K -190 oC 0.008903 W/m.K 93.15 K -180 oC 0.009626 W/m.K 103.15 K -170 oC 0.01035 W/m.K 113.15 K -160 oC 0.01107 W/m.K 123.15 K -150 oC 0.01179 W/m.K 173.15 K -100 oC 0.01540 W/m.K 223.15 K -50 oC 0.02256 W/m.K 273.15 K 0 oC 0.02256 W/m.K 373.15 K 100 oC 0.02965 W/m.K 473.15 K 200 oC 0.03664 W/m.K 573.15 K 300 oC 0.04352 W/m.K 673.15 K 400 oC 0.05026 W/m.K 773.15 K 500 oC 0.05687 W/m.K 873.15 K 600 oC 0.06332 W/m.K 973.15 K 700 oC 0.06963 W/m.K 1073.15 K 800 oC 0.07578 W/m.K 1500 K 1226.85 oC 0.1003 W/m.K 2000 K 1726.85 oC 0.1261 W/m.K 2500 K 2226.85 oC 0.1492 W/m.K 3000 K 2726.85 oC 0.1695 W/m.K
Lampiran J: Report untuk Alat Penukar Kalor 1 – 1 Lintasan
INPUT DATA Initial Mesh Settings
Automatic initial mesh: On Result resolution level: 5
Advanced narrow channel refinement: Off Refinement in solid region: Off
Geometry Resolution
Evaluation of minimum gap size: Automatic Evaluation of minimum wall thickness: Automatic Computational Domain
Size
X min -1.454 m
X max 0.194 m
Y min -0.251 m
Y max 0.251 m
Z min -0.140 m
Z max 0.140 m
Boundary Conditions
2D plane flow None
At X min Default
At X max Default
At Y min Default
At Y max Default
At Z min Default
At Z max Default
Physical Features
Heat conduction in solids: On Heat conduction in solids only: Off Radiation: Off
Time dependent: Off Gravitational effects: Off
Flow type: Laminar and turbulent High Mach number flow: Off Humidity: Off
Default roughness: 0 micrometer
Default outer wall condition: Adiabatic wall Initial Conditions
Thermodynamic parameters Static Pressure: 101325.00 Pa Temperature: 20.05 °C
Velocity parameters Velocity vector
Velocity in X direction: 0 m/s Velocity in Y direction: 0 m/s Velocity in Z direction: 0 m/s Solid parameters Default material: Steel Stainless 321
Initial solid temperature: 20.05 °C Radiation Transparency: Opaque Turbulence parameters Turbulence intensity and length
Intensity: 2.00 % Length: 0.003 m
Material Settings
Fluids Flue Gas Water Solids
Steel Stainless 321 Copper
Insulator
Fluid Subdomains Fluid Subdomain 1
Thermodynamic Parameters Static Pressure: 101325.00 Pa Temperature: 20.05 °C Velocity Parameters Velocity in X direction: 0 m/s
Velocity in Y direction: 0 m/s Velocity in Z direction: 0 m/s Turbulence parameters type: Turbulence intensity and length
Intensity 2.00 %
Length 0.003 m
Flow type Laminar and Turbulent
Humidity Off
Default fluid type Gas
Fluids Flue Gas
Faces Face<1>@LID1-1
Thermodynamic Parameters Static Pressure: 101325.00 Pa Temperature: 20.05 °C Velocity Parameters Velocity in X direction: 0 m/s
Velocity in Y direction: 0 m/s Velocity in Z direction: 0 m/s Turbulence parameters type: Turbulence intensity and length
Intensity 2.00 %
Length 0.003 m
Flow type Laminar and Turbulent
Cavitation Off
Default fluid type Liquid
Fluids Water
Faces Face<1>@LID4-1
Coordinate system Face Coordinate System
Reference axis X
Solid Materials Copper Solid Material 1
Components TUBE-1@APK 1-1 PASS
Solid substance Copper
Radiation Transparency Opaque
Steel Stainless 321 Solid Material 1
Components cover-1@APK 1-1 PASS
SHELL-1@APK 1-1 PASS BAFFLE-1@APK 1-1 PASS TUBESHEET-2@APK 1-1 PASS cover-2@APK 1-1 PASS
TUBESHEET-1@APK 1-1 PASS
Solid substance Steel Stainless 321
Radiation Transparency Opaque
Insulator Solid Material 1
Components PACKING-2@APK 1-1 PASS
PACKING-3@APK 1-1 PASS PACKING-4@APK 1-1 PASS PACKING-1@APK 1-1 PASS
Solid substance Insulator
Radiation Transparency Opaque
Boundary Conditions Inlet Mass Flow Gas Buang
Type Inlet Mass Flow
Faces Face <1>
Coordinate system Face Coordinate System
Reference axis X
Flow parameters Flow vectors direction: Normal to face Mass flow rate normal to face: 0.0440 kg/s Fully developed flow: Yes
Thermodynamic parameters Approximate pressure: 101325.00 Pa Temperature: 159.68 °C
Static Pressure Gas Buang
Type Static Pressure
Faces Face <1>
Coordinate system Face Coordinate System
Reference axis X
Thermodynamic parameters Static pressure: 101325.00 Pa Temperature: 80.19 °C
Turbulence parameters Turbulence intensity and length Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.003 m
Boundary layer parameters Boundary layer type: Turbulent Inlet Mass Flow Air
Type Inlet Mass Flow
Faces Face <1>
Coordinate system Face Coordinate System
Reference axis X
Flow parameters Flow vectors direction: Normal to face Mass flow rate normal to face: 0.0830 kg/s Fully developed flow: Yes
Thermodynamic parameters Temperature: 28.00 °C Static Pressure Air
Type Static Pressure
Faces Face <1>
Coordinate system Face Coordinate System
Reference axis X
Thermodynamic parameters Static pressure: 101325.00 Pa Temperature: 38.82 °C
Turbulence parameters Turbulence intensity and length Intensity: 2.00 %
Length: 0.003 m
Boundary layer parameters Boundary layer type: Turbulent
Goals
Goal type Temperature of Fluid
Calculate Maximum value
Coordinate system Global coordinate system
Use in convergence On
Calculation Control Options
Finish Conditions
Finish conditions If one is satisfied
Maximum travels 4.000
Goals convergence Analysis interval: 0.500
Solver Refinement Refinement: Disabled Results Saving
Save before refinement On
Advanced Control Options Flow Freezing
Flow freezing strategy Disabled
Lampiran J: Gambar Desain Alat Penukar Kalor 1. Penutup
Penutup Depan APK 1-1 Pass Penutup Belakang APK 1-1 Pass
Penutup Depan APK 1- 2 Pass Penutup Belakang APK 1- 2 Pass
Penutup Depan APK 1 - 4 Pass Penutup Belakang APK 1 - 4 Pass 2. Sekat
(a) (b) (c)
Gambar: Penutup Pelat, (a) 1 - 1 APK Pass, (b) 1 – 2 Pass, (c) 1 – 4 Pass
3. Penutup pelat
Penutup pelat dan paking memiliki bentuk geometri yang sama hanya berbeda ketetebalan dan jenis materialnya.
(a) (b) (c)
Gambar: Penutup Pelat, (a) 1 - 1 APK Pass, (b) 1 – 2 Pass, (c) 1 – 4 Pass
Lampiran H: Grafik Hubungan Hasil Perhitungan dan Simulasi CFD
Gambar: Hubungan penurunan tekanan pada sisi tabung terhadap jumlah pass
Gambar: Hubungan penurunan tekanan pada sisi selongsong (Metode Kern) terhadap jumlah pass
Gambar: Hubungan penurunan tekanan pada sisi selongsong (Metode Bell – Dellaware) terhadap jumlah pass
Gambar: Hubungan suhu keluar pada sisi tabung terhadap jumlah pass
Gambar: Hubungan suhu keluar pada sisi selongsong terhadap jumlah pass
Gambar: Hubungan efektivitas alat penukar kalor (Metode Kern) terhadap Pjumlah pass
Gambar: Hubungan efektivitas alat penukar kalor (Metode Bell – Dellaware) terhadap jumlah pass
