EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ANTI- CORRUPTION IN INDONESIA
A. Understanding Anti-Corruption Education
CHAPTER 3
EDUCATIONAL MATERIALS ANTI-
desired educational process goals are achieved and it will be clear where the education will be directed.241
In principle, education is “the total process of developing human abilities and behaviors, drawing on almost all life's experiences.”242This is because a good education is very influential on the formation of one's character, vision, and worldview, and this will have implications for the future of the nation. Thus, the most important thing that can be done is
"working out" by integrating the anti-corruption movement into the implementation of education, one of which is in the form of anti-corruption education.
The definition above shows that education is a conscious and planned effort in developing all human potential in the form of intelligence, skills, and noble character as provisions in the life of society, nation and state. That is, education puts forward the process of development and growth of all aspects of human beings, physically and spiritually, which aims to create a perfect human being (al-insan kamil, the perfect man) as a necessary provision in the life of society, nation and state.243
Socially, education is a process of cultural inheritance (engaging culture). Because culture in the form of values, behavior and technology that has been owned by the older generation, it is hoped that it can be passed on to the younger generation so that the culture of the community is always maintained and developed. Of course, cultural inheritance is not in a passive connotation, but seeks to give birth to a generation that is able to be creative to develop culture so that it is more advanced and develops in a more positive direction.244
In addition, education is directed at advancing the character (character, inner strength), mind (intellect) and body of children in harmony with nature and society.245 Therefore, education is a process of changing attitudes and behavior, so that with this process humans lead to maturity and independence. This view is in line with the National Education System Law no. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System which states:
241 Ibid., 40.
242 Eko Handoyo, Anti-Corruption Education (Yogyakarta: Ombak, 2013), 10.
243 Ahmad Tafsir, Educational Science in Islamic Perspective (Bandung: Rosdakarya Youth, 1992), 41-45.
244 Sumiarti, Anti-Corruption Education, P3M STAIN Purwokerto: INSANIA, (Vol. 12, No. 2, May 8-August 2007), 189-207.
245 Amirullah Syarbini and Muhammad Arbain, Anti-Corruption Education: Concepts, Strategies, and Implementation of Anti-Corruption Education in Madrasas/Schools (Bandung, Alfabeta:
2014), 3.
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Education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and learning process so that students actively develop their potential to have religious spiritual strength, self-control, personality, intelligence, noble character, and skills needed by themselves, society, nation and state.246
As described in the previous chapter, the definition of corruption comes from the Latin corruption, corruptus, or corrumpere.247 i.e. eating with greed, stained or dirty work.248 In a sense, corruption means that people who have power desire to commit fraud illegally for personal gain, crime, damage, decay, ugliness, fraud, deviation, depravity, dishonesty, bribery, fraud, immorality, deviation from the word chastity, insulting or slanderous words.249 In Islam, corruption is an act of facade or an act that destroys the order of life, and the perpetrator is categorized as committing a major sin.
According to Syed Husain Alatas, typologically, corruption can be divided into seven types, namely: transactive corruption, exortive corruption, investive corruption, nepotistic corruption, and defensive corruption. , and support corruption.250Meanwhile, the causes of corruption according to the Qur'an consist of five factors, namely: betrayal factor, legal firmness factor, poverty factor, greed factor, and religious education factor.251Then in Islam, several types of criminal acts (jari>mah) in fiqh jinayah from the elements and definitions that are close to the current understanding of corruption are: (1) Ghulu>l (embezzlement), fraudulent and treacherous actions against other assets, such as acts of embezzlement of baitul ma>l, joint property of Muslims, joint property in a business partnership, state property, and zakat assets. (2) Rishwah (bribery), something that is given in order to justify what is wrong. (3) Ghas}b (forcibly taking the rights/wealth of others), is an attempt to control
246State Secretary (Setneg) of the Republic of Indonesia, Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System (Sisdiknas) (Bandung: Citra Umbara, 2010), 2-3.
247 Eko Handoyo, Anti-Corruption Education, 18.
248Bibit S Riyanto, Nurlis Mueko, Corruptors go to Hell. Examining the Anatomy of Corruption in Indonesia (Jakarta: Pustaka Hikmah), 2.
249Terminologically, corruption is termed by the Asian Development Bank and Transparency International (TI) as the behavior of those who work in the public and private sectors, both politicians and civil servants who unfairly and illegally enrich themselves or enrich those who are close to them or stimulate others do the same by abusing the position they hold. See Young Judge Harahap, Verses on Corruption (Yogyakarta: Gama Media, 2009), 12.
250 SH Alatas, Corruption, Characteristics, and Functions, (Jakarta: LP3ES, 1987), ix.
251 Harahap, Corruption Verses, 119.
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the rights of others in a hostile/open manner. (4) Khiya>nah, taking property secretly and showing good behavior towards the owner of the property. (5) Sariqah (theft), take other people's goods/assets by stealth from the place of storage which is usually used to store said goods or assets. (6) H}ira>bah (robbery), acts of violence perpetrated by a person or group of people against another party, whether carried out at home or outside the home with the aim of controlling or seizing the property of the other person; and (7) Al-Maks (illegal levies), Al-Ikhtila>s (pickpocketing), and Al-Ihtihab (confiscation).252
In Indonesia, the term anti-corruption education has become widely known since the emergence of the Corruption Eradication Committee (KPK). In Law no. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System, especially in the part of the national curriculum from elementary school to university, explicitly the term anti-corruption education is not mentioned.253Therefore, the term anti-corruption education can be seen as part of the reconstruction of education that seeks to answer various problems of corruption in society. In Indonesia, corruption has become a latent probem because corruption is not only carried out at the top level but has also penetrated to the lower level. With anti-corruption education, the community is expected to be free from various forms of corruption and become a society that upholds integrity, transparency, trust and responsibility.
By seeing the importance of eradicating corruption in the life of the Indonesian nation, the Director General of Islamic Education (Diktis), issued a Decree254about the importance of anti-corruption education as cultural correction education that aims to introduce new ways of thinking and values to students. Anti-corruption education must integrate three domains, namely the domain of knowledge (cognitive), attitudes and behavior (affective), and skills (psychomotor).255
This anti-corruption mentality will be realized if we consciously develop the ability of future generations to be able to identify the weaknesses of their inherited value system and renew the inherited value
252 M. Nurul Irfan, Corruption in Islamic Criminal Law, (Jakarta: Amzah, 2014), 78.
253 Anwar Hamdani, Anti-Corruption Education Model for Senior High School Students in Surakarta City Area, Research Paper, 2012, 3.
254 Ministry of Religion (Kemenag) RI, Guidelines for the Implementation of Anti-Corruption Education in Madrasahs, Ministry of Religion RI Directorate General of Islamic Education Directorate of Madrasahs, (Jakarta: Director General of Islamic Education, 2013), 6.
255Anti-corruption education is an action to control and reduce corruption in the form of an overall effort to encourage future generations to develop a firm rejection attitude towards every form of corruption. See Sumiarti, Anti-Corruption Education, 24.
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system with new situations. In the context of education, "eradicating corruption to its roots" means carrying out a series of efforts to give birth to a generation that is not willing to accept and forgive an act of corruption that occurs. Therefore, the atmosphere of the educational process for the Indonesian generation must not be separated from the internalization and application of anti-corruption education. Especially before the announcement to apply anti-corruption education in educational institutions, character education has been carried out first in educational institutions.
As stated by Dikdaskemendikbud256 Efforts to eradicate corruption through education must be carried out because education is a very strategic vehicle for fostering the younger generation, especially in instilling life values including anti-corruption.
Education also forms a comprehensive understanding of the public about the dangers of corruption. From this understanding, it is hoped that it will produce a perception or mindset of the Indonesian people as a whole, that corruption is the common enemy of this nation. Thus, efforts to eradicate corruption through education are not an alternative but a necessity that must be applied in the world of education.
B. The Importance and Significance of Anti-Corruption Education