FACTORS AFFECTING LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES IN A HOSPITAL
IV. DISCUSSIONS
In this section we will discuss the result of our research based on each objectives of the study. The results of the Chi-Square statistical test at α=0.05 obtained a P-value of 0.001 <0.05. It can be said that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, which means that there is a relationship between pregnancy gap and the incidence of LBW in NICU at hospital in Banda Aceh.
The results of this study are in line with the results of research conducted by Marlenywati et al. (2015) that there is a significant relationship between the pregnancy gap and LBW (p-value=0.032). Another supportive study was Nur, Arifuddin, & Novilia (2016) who stated that the distance between pregnancies was a risk of occurrence of low birth weight. However, this study is not in line with the research conducted by Setiati & Rahayu (2017) which shows that birth distance does not affect the incidence of LBW with a value (p-value=0.680). Another study by Jayanti, Dharmawan, &
Aruben (2017) states that there is no relationship between the pregnancy gap and the incidence of LBW in Bangetayu Health Centre.
Newly born mothers need 2 to 3 years to get pregnant again to recover physiologically from pregnancy and childbirth. This is very important to prepare yourself for the next pregnancy. The smaller the distance between the two births, the greater the risk for giving birth to LBW (Indrasari, 2012).
Based on the description above it can be concluded that the pregnancy gap that are too close can result in insufficient time during the recovery period of the body postpartum. Pregnant women with this condition are the cause of maternal and neonatal deaths and the risk of reproductive disorders. The disrupted reproductive system will inhibit fetal growth and development.
Chi-Square test results at α=0.05 obtained P-value 0.043> 0.05 can be said that the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected which means there is a relationship between mothers exposed to exposed to smoking during pregnancy with the incidence of LBW in NICU at hospital in Banda Aceh.
The results of this study are supported by research conducted by Wahyuningsih, Trisnowati, & Fitriani (2016) showing that there is a relationship between exposure to cigarette smoke in the home and the weight of the baby born (p-value=0.007). Another study by Hanum & Wibowo (2016) stated that the longer pregnant women with active smokers in the house with the average mother exposed to cigarette smoke> 7 hours per day, the higher the risk of giving birth to babies with low birth weight.
Cigarette smoke can cause obstruction of fetal growth, so the baby’s birth weight will be less or abnormal. Pregnancy and fetal problems occur because of the influence of chemicals in cigarette smoke such as CO gas, cyanide, thiocyanate, nicotine and carbonic anhydrase, which in addition to disrupting the health of the mother can also penetrate the placenta and disrupt the health of the fetus in the womb. Cigarettes contain 4000 chemicals, some of which include nicotine, tar, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide (Wahyuningsih et al., 2016).
Factors Affecting Low Birth Weight Babies in a Hospital
Based on the description above, researchers assume that pregnant women exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy greatly affect the incidence of LBW. We can see that the majority of mothers who give birth to LBW are exposed to cigarette smoke with a high category of 36 people (annex 20). Carbon Monoxide (CO) contained in cigarette smoke tends to bind to Hb so that oxygen levels in the mother’s blood will decrease. As we know, oxygen is needed in the body’s metabolic processes. The presence of CO gas in the blood will inhibit metabolism resulting in the formation of energy is not optimal. This condition can cause disruption of fetal development in the womb and risk of giving birth to LBW babies.
V. CONCLUSION
There was a relationship between pregnancy gap (p=0.001) and mother as passive smoker/exposed to smoking during pregnancy (p=0.043) with the incidence of LBW in NICU at hospital in Banda Aceh. From the results of the study it is recommended that health workers at hospital conduct education classes on factors that influence LBW so that it increases the knowledge of pregnant women and reduces the risk of LBW birth.
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