5.4 SOCIAL BASELINE
5.4.1 Demographics, Livelihood and Socio-cultural Diversity
Tanjung Jabung Barat 216 104 495 58 110 124 1,107
Tanjung Jabung Timur 121 257 1,397 62 68 53 1,958
Tebo 832 251 1,353 79 124 76 2,715
Jambi City 2 1 4 3 1 11
Sungai Penuh City 5 10 46 8 3 22 94
Grand Total 2,102 1,226 8,737 497 544 614 13,720
Based on the above table, we can see an increase in the number of hotspots in 2015 (8,737 hotspots). This is due to the phenomenon of ENSO which prolongs the dry season and reduces rainfall. The number of hotspots will be in line with the increase in the number of land fires.
Based on the years for which land cover data is available, the average annual forest area burned was 2,286.67 ha, with substantial variation between years. Thus in 2013, 2014, and 2015 the forest area burned was greater than 4,000 ha, while in 2016, 2017, and 2018 the area was less than 1,000 ha.
Muaro Jambi District experiences most hotspots in Jambi Province.
Banjarese 3.3%
Buginese 3.1%
Sunda 2.56%
Chinese 1.2%
Others 4.41%
Total 100.00
Source: census by Bureau of Statistics.
Dominant ethnic migrants in Jambi Province are Javanese who were brought in for tea plantation between 1925 and 194065. Some Javanese migrants were participants of trans-migration program started in 1970s in areas such as Rimbo Bujang (Bungo District) and Pemenang (Merangin District).
Ethnic communities (customary groups) include Kerinci that consists of sub-groups such as Lekuk 50 Tumbi Lempur in Gunung Raya Sub-district and Tamiai in Batang Merangin Sub-district. These are agricultural communities with commodities mainly consisting of coffee and cinnamon. Other ethnic groups are Marga Serampas that also practices agriculture, and Orang Rimba66 and Talang Mamak who practice hunting and gathering for livelihood.
Data from the Bureau of Statistics indicate that the population of Jambi Province grew from 3,107,610 people in 2010 to 3,515,017 in 2017, or by 2.18% per year. Statistics also shows that the numbers of poor people decreased from 281,570 people in 2013 to 278,170 people in 2017. Compared to the total population of Jambi Province, the percentage of poor people decreased fro 9.1% in 2013 to 7.9%
in 2017.
5.4.1.2 Livelihoods
Based on the contribution of economic sectors to gross domestic product (macro-economy), the economic structure of Jambi Province 2017 consists of: 67
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries (29.41%);
Mining and Quarrying (17.66%);
Wholesale and retail trade, repair of automobiles and motorcycles (12.12%);
Manufacturing (10.28%);
Construction (6.96%);
Public administration and social security (4.48%);
Informationa and communication (3.87%);
Education (3.3%);
Transportation and Storage (3.26%);
65 Sihotang, EBS,. 2018. Perkebunan Teh Kayu Aro di Kerinci 1925 – 1940. Jurnal Prodi Sejarah 3(5)
66 Some members of Orang Rimba or Suku Anak Dalam have embraced modern lifestyle and live in urban areas.
67 Based on statistics of Jambi Province 2018.
Financial Services (2.45%);
Accommodation and food services (1.2%); and
Other sectors (6.01%).
This structure suggests that the Agriculture, forestry and fisheries sector is a dominant contribution to the economy of Jambi Province (29.41%), followed by mining and quarrying (17.66%) and wholsesale (12.12%). This corresponds with the numbers of people working in this sector where 805,086 people (48.56% of the workforce) are involved with agricutlure, forestry and fishery sector.
Agriculture and mining sectors have been associated with drivers of deforestation in Jambi, yet it is a significant economic sector for the provincial economy. Therefore, the context of these sectors as a driver of deforestation needs to be explored for further intervention in the ERP, as well as its impacts on the PDRB and livelihood of almost half of the workforce in Jambi Province.
At a micro-economic level, it is assumed that most of villagers are engaged with the agriculture sector (as shown in high percentage of workforce involved in this sector). Except for subsistence farming, agriculture is often coupled with the need for expansion. Therefore agriculture (including plantation commodities) is seen as one of the drivers of deforestation in the ERP. The economic significance of agriculture is indicated by the Terms of Trade (Nilai Tukar Petani)68 that reflect the economic strength of the villagers (i.e., farmers). The Terms of Trade are compiled in Table .
Table 76 Terms of Trade (Nilai Tukar Petani) within agriculture sub-sector69.
Commodities
Terms of Trade
Changes
2014 2015 2016
Food crops 96.15 97.93 100.41 4.26
Horticulture 96.02 93.21 95.13 (0.89)
Community estate plantation 99.49 94.15 93.59 (5.9)
Livestock 96.88 99.47 99.93 3.05
Fisheries 99.05 100.01 100.73 1.68
Catch Fisheries 99.10 102.51 105.71 6.61
Aquaculture 99.01 102.51 95.3 (3.71)
Cumulative Terms of Trade 97.96 95.65 96.21 (1.75)
68 For Terms of Trade, 100 is considered a break event point. Values below 100 indicate deficits in farmers‘ economic capacity.
69 Based on data from Bureau of Statistics (Biro Pusat Statistik – BPS) Jambi Province website.
This table shows a trend of overall decrease in farmers‘ Terms of Trade from 2014 to 2016. While food crops, livestock, fisheries, and catch fisheries show an increase within this period, horticulture, community estate plantations, livestock, and aquaculture show values less than 100 in 2016, which suggest deficits in farmers‘ income in relevance with these commodities. Offsetting the deficit may include changes from horticulture, community estate plantations, livestock, and aquaculture to food crops, fisheries, and aquaculture. Although there is no guarantee that further agricultural and fisheries exploitation can overcome this deficit, there is a risk of expansion of agriculture land that may be conducted by these farmers, especially to expand on the community estate plantation. Alternatively, farmers may need optimise income through agricultural intensification strategy, or from optimising the forestry sub-sector. Therefore, an increase in dependency on the plantation commodities such as coffee, rubber, palm oil and cinnamon needs to be anticipated.
Food security is one of the targets of the Jambi Province Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD) 2016–2021. Achievements on food security based on parameters in Jambi are presented in Table . Table 87 Targets and achievements for food security in Jambi Province.
Target Annual Target Achievement
(as of 2015)
% of Target Achieved Numbers of Food-independent
villages (cumulative)
202 97 48%
Expected Food Pattern70 Score 93.2 83.4 89.5%
Calorie availability (kkal/capita/day)
2,200 3,146 143%
Food security in all villages 1,372 840 61.22%
Protein availability (gr/capita/day) 57 76.43 134%
Terms of Trade 104 95.65 92%
Overall Achievements 95%
This table shows the overall achievement is slightly below 100% on provincial development targets relevant to food security. This suggests that, consistent with the low terms of trade in several agriculture commodities, Jambi Province has yet to improve its food security. Calorie and protein availability are exceeding the targets, but the data suggest that approximately 30% of the villages in Jambi are still below sustenance level. This may suggest uneven distribution of food across areas in Jambi Province.
Productivity of prime agricultural commodities suggests that the strength of food security rely on this agricultural aspect. However, the food available in Jambi are dominated by carbohydrate (rice), oils/fat, oily seeds and sugars. Animal protein, vegetables and fruits are scarce71. Some of the members of Orang Rimba and Talang Mamak customary people still rely on traditional ways of hunting and fishing. Therefore, ERP should incorporate traditional livelihood practices (such as hunting, fishing, NTFP collection, etc.) in an overall development strategy to ensure subsistence
70 Food pattern based on composition, nutritional values, taste, and digestibility. The score is determined by national survey on socio-economic. National target for the score is 93.2
71 Performance report of Jambi Province, 2015.
income from various sources, as well as food security for the long term72. REDD+ may offer new agricultural land as part of the co-benefit mechanism, but these customary communities and poor households may not have enough capital to participate, and will still be forced to collect forest products for subsistence purposes73.
Other aspects relevant to livelihood are access to markets and access to financial assistance or banking. Access to markets relies on the transportation sector to ensure that products can be delivered in a cost-efficient manner, and the value in the market chain is proportionally distributed.
The main economic links consist of Jambi-Palembang and Jambi-Padang, as these hubs allow transportation of goods into and from Jambi. In 2017 the total road length is 2,447.83 km or 48.96 km of road / 1,000 km2 area. This is below the national standard of 115 km road/1000 km2 area. This condition is shown by the fact that good road infrastructure is only 56.573% of the total length of the road. The implication of this is the high logistics cost for transporting goods to and from some areas of the province, which is the condition that causes the price of goods from these sub-districts to be relatively more expensive compared to other areas. Therefore, there is a risk of decreasing Terms of Trade in these areas. In some cases (e.g., national parks and protected forest areas) access restrictions may be linked with forest conservation /protection.
In 2017, the numbers of financial institutions (banks) consists of 62 branches, and 455 sub-branches and cash offices. The composition of financial institutions in Jambi consists mainly of government banks (287), followed by private banks (219) and provincial banks (51). Relevant issues to the ERP may include the lack of credibility and/or collateral of villagers/indigenous people to apply for financial assistance, and the lack of bank representatives in remote areas. Issues relevant to livelihoods and the ERP are summarised in Table .
Table 98 Summary of livelihood issues relevant to the J-SLMP and ERP.
Livelihood Source Summary of Issue Relevance to ERP Potential Risk Income from timber
harvesting
Timber harvesting (illegal harvesting) is associated with a company hiring local people to harvest the timber (e.g., four cases of illegal logging in Tebo District – PT Alam Bukit Tigapuluh and Bukit 30 NP)74; Commodities such as cinnamon (Casiavera sp) need to be cut for harvesting, and the timber is used for other purposes
The need to increase community involvement in managing forest areas (e.g., social forestry);
The need for harvesting technology that does not require cutting (e.g., harvesting the bark) to halt deforestation
Lack of capacity for best management practices (e.g., HCV, PHPL) among local communities and license holder;
Lack of access to technology;
NTFPs Not yet optimised as an
income generating
Potential source of alternative livelihood
Cost for production and transport may be higher in
72 Loaiza, T.; Nehren, U.; Gerold, G. 2015. REDD+ and incentives: An analysis of income generation in forest-dependent communities of the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador. Appl. Geogr. 62, 225–236
73 Bayrak & Marafa (2016). Ten Years of REDD+: A Critical Review of the Impact of REDD+ on Forest-Dependent Communities. Sustainability, 8, 620.
74 Antara News,8 January 2019
Livelihood Source Summary of Issue Relevance to ERP Potential Risk
mechanism (Avocado, Macademia,
honey, Pangium edule, Dyera sp)
remote areas. This would create a competitive disadvantages in the market Agriculture Decreased economic
capacities among farmers (low terms of trade / Nilai Tukar Petani)
Agriculture intensification and improving aquaculture to support economic capacities;
Diversification of agricultural commodities as buffer from price fluctuations
Cost for production and transport may be higher in remote areas. This would create a competitive disadvantages in the market Lack of capacity to ensure best practices (i.e., environmentally friendly practices)
Lack of access to innovative agriculture technology (e.g., organic farming technologies) Access to financial
support
Lack of credibility or collateral to be eligible for bank loans
Green banking and benefit sharing mechanism that ensures receipt of financial support in local
communities / by indigenous people participating in the ERP
Inaccurate business planning that cause losses for
community ventures Constraints and delays in loan repayment (instalments)