Preview of reflexive pronouns. (Chart 8-4)

Directions: Draw a self-portrait. Show it to the rest of the class. Answer the questions in complete sentences.

1. Who drew a picture of herself? Name someone.

2. Who drew pictures of themselves?

3. (

. . .

), did you and (

.

) draw pictures of yourselves?

4. (

. . .

), what did you draw?

5. Who drew a picture of himself? Name someone.

EXERCISE 8. Preview of reflexive pronouns. (Chart 8-4)

Directions: Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexive pronouns.

1. Everyone drew self-portraits. I drew a picture of

wyseW

2. Ali drew a picture of 3. Rosa drew a picture of 4. The children drew pictures of 5. We drew pictures of

6. Olga, you drew a picture of

,

didn't you?

7. All of you drew pictures of

,

didn't you?

8. When one draws a picture of

,

it is called a self-portrait.

SINGULAR PLURAL

myself ourselves

yourself yourselves

herself, h i m s e x itself, oneself themselves (a) Larry was in the theater. 1 ^sawhim.

I talked LO h i m .

(b) I ^sawmyself in the mirror.

I looked at myselffor a long time.

-Did someone fax the report to Mr. Lee?

-Yes.

-Are you sure?

(d) -Yes. I myselffaxed the report to him.

(e) -I faxed the report to him myself.

Compare (a) and (b): Usually an object pronoun is used as the object of a verb or preposition, as h i m in (a). (See Chart 8-1, p. 132.)

A reflexive pronoun is used as the object of a verb or preposition when the subject of the sentence and the object are the same person, as in (b).* I and myselfare the same person.

- - - - - - - -

Reflexive pronouns are also used for emphasis. In (d): T h e speaker would say "I myself" strongly, with emphasis.

T h e emphatic reflexive pronoun can immediately follow a noun or pronoun, as in (d), or come at the end of the clause, as in (e).

I

(f) Anna lives by h e r s e g

1

The expression by

+

^o^reflexive^prammeans "alone."

I

*Sometimes, but relatively infrequently, an object pronoun is used as the object of a preposition even when the subject and object pronoun are the same person. Examples: I took my books with me. Bob brought his books with him. I looked around me. She kept her son close to her.

EXERCISE

Reflexive pronouns. (Chart

8-4)

Directions: Complete the sentences with appropriate reflexive pronouns.

1. Tommy told a lie. He was ashamed of

hiwe\$

2. Masako cut while she was chopping vegetables.

3. People surround with friends and family during holidays.

4. Rita is careful about her weight, but she allows one piece of candy a day.

5. Alex, you need to eat better and get more exercise. You should take better care of

.

Your father takes care of

,

and I take care of

.

Your father and I are healthy because we take good care of

.

People who take care of have a

better chance of staying healthy than those who don't.

6. Omar thinks Oscar is telling the truth. So does Ricardo. I don't believe Oscar's story for a minute!

7 . A: Did Mr.YunYs secretary answer the phone?

B: No. Mr.Yun answered the phone. I was very surprised.

138 CHAPTER 8

8. A: Should I marry Steve?

B: No one can make that decision for you, Ann. Only you can make such an important decision about your own life.

9. Now that their children are grown, Mr. and Mrs. Grayson live by 10. Nadia didn't join the rest of us. She sat in the back of the room by

EXERCISE 10. Reflexive pronouns. (Chart 8-4)

Directions: Complete the sentences with a word or expression from the list and an appropriate reflexive pronoun.

angry at introduced promised

killed proud of entertained laugh at talking to

dtaught

1. Karen Williams never took lessons. She

btkzhf. hevselq

how to play the piano.

2. Did Roberto have a good time at the party? Did he ?

3. All of you did a good job. You should be

4. You did a good job, Barbara. You should on the back.

5. A man down the street committed suicide. We were all shocked by the news that he had

6. The children played very well without adult supervision. They by playing school.

7. I had always wanted to meet Mr. Anderson. When I saw him at a party last night, I

walked over and to him.

8. Nothing good ever comes from self-pity. You should stop

,

George, and start doing something to solve your problems.

9. People might think you're a little crazy, but is

one way to practice using English.

10. Humor can ease the trials and tribulations of life. Sometimes we have to be able to

11. Carol made several careless mistakes at work last week, and her boss is getting

impatient with her. Carol has to do better work in

the future.

12. Yesterday Fred's car ran out of gas. He had to walk a long way to a gas station.

H e is still for forgetting to fill the tank.

(a) One should always be polite. In (a) and (b): One means "any person, people in general."

(b) How does one get to 5th A.venue from here? In (c) and (d): You means "any person, people in general."

(d) How do you get to 5th Avenue from here?

One is much more formal than you. Impersonal you, rather than one, is used more frequently in everyday English.

(e) One should take care of one's health.

(f) One should take care of his health.

(g) One should take care of his or her health.

*In written or more formal English, the passive is generally preferred to the use of impersonal they:

Active: Thty fired her. Active: They mine graphite in Brazil, don't they?

Passive: She wasfired. Passive: Graphite i s mined in Brazil, isn'c it?

Notice the pronouns that may be used in the same sentence to refer back to one: (e) is typical in British usage and formal American usage. (f) is principally American usage. (g) is stylistically awkward.

(h) - Did Ann lose her job?

- Yes. They fired her.

(i) - They mine graphite in Brazil, don't they?

- Yes. Brazil is one of the leading graphite producers in the world.

140 CHAPTER 8

They is used as an impersonal pronoun in spoken or very informal English to mean "some people or somebody."*

They has no stated antecedent. The antecedent is implied. In (h): They = the people Ann worked for.

EXERCISE 1 1 . Impersonal YOU and THEY. (Chart 8-5)

Directions: Discuss the meanings of the pronouns in italics.

1. I agree with Jim's decision to quit his corporate job and go to art school. I think you need to follow your dreams.

-t The pronouns refer ^toeveryone, anyone, people in general, all of us.

2. Jake, i f y o u really want my advice, I think you should find a new job.

-> The pronouns refer to Jake, a spec$c person.

3. Wool requires special handling. If you wash wool in hot water, it will shrink. You shouldn't throw a wool sweater into a washing machine with your cottons.

4. Alex, I told you not to wash your sweater in hot water. Now look at it. It's ruined!

5. Generosity is its own reward. You always get back more than you give.

6 . Sonya, let's make a deal. If you wash the dishes, I'll take out the garbage.

7. The earth's environment is getting worse. They say that the ozone layer is being depleted more and more every year.

8. Memory is selective. Often you remember only what you want to remember. If you ask two people to tell you about an experience they shared, they might tell you two different stories.

9. I would have loved to go to the concert last night. They played Beethoven's Seventh Symphony. I heard it was wonderful.

10. I've grown to dislike airplane travel. They never give you enough room for your legs.

And if the person in front of you puts his seat back, you can barely move. You can't even reach down to pick up something from the floor.

EXERCISE 12. Review of nouns and pronouns, singular and plural. (Chapters 7 and 8)

Directions: Choose the correct words in italics.

1. Penguin \@%+are interesting creature \(c%ZGZJThey are bird \@but it \@

cannot fly.

2. Million \ Millions of year \years ago, they had wing \ wings. This \ These wings changed as the birds adapted to its \ their environment.

3 . Penguin's \Penguins' principal food was \ were fish \$shes. Penguins needed to be able to swim to find their food, so eventually their wing \ wings evolved into flipper \flippers that enabled it \ them to swim through water with speed and ease.

4. Penguins spends \ spend most of their lives in water \ waters. However, they lay their egg \ eggs on land \ lands.

5. Emperor penguins have interesting egg-laying habit \ habits.

6. The female lays \ lay one egg \ eggs on the ice \ ices in Arctic regions, and then immediately returns \ return to the ocean.

7. After the female lays the egg, the male takes \ take over. He \ They covers \ cover the egg with his \ their body until she \ he \ it \ they hatches \ hatch.

8. This \ These process takes \ take seven to eight week \ weeks. During this \ these time, the male doesn't \ don't eat.

9. After the egg hatches \ hatch, the female returns to take care of the chick, and the male goes \go to the ocean to find food for himself \ herself, his mate, and their offspring.

10. Although the penguin's \ penguins' natural habitat is in polar regions, we can see them in most major zoos in the world. They \ It seem \ seems to adapt well to life in confinement, so we can enjoy watching their \ its antics without feeling sorry about their \ its loss of freedom.

ADJECTIVE

SINGULAR another book (is)

PLURAL other books (are)

SINGULAR the other book (is)

PLURAL the other books (are)

PRONOUN another (is) others (are) the other (is) the others (are)

Forms of other are used as either adjectives or pronouns.

Notice: A final - s is used only for a plural pronoun (others).

(a) The students in the class come from many countries. One of the students is from Mexico.

Another student is from Iraq. Another is from Japan. Other students are from Brazil. Others are from Algeria.

The meaning of another: one more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.

The meaning of other I others (without the): several more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned.

(b) I have three books. Two are mine. The other book is yours. (The other is yours.)

The meaning of the other(s): all that remainsfrom a given number; the rest of a specific group.

(d) I will be here for another three years.

(e) I need anotherfive dollars.

(f) We drove another ten miles.

Another is used as an adjective with expressions of time, money, and distance, even if these expressions contain plural nouns. Another means "an additional" in these expressions.

- -

142 CHAPTER 8

EXERCISE

13.

Using OTHER. (Chart 8-6)

Directions: Complete the sentences with a form of other.

1. I got three letters. One was from my father.

Ahothev

one was from my sister.

The othev

letter was from my girlfriend.

2. Look at your hand. You have five fingers. One is your thumb.

is your index finger. one is your middle finger.

finger is your ring finger. And finger (the last of the five) is your little finger.

3. Look at your hands. One is your right hand. is your left hand.

4. I invited five people to my party. Of those five people, only John and Mary can come.

can't come.

5. I invited five people to my party. Of those five people, only John and Mary can come.

people can't come.

6. I would like some more books on this subject. Do you have any that you could lend me?

7 . I would like to read more about this subject. Do you have any books that you could lend me?

8. There are many means* of transportation. The airplane is one means* of transportation. The train is

9. There are many means of transportation. The airplane is one.

are the train, the automobile, and the horse.

10. There are two women standing on the corner. One is Helen Jansen, and is Pat Hendricks.

11. Alice reads The New York Times every day. She doesn't read any newspapers.

12. Some people prefer classical music, but prefer rock music.

13. Individual differences in children must be recognized. Whereas one child might have a strong interest in mathematics and science, child might tend toward more artistic endeavors.

14. I'm almost finished. I just need five minutes.

*Means is used as both a singular and a plural noun. See Chart 7-1, p. 100.

15. One of the most important inventions in the history of the world was the printing

press. was the electric light. were the

telephone, television, and the computer.

16. Some babies begin talking as early as six months; don't speak until they are more than two years old.

17. One common preposition is from. common one is in.

are by, for, and ofi The most frequently used prepositions in English are at, by, for, from, in, of, to, and with. What are some

prepositions?

18. That country has two basic problems. One is inflation, and is the instability of the government.

19. I have been in only three cities since I came to the United States. One is NewYork, and are Washington, D. C., and Chicago.

20. When his alarm went off this morning, he shut it off, rolled over, and slept for twenty minutes.

2 1. They have three children. One has graduated from college and has a job.

is at Yale University. is still living at home.

EXERCISE

14.

Using OTHER. (Chart 8-6)

Directions: Complete the sentences orally, using an appropriate form of other. Work in pairs, in groups, or as a class. If working in pairs, switch roles after Item 6.

Example:

SPEAKER A (book open): There are two books on my desk. One is

. . . .

SPEAKER B (book closed): One is red. The other is blue.

144 CHAPTER 8

(a) We write to each other every week.

We write to one another every week.

Each other and one another indicate a reciprocal relationship.* In (a): I write to him every week, and he writes to me every week.

(b) Please write on every other line.

I see her every other week.

Every other can give the idea of "alternate." In (b):

Write on the first line.

D o not write on the second line.

Write on the third line.

D o not write on the fourth line.

(Etc.) (c) -Have you seen Ali recently?

-Yes. I saw him just the other day.

The other is used in time expressions such as the other day, the other morning, the other week, erc., to refer to the recent past. In (c): the other day means "a few days ago, not long ago."

(d) The ducklings walked in a line behind the mother duck. Then the mother duck slipped into the pond- The ducklings followed her- They slipped into the water one after the other.

(e) They slipped into the water one after another.

In (d): one a mthe other expresses the idea that separate actions occur very close in time.

In (e): one after another has the same meaning as one after the other.

(f) N o one knows my secret other than Rosa.

(g) N o one knows my secret except @or) Rosa.

*In typical usage, each other and one another are interchangeable; there is no difference between them. Some native speakers, however, use each ozher when they are talking about only two persons or things, and one another when there are more than two.

In (f): other than is usually used after a negative to mean "except." (g) has the same meaning.

(h) Fruit and vegetables are full of vitamins and minerals. In other words, they are good for you.

EXERCISE 15. Using OTHER. (Charts 8-6 and 8-7)

Directions: Supply a form of other.

In (h): In other words is used to explain, usually in simpler or clearer terms, the meaning of the preceding sentence(s).

1. Two countries border on the United States. One is Canada.

The other

is Mexico.

2. One of the countries I would like to visit is Sweden. is Mexico.

Of course, besides these two countries, there are many places I would like to see.

3. Louis and I have been friends for a long time. We've known since we were children.

4. A: I talked to Sam day.

B: Oh? How is he? I haven't seen him for ages.

5. In the Southwest there is a large area of land that has little or no rainfall, no trees, and

very few plants than cactuses. In words,

this area of the country is a desert.

6 . Thank you for inviting me to the picnic. I'd like to go with you, but I've already made plans.

7. Some people are tall; are short. Some people are fat;

are thin. Some people are nearsighted;

people are farsighted.

8. Mr. and Mrs. Jay love

.

They support

, They like

.

words, they are a happily married couple.

9. A: How often do you travel to Portland?

B: Every month. I go there to visit my grandmother in a nursing home.

Could I borrow your pen? I need to write

I

. . .

-.

Some people like coffee with their breakfasts, while others prefer tea.

One city

. . .

(+ form of other) is

. . .

. . .

other than

. . .

12.

. . .

each other during

. . .

EXERCISE 17. Summary review. (Chapters

6 ⁺

8)

Directions: Correct the errors.

1. That book contain many different kind of story and article.

2. The English is one of the most important language in the world.

3. She is always willing to help her friends in every possible ways.

4. In the past, horses was the principal mean of transportation.

5. He succeeded in creating one of the best army in the world.

6 . There are many equipments in the research laboratory, but undergraduates

are not allowed to use them.

7. All of the guest enjoyed themself at the reception.

8. I have a five years old daughter and a three years old son.

9. Each states in the country have a different language.

*While is similar in meaning to buc in this situation. See Chart 17-4, p. 366.

Dalam dokumen Book Understanding and using English grammar (Halaman 151-168)