PERAN PENGELOLAAN TANAH DALAM
1. Conclusion
a. The biggest total number of the families was found in the 7 years-old Sengon agroforestry location, which is 23 families and the smallest one is found in the 12 years-old Sonokeling agroforestry location, which is 9 families. The dominant species in each of the location come from the families Formicidae (ants), Blattidae (cockroach) and Isotomidae (Colembola).
b. The abundance of the macroarthropods in the 8 years-old Sengon agroforestry location was significantly correlated to the polyphenol content of the litter fall and the abundance of the macroarthropods in the 12 years-old Sonokeling agroforestry location is determined by the input of the organic materials of the standing litter. Meanwhile, the 8 years-old Nimba agroforestry location and the combined 10 years-old Sengon and Nimba agroforestry location do not indicate any specific correlation.
c. There was the domination by certain family of the macroarthropoda in the habitat of the 8 years-old Nimba agroforestry as indicated by the low Shannon- Wienner Diversity Index value (H’), which is 0.14. In other words, the better diversities of the macroarthropod are found respectively in the 12 years-old Sonokeling agroforestry (H’ = 0.34), in the combined 10 years-old Sengon and Nimba agroforestry (H’ = 0.30) and in the 7 years-old Sengon agroforestry location (H’ = 0.29).
88 2. Recommendation
a. It is recommended to narrow the scale of the study from the land system scale to any land use of dry land.
b. It is recommended to divide the time of the study into wet season and dry season.
c. It is also recommended to determine the diversity of below ground macroarthropods.
d. It is recommended to measure the percentage of the canopy coverage by the stands and the thickness of the ground surface litter.
e. The study has not found out the role played by the soil macroarthropods yet in the decomposing process of the litter and the nutrient cycle in dry land area.
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90 BIODIVERSITY OF SOIL FAUNA AT NATURAL PRESERVE AREA OF
TELAGA WARNA, PUNCAK, BOGOR
Rahayu Widyastuti, Dyah Tjahyandari Suryaningtyas and Megawati Departement of Soil Science and Land Resources, Faculty of Agriculture
Bogor Agricultural University ABSTRACT
Soil biodiversity needs to be maintained and conserved as they provide essential ecological services toward the sustainable functioning of all ecosystems.
Decline of soil organism diversity may decrease ecosystem processes. Telaga Warna as a tourism and wildlife preserve area contains a wide variety of flora and fauna. It is very important to maintain and sustain the variety of flora and fauna in Telaga Warna in order to conserve its belowground biodiversity. This study was conducted to study the abundance and diversity of soil fauna, including arthropods (insect, arachnids and spiders) and earthworms as respond to the ecosystem change from preserve to tourism area in Telaga Warna. As comparison, soil fauna were also taken from different location in Bogor, namely Situgede, Darmaga. The soil samples were taken from five randomized points of each location above, i.e.
two different ecosystems in Telaga Warna (wildlife-preserve and natural-tourism area) and two ecosystems in Situgede (forest and home garden). Soil fauna were extracted using Berlese-funnel extractor, meanwhile the larger fauna were collected using hand sorting method. The ecosystem changes from wildlife preserve to tourism area have impacted to the decline of soil fauna population, although the diversity of soil fauna was slightly higher in tourisms area than in wildlife-preserve area. In Situgede, the diversity of soil fauna was reduced in the home garden, as compared to the forest, although their abundance was higher in home garden. The results indicated that the land use change in Telaga Warna and Situgede had to be properly managed, because it caused the decline in soil fauna population in Telaga Warna and in soil fauna diversity in Situgede, Darmaga.
Keywords: preserve area, tourism area, soil fauna, abundance, diversity
91 INTRODUCTION
Background
Biodiversity is variation among organisms present in different ecosystems, includes diversity within a species and among species, and comparative diversity among ecosystem. Distribution of biodiversity is not evenly on earth. It is consistently richer in the tropics. As one approaches polar region one finds fewer species.
Soil biodiversity reflects the variability among living organisms in the soil.
These organisms interact with one another and with plants and small animal forming a web of biological activity. They include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, insect, worms, and other invertebrates. Their number, types, and population number are very abundant. For example, a few grams of soil under temperate grassland contain billions of bacteria, fungi, arachnids, and worms, and hundred of meters of plant roots (Ritz et al., 2003).
We need to conserve and manage soil biodiversity because soil organisms provide essential ecological services toward the sustainable functioning of all ecosystems. These organisms play a very important role in organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, nutrient availability and uptake, soil physical properties, prevention of nutrient leaching, and maintain plant health through natural predation and parasitism of plant pathogens and pest. Besides their role in ecosystem function, soil organisms, especially fungi and microbes, are also potentially significant sources of pharmaceuticals and industrial chemicals. For example, a micro fungus (Tolypocladium inflatum) was able to produce the immuno-suppressant drug, cyclosporine (Okoth, 2006).
Soil biodiversity is dramatically reduced when forests are converted to agricultural land, and when agricultural land use is intensified. Decline of soil organisms diversity may decreased ecosystem processes like community respiration, productivity, decomposition (Naeem et al., 1995) and reduce the
“resilience” of the ecosystems, which then become more vulnerable to adverse climatic events, erosion, pests, diseases, and other threats (Okoth, 2006).
Telaga Warna as a tourism and wildlife preserve area contains a wide variety of flora and fauna. Some important vegetation are found in this area, such
92 as Altingia excelsa, Schima walichii, Macaranga rhizoides and Caliandra sp., meanwhile among other animals found in this area are Sus scrofa (forest pig), Paradoxurus hermaproditus (fox), Presbytis cristata, Hylobates moloch, Felis bengalensis (forest cat) and Macaca fascicularis (long tail monkey). It is very important to maintain and sustain the variety of flora and fauna in Telaga Warna in order to conserve its belowground biodiversity. Sustainable management of belowground biodiversity will enhance the resilience and sustainability of ecosystems and help conserve soil genetic resources.
Objective and the Importance of the Research
This study was aimed to study the abundance and diversity of soil fauna including arthropods (insects, arachnids and spiders) and earthworms as respond to the ecosystem change from wildlife-preserve to tourism area in Telaga Warna, Bogor. As comparison, this study also assessed the abundance and diversity of soil fauna in the different location, namely forest and home garden ecosystems in Situgede, Darmaga.
Up to now, little work has been done on soil fauna population and diversity in natural preserve area of Telaga Warna. Therefore, the data obtained from this study were expected to give a general overview about the potency of soil fauna diversity and their abundance in natural preserve area of Telaga Warna, which is up to now, such data are still not available. The information of soil fauna inventory is also expected to use as a consideration in managing and conserving the environment, improving ecosystem health and enhancing ecosystem
METHODOLOGY Study of Soil Fauna in Telaga Warna