A. RELATED THEORIES 1. FTA
2. Politeness
Language as tool of social interaction in community of speech, plays a role in the process of social cultural transformation which is adopted by the people in the specific community.124 Generally, the way people behave politely is based on the cultural values which adopted by people in such community. In order to create an acceptable, meaningful, natural, and smooth interaction during daily conversation, the speakers may apply certain behavior in their speech acts, known as politeness.
Politeness is reflected in utterances that carry the meaning intended by the interlocutors to be conveyed to the other participants of the communicative event.
Politeness is one of the most important aspects of human communication. It also become one of most popular areas in pragmatics field which covers behaviors through people response and action towards others’ feelings on how people around should be treated into account, then it comes into operation through evaluative moments.125 During three decade the term of politeness or known as linguistics politeness proposed by Brown & Levinson ([1978] 1987) and Leech (1983) has intrigued the attention of linguistics researcher to conduct the research which is specifically studied on pragmatics politeness.126
Politeness refers to everything a speaker says and does to an audience member in a particular setting in order to maintain one's interpersonal and social
124I. Ketut Seken, “Some Notes on Linguistic Politeness and Its Relation to Second Language Teaching,” Lingua Scientia 18, no. 1 (2018): 42, http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/ls.v18i1.16038.
125Dániel Z. Kádár, “Politeness in Pragmatics,” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Linguistics, 2017, 2, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.218.
126Tilman Berger, Michael Betsch, and Bernhard Bremer, “Address Systems and Politeness—
Independent or Interdependent,” in Linguistic Data Structures Conference, Tuebingen, Germany Handout Available at: Http://Homepages. Uni-Tuebingen. de/Tilman. Berger/Handouts/AddressPoliteness. Pdf, 2001, 1–
2, http://homepages.uni-tuebingen.de/tilman.berger/Handouts/AddressPoliteness.pdf.
appearance127. In addition, the concept of politeness considers the meaning that is conveyed by the speaker in order to convey awareness of the face of the other person128. The term "conventional politeness" refers to specific linguistic forms and formulaic expressions, which may differ greatly from culture to culture129. This demonstrates that the current act may be considered polite in one culture but not in another, or vice versa, because the actual realization of politeness varies depending on the culture of the society.
Politeness is strategies employed by the speaker to achieve various goals, such as promoting or maintaining good relationships, creating good vibes of direct communication with people around, and achieve a harmonious relationship among the interactants in certain communication smoothly130. Politeness is about how people talk to each other. There are some aspects of people in general society that should be taken into consideration when talking to each other, for instance their power and solidarity131 in order to be more aware of how to treat the interlocutors equally and politely as long as there are various types of hearer; superior, subordinate, close, not close and equal. Because of this, being polite entails attempting to maintain appropriate manners and language so as not to hurt the feelings of others or disrupt an otherwise harmonious conversation.
127Jumanto Jumanto, “Towards a Character Language: A Probability in Language Use,” Open Journal of Modern Linguistics 4, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 337, https://doi.org/10.4236/ojml.2014.42027.
128Yule, Pragmatics, 60.
129Lindayana, Arifuddin, and Halus Mandala, “Politeness of Verbal and Non-Verbal Directive Speech Acts In The Tenth Grade Students’ Leraning Process of SMA Negeri 1 Mataram,” RETORIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 71, https://doi.org/10.22225/jr.4.1.526.70-74.
130Sumardiono, “Politeness Strategies Applied In The Directive Speech Act In The Da Vinci Code and Its Translation,” UNS Journal of Language Studies 03, no. 01 (April 2014): 58, https://doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v3i1.350.
131Jumanto Jumanto and Emik Rahayu, “Pondering A Global BIPA: Politeness and Impoliteness in Verbal Interactions,” Journal of Pragmatics Research 2, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 98, https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v2i2.97-112.
The face is closely linked to politeness theory where it is called as the public self-image that every people who live in such society want to claim for himself.132 People want to be respected, liked and accepted as part of a group or as the fullest of themselves by people out of there, where it could impact on the linguistics behaviour.133 The role of politeness on the application of face theory was to softening face-threatening behaviour.134 Therefore, being polite doesn't mean talking about the social norms of behavior; rather, it's about how to express oneself in language, how to give people space, and how to be friendly to others.
Politeness is one of pragmatics aspects used to employs the speaker’s feeling in order to express the attitude and awareness toward the other person face.135 Face means the public self-image of a certain persons as the reflection of the emotional and social sense of people self-image which everyone in the society has owned it and expects people around to recognize it.136 In this way, politeness takes a concern in accordance to people preference which is states through the utterances.
In light of the preceding discussion, politeness is an attitude that both speakers and listeners can adopt in everyday conversation to foster a harmonious relationship and social value for both speakers and listeners. In the end, politeness teaches people to be more aware every time says things to each other which it has real effect toward both of the speaker and interlocutors. This is because every time the speakers hold the interactions encodes the prepositional content and also the understanding of the relationship among speakers and interlocutors.
132Brown and Levinson, Some Universals in Language Usage, 61.
133O’Keeffe, Clancy, and Adolphs, Introducing Pragmatics in Use, 63.
134O’Keeffe, Clancy, and Adolphs, 59.
135Syafryadin Syafryadin, “Integrating Politeness Principles and Strategies in Counselling Technique: A Phenomenological Study,” Journal of Pragmatics Research 3, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 149, https://doi.org/10.18326/jopr.v3i2.147-159.
136Yule, Pragmatics, 60.