Bulletin - United States National Museum

U. S.. BULLETIN NO. 58. NATIONAL MUSEUM. ,J. SEVEN ISLANDS. *. Sketch Map of Japan and Adjacent Territory. " BONIN. IS.. PL.. I.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM Bulletin 58. HERPETOLOGY OF JAPAN AND ADJACENT TERRITORY BY. LEONHARD STEJNEGER CURATOR, DIVISION OF REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS. With 35. Plates and 409 Figures in the text. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1907.

Published July. 22, 1907..

ADVERTISEMENT. The. scientific publications of the National. Museum. consist of. two. — the Bulletin. and the Proceedings. The Bulletin^ publication of which was begun in 1875, is a series of more or less extensive works intended to illustrate the collections of the United States ^"^ational Museum, and, with the exception noted below, These bulletins are monographic in scope and are is issued separateh". devoted principallj^ to the discussion of large zoological and botanical groups, faunas and floras, contributions to anthropology, reports of The}" are usual!}" of octavo size, although a quarto expeditions, etc. form, known as the Special Bulletin, has been adopted in a few instances in which a larger page was deemed indispensable. This work forms No. 58 of the Bulletin series. Since 1902 the volumes of the series known as " Contributions from the JSational Iltrhariuni,''^ and containing papers relating to the botanical collections of the Museum, have been published as bulletins. The Proceedings., the first volume of which was issued in ISTS, are intended as a medium of publication of brief original papers based on the collections of the National Museum, and setting forth newly acquired facts in biology, anthropology, and geology derived therefrom, or containing descriptions of new forms and revisions of limited groups. A volume is issued annually, or oftener, for distriljution to lil>raries and scientific establishments, and in view of the importance of the more prompt dissemination of new facts a limited edition of each paper is printed in pamphlet form in advance. series. Secretary. Washincjtox. U.. 8. A.,. June. Charles D. Walcott, of the /Smithsonian Institution.. 15, 1907. Ill.



TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page.. Table. v. of contents. List of illustrations. xi. ".. Preface. xvii. Herpetoiogy of Japan and adjacent territory Class. 1. Amphibia. 1. Order Caudata Suborder Mutabilia Family Cryptobranchida*. Genus. 1.. 2 3 3. Megalobatrachus. 4. japonicus. 6. Family Salamandridae Genus 2. Tylototriton. 11. I.. 2.. Genus. 3.. 12. andersoni. 12. Diemictylus. 15. 3.. pyrrhogaster. 16. 4.. ensicauda. 22. Family Ambystomida^ Genus 4. Hyxobius. Genus. 5.. 24 25. 5.. naevius. 6. leechii. 29. 7.. nel)ulosus. 30. 8.. i^eropus. 32. 9.. nigrescens. 10.. lichenatus. 34 36. Salamaxdrella. 37. II. G.. Onychodactylus. Genus. 7.. GeoMOLCE 13.. 37 42. keyserlingii. Genus. 12.. 26. japonicus. 42 47 47 47. fischeri. Order Salientia Suborder Costata. 50 50. Family Discoglossidse Genus 8. Bombixa. 50 51 54. 14. orientalis. Suborder Linguata. Family Bufonida' Genus 9. Brro 15.. 16.. 55 55 60 64 65. formosus smithi. 17. sachalinensis. 19.. bufo asiaticus bufo japonicus. 20.. raddei. 69 70. 21.. melanostictus. 72. 18.. 66. V.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.. YI. —Continued.. Page.. Hcrpctology of Jnpan and adjacent torritory Class Araphi bia— Continued. Order Salientia— Continued Suborder Linguata Continued. —. ^5. Family Hylidae Genus 10. Hyl.v 22.. 23.. 75 76. arborea japonica [arborea imniaculata]. 82. stepheni. 84 86. 24. chinensis. 87. Family Engystomid;e Genus 11. Microhyla. 87. 88. 25. fissipes. 26.. Family Kanidte Genus 12.. okinavensis. 89 92 93. R.a.x.\. 27.. nigromaculata. 28.. plancyi. 101. 29.. okinavana. 102. 94. 30. longicrus. 104. 31. holsti. 105. 32.. japonica. 33.. temporaria. 107 113. 34. tsushimensis. '.. 119. 36.. ijimie. 121. 37. rugosa. 123. 38. limnocharis 39.. 127. swinhoana. 132. 40. ishikawie. 132. 41. narina. 13.. 134. namiyei. 136. 43. tigerina. 139. 42.. Genus. 116. amurensis. 35.. Polypedates. 143. '145. 44. schlegelii 45. viridis. 147. 46. owstoni. 149. 47. buergeri. 150. 48. eiffingeri. 153. 49. japonicus. 155. 50.. leucomystax. 157. Tadpoles. 159. Introductory. 159. Key. 161. Class Reptilia. 161. Order Squamata. 1G2. Su])order Sauria. 162. Family Gekkonidse Genus 1. Gekko 1.. Genus. 2.. japonicus. Ptychozoox 2.. horsfieldii. 164 165 '. 165. 170 170.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.. VII. — Continued. — Continued. Order Squamata — Continued. Suborder Sauria — Cantinued. Family Gekkonidte — Continued.. Herpetology. of. Japan and adjacent territory. Page.. Class Reptilia. Genus. 3.. Hemidactylus 3.. 4.. 172. marmoratus. ] 7.5. bowringii. Genus. 4.. Cosymbotus. Genua. 5.. Peropus. 5.. 0.. 176. 178. platj'iirus. 178 180. mutilatus. Family Agamida? Genus fi. Japalura. Genus. 172. frenatus. 180 182. .'. 182. 7.. swinhonis. 184. 8.. polygonata. 188. 9.. mitsukurii. 190. species ?. 191. ?. 191. Family Scincidee Cienus. I93. 7.. Eumeces 10.. 11. latiscutatus. Genus. 8.. 9.. I95. okad». 200. 12.. elegans. 202. 13.. marginatus. 205. 14.. chinensis. 208. 15.. kishinouyei. 210. Mabuya 16.. Genus. I93. latiscutatus. 213. longicaudata. 214. Sphenomorphus 17.. 216. indicus. 216. 218. Genus. 10.. Leiolopisma 18. laterale. 218. Genus. 1. Lygosaurus. 221. Genus. 12.. 1. .. 19.. pellopleurus. 222. Cryptoblepharus 20.. 225. boutonii nigropunctatus. 225. Family Lacertida? Genus 13. Takydromus. 228 229. 21. dorsalis. 229. 22. septentrionalis. 232. 23.. formosanus. 235. 24.. 238. 26.. smaragdinus tachydromoides amurensis. 27.. ?. 25.. 245 247. wolteri. Genus. 14.. Eremias. Genus. 15.. Lacerta. 28.. 236. 247. argus. 29. vivipara. 248 251 .•. 251.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.. VIII. of Japan and adjacent ti-rritory— Continued. Rept ilia— Continued Order Squamata Continued. Suborder Serpentes Family Typlilopidse Genus ] (5. Typhlops. Page.. Herpotology Class. —. 30.. 254 259 260. 260. l)raminus. 262. Family Natricidse Subfamily Natricinas Genus 17. N.\trix. 263 263 266. 31. vibakari 32. tigrina. 272. 33. tigrina lateralis. 278. 34. stolata. 280. 35. pryeri. 284. 36. piscator. 288. 37. annularis. 291. 38.. Genus. 18.. swinhonis. 293. Achalinus. 294 297. 39. spinalis. Subfamily Homalopsinse. Genus. 19.. 299. Exhydris 40. plumbea. 300. 41. bennettii. 302. 300. Genus20. Hurria 42. rynchops Subfamily Coronellinse Genus 21. Elaphe. 304. 304 306 307. 43. carinata. 308. 44. rufodorsata. 310. 45. schrenckii. 313. dione. 315. 47. tseniurus. 319. 46.. schmackeri climacophora. 322. 49. 50.. quadrivirgata. 327. 48.. 324. 334. 51. conspicillata. Genus. 22.. Liopeltis 52.. 23.. 338. 53. semicarinata. 340. herminse. 343. Ptyas 55. mucosus. 345. 54.. Genus. 337. major. 345. 56. korros. Genus. 24.. Zamenis 57. spinalis. Genus. 25.. Genus. 26.. Genus. 27.. .. .. 349 349. Zaocys 58. dhumnades Holarciius. 352. formosanus. 354. 59. ,. 348 *. DiNODON 60.. 61.. rufozonatum rufozonatum walli. 352 353 356. 358. 364.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.. IX. Herpetology. of Japan and adjacent territory— Continued. Reptilia— Continued. Order Squamata Continued. Suborder Serpentes Continued. Family Natricidse— Continued. Subfamily Coronellinse— Continued.. p ^*^^'. .. ". Class. —. —. Genus. Dinodon — Continued.. 27.. semicarinatum. 62.. 3gQ. 63. septentrionale ruhstrati. orientale. 64.. Genus. ^. ,,. 28.. 370. 372. Calamaria. 375. 65.. berezowskii. ^^-. P^^ff«^'-i. 37g. 378. .,. bubiamily Boiginye. 001. Genus. 29.. Boiga. Genus. 30.. Psammodynastes. 3g-i. 67. kraepelini. 68.. 32.. 69.. japonicus. 70.. boettgeri. 33.. 34.. 3gg 30^. 3§7 3gr). 392. macclellandii. 39^ 394 39^. Bungarus 73.. 35.. multicinctus. Laticauda [colubrina] 75. semifasciata. 36.. Emydocephalus '^'-. Genus. 37.. cyanocincta. 434. Lapemis]. 435. [hardwickii] '. [valakadyn]. Genus. 38.. Hydrus 80. platurus. Family Cobridae Genus 39. Coluber 81.. berus. 427 4og 43Q. [viperina]. Enhydrixa]. 42i. 427. 79. godeffroyi. [Genus. 40g. 409. 42g. melanocephala [gracilis]. [Genus. 4Q2 4Q9. 413. [fasciata]. 78.. 397. 423. ij""«^. Disteira 77.. '. ^qq. 74. laticaudata. Genus. 39j. naja atra. Subfamily Hydrinfe. Genus. 337. 1. Naja 72.. Genus. 333. Calliophis 71.. Genus. 303. pulverulentus. Family ElapidaSubfamily Elapin£e Genus 31. Hemibuxgarus. Genus. 3gj^. 435 43437 43g. 439 ...^. 443 44^.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.. X Herpetology. of. Japan and adjacent. territory. — Continued.. Page.. — Continued. Order Squamata — Continued.. Class Reptilia. Suborder Serpentes— Continued Family Crotalidte. Genus. 40.. 41.. 449. 82. blomhoffii. 457. 83. blomhoffii ? affinis. 461. 84. lilomhoffii l)revicaudu.s. 463. 85. blomhoffii. Genus. 448. Agkistrodon. intermedius. Trimeresurus 86.. mucrosquamatus. 88. flavoviridis. 475. 89.. okinavensis. 479. 90.. gramineus. 480 483. Order Testudinata Suborder Athecpe Family Dermochelidfe 42.. 485 485. Dermochelys. 485 485. 91. schlegelii. Suborder Laminifera. 488. Family Testudinidte Subfamily EmydinaJ Genus 43. Oc.'Vdi.a.. 488 488 489. 489. 92. sinensis. Genus. 44.. Clemmys. 45.. 492. japonira. 93.. Genus. 492. Geoclemys. 496. 94. reevesii. Genus. 46.. 497. Geoemyda. 500 501. 95. spengleri. Genus. 47.. Cyclemys. (. 503. flavomarginata. 96.'. Family. "heloniidie. Genus. 48.. 49.. 507. 50.. 507. Chelonia. .'. japonica. 98.. Genus. 509. 511. squamosa. 511. 99.. 51.. 513. 514. Amyda. 514. 100. japonica. 515. 101. 524. sinensis. 102. schlegelii. 526. ?maackii Dogania]. 530. 103.. [Genus. 529. [subplana] Bihliograpliy. 531 533. Japanese and Formosan localities Explanation of plates List of. ^"^•^^. 509. Eretmochelys. Suborder Chilotae Family Trionychidee. Genus. 503 506. C.\retta 97. olivacea. Genus. 467. 470. 87. elegans. Genus. 464 465. 545. ''''''"'!"!'"'!''"!!!'!!. 553 557.

LIST OF ILLLSTRATIONS.. TEXT FKU'RES. Pago.. Figs. 1-6.. Tylolotriton undersonl.. mouth;. top of head;. 1,. section of. 4,. tail. at. end. side of head;. '2,. of basal third; o,. open hand; 6, 3,. foot. 13. Figs. l-?^.—T)iemlctylus pyrrJiogaster.. at Figs. 9-15.. end. 7,. underside of head;. 8,. section of tail. of basal third. J>leiniciylus ensicaiida.. 17. top of head; 10, side of head; 11, un-. 9,. derside of head; 12, ojien mouth;. hand;. 13,. end of basal third Diagram of arrangement of vomerine teeth mandrella, and Geomolge. 14, foot; 15, sec-. 22. tion of tail at. Fig. 16.. —. Figs. 17-22.. ITynobius mrviiis.. mouth;. in OnycJiodacfylui^, Scda-. 24. top of head; 18, side of head;. 17,. 20, section of tail at. end. of basal third; 21,. open hand; 22, 19,. 26. foot Figs. 23-26.. Hynohim nebulosus. 23, top of head; 24, side of head; mouth 26, section of tail at end of basal third. Figs. 27-32.. Hynob'tus nigrescens.. 25,. open. 29,. open hand;. 30. ;. mouth;. 27,. top of head;. section of tail at. 30,. end. 28, side of. head;. of basal third; 31,. 34. 32, foot. Figs. 33-38.. Salamandrella. keyserllngii.. 35, open mouth; hand; 38, foot. 33,. top of head; 34, side of head;. 36, section of tail at. end. of basal third; 37,. 40. Figs. 39-43.. Bombina orientalifi. 39, top of head; 40, side of head; 41, open mouth; 42, underside of right hand showing nup.ial excres-. Figs. 44-48.-. Bi(fo formosua.. Figs. 49-52.. Bufo bufo. 52. cences; 43, ioot. top of head; 45, side of head; 46, underside of hand; 47, underside of foot; 48, upper side of foot to show. extent of. 44,. web. 61. top of head; 50, side of head; 51, underside of hand 52, underside of foot Bufo raddel. 53, top of head; 54, side of head; 55, open mouth; 56, underside of hand; 57, underside of foot usiaiicus.. 49,. ;. Figs. 53-57.-. Figs. 68-70.. Bufo mdanostictus. 58, top of head; 59, side of head; 60, underside of hand; 61, underside of foot Hyla arborea jnponica. 62, top of head; 63, side of liead; 64, open mouth; 65, underside of hand; 66, top of finger, side view; 67, underside of foot Hyla arborea juponica. 68, top of head; 69, side of head; 70,. Figs. 71-75.. Microliyla okinarensis.. Figs. 76-80.. Bona. Figs. 81-83.. Rana. Figs. 58-61.. Figs. 62-67.. underside of foot. open mouth; 78,. top of head;. 72,. side of head;. open mouth;. 79,. 81,. 73. 78. 73,. underside of hand; 75, underside of foot... 76, head from above; 77, head from side;. longicrus.. 71. 80 71,. uigromaculala.. 74,. 67. underside of hand;. 80,. underside of foot.. 90 96. top of head; 82, side of head; 83, underside 104. of foot. XI.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.. XII. rage.. 8-i.—Ranu holsti. Underside of left hand 85, top of head; SO, side of head; 87, open Figs. Ho-89.—Ranajaponica. mouth; 88, underside of hand; 89, underside of foot 90, top of head; 91, .side of head; 92, oj^en Figs. 90-93.— Banatcmporaria. mouth 93, underside of foot 94, top of head; 95, side of head; 96, open Figs. 94-98.— liana t.nnihiniensi'i. mouth; 97, underside of hand; 98, underside of foot liana ijiin.r. 99, top of head; 100, side of head; 101, open Figs. 99-103. nioutli; 102, underside of hand; 103, underside of foot Rana rugom. 104, top of head; 105, side of head; 106, open Figs. 104-10().. 106. Fig.. 109. Ill. ;. mouth Rana Ihnnocharis.. 117. 122. 1. head; 108, side of head; 109, underside of hand; 110, underside of foot Rana is]nk-awrc. Ill, top of head; 112, side of head; 113, open mouth; 114, underside of hand; 115, underside of foot;. Figs. 107-110.. Figs. 111-116.. 128. 133. 116, tip of digit. head; 119, open 121, imderside of foot Rana namiyei. 122, top of head; 123, side of head; 124, underside of hand; 125, underside of foot. Ranawirina. 117, top of head; mouth; 120, underside of hand;. Figs. 117-121.. Figs. 122-125.. Fig. 126.. 118, side of. 135 137. Open mouth. Ra7ia namiyei.. 137. Figs. 127-131.. Rana tiger ina. 127, top of head; mouth; 130, underside of hand;. Figs. 132-136.. Pobjpednlen. Figs. 137-141.. Polyfedatesviridig.. 128, side of head; 129, oj^eu 131,. underside of foot. top of head;. 140. head; 134, open mouth; 135, underside of hand; 136, underside of 132,. schlegelii.. 1.33,. side of. 145. foot. head; 138, side of head; 139, open mouth; 140, underside of hand; 141, underside of foot. Pob/pedaies huergeri. 142, top of head; 143, side of head;. Figs. 142-146.. open moutli;. 144,. 137, top of. 145, underside of liand; 146,. 148. underside of. foot. Fig. 147.. 151. Polypedates. Figs. 148-153.. Vomerine. eiffingeri.. Polypedates japonicus. 150,. open mouth;. 154. teetli. 148,. top of head; 149, side of head;. 151, underside of. hand; 152, underside of. foot; 153, tip of digit. Fig. 154.. — Open. mouth. of. Ip, labial. '. Rana. tadpole of. papilUe;. ?//,. temporaria.. bo,. buccal. — Lower view of. 155. orifice;. upper, n/, lower mandible; t\ series of. teeth on upper lip; t\ series of teeth Figs. 155-156.. 24. 107, top of. tadpoles,. on lower lip showing location of spiraculum and. 155, Discoglossoid (costate) toad; 156, Hyla spiraculum; an., anus. 159. anal opening. sp.,. Figs.. Figs.. Figs.. 157-159.— Mouth of tadpoles. 157, Bombina a^dsa; 158, Hyla arborea; 159, Bufo hvfo 160-163.— GeA:A:o japonicus^. 160, top of head; 161, side of head; 162, chin; 163, underside of foot \Q\-\m.—Plychozoon horsfieldri. 164, side of head; 165, underside of right hind leg and foot; 166, underside of tail, middle and terminal portions If.. inornatus).. 167,. side. side of foot. 173. houringii.. Figs. 171-173.- Peropus mutilatvs.. 167. of. head; 168, chin. W3-170.— Heiuidactylus. 160. 171. Figs. Iii7-16H.—Jlemidrctylus frenatits (type of Figs.. 160. 169,. chin; 170, underside of foot... 171, side of. 176. head; 172, chin; 173, under180.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.. XIII I'age.. Figs. 176-178.. — Head. head; 175, side of head. 174, top of. Jupalura polygonata.. Figs. 174-175.. shields of Scincid lizards.. 176, side. view. of. 189. head of. Leiolopisma; 177, upper view of head of Leiolopisrna; 178, upper view of head of Emoia. Cs, chin-shields; d, disk on lower eyelid; e, ear-opening;/, frontal; /», fronto-nasal; /}*, fronto-parietal; i, interj^arietal il, lower labials; 1, loreals; lb, upper labials; in, mental; n, nasal; nc, nuchals; p, parietals; ;. ])/,. prefrontal; pm, postnasal;. supranasal Figs.. 179-180.— ^umeces. so,. ;. supraocular;. rostral;. r, t,. 179, side of head,. latiscutaius.. supraciliaries; sn,. sc,. temporal. 194. normal postnasal;. 180,. underside of hind foot Fig. 181.. -Eumeces laiiscutatus okadsc. 197 201. Side of face. Eumeces elegans. 182, side of head; 183, chin Eumeces margmatus. Side of head Fig. 185. Eumeces ckinensis. Side of head Figs. 186-189. Eumeces kishinouyei. 186, top of head; 187, side underside of head 189, underside of foot Figs. 182-183.. 203. Fig. 184.. 206 208 of head; 188,. 211. ;. Figs. 190-192.. Leiolopnsma later ale.. Figs. 193-195.. Lyrjostturus pellopleurus.. Figs. 196-198.. Cryptohlephurus houtonii nigropunctatus.. Figs. 199-202.. Takydroiuus dorscdis.. 190, top of head; 191, side of head; 192,. underside of head 195,. 219. underside of head. 223. side of head; 198, underside of. Figs. 203-204.. head; 194, side of head;. 193, top of. 196, top of. head; 197,. head. 226. head; 200, underside of head; 201, middle of back; 202, inguinal region Takydromus smctragdinus. 203, underside of head; 204, in199, top of. guinal region Figs. 205-208.. Figs. 209-212.. 236. Takydromus tachydromoides. 205, top of head; 206, side head; 207, underside of head; 208, inguinal region Takydromus tachydromoides. 209, top of head; 210, middle. of. 240 of. back; 211, top of head; 212, chin-shields Figs. 213-216.. Figs. 217-219.. Figs.. 242. Takydromus ariiurensis. 213, top of head; 214, side of head; 215, middle of back; 216, inguinal region Eremias argus. 217, top of head; 218, side of head; 219, femoral pores and anal region. 220-222.— Lacerta. femoral pores and anal region. — Posterior. Figs. 229-231.. — Head. dorsal vertebrae of snakes.. shields of. Typhlops.'. supralabials; n, nasal;. o,. Figs. 236-238.. — Head. 223,. frontal;. f,. ip,. interparietal;. r,. rostral; so, supraocular.. 261. ;. posterior chin-shields;. internasals; rior na.sal;. I,. n'^,. 259. 232, top of head; 233, side of head; 234,. braminus.. underside of head 235, tail shields of a natricid snake, cs'\. 256. /,. ocular; p, parietals; pf, prefrontal;. pro, preocular; pto, postocular;. — TypJdops. 249. 252. back view; 224, lower view; 225, side view of vertebra with hypapophysis; 226, back view; 227, lower view; 228, side view of vertebra without hypapophysis. Figs. 232-235.. 246. 220, top of head; 221, side of head; 222,. rlripara.. Figs. 223-228.. 230. loreal;. lb,. /,. c.s',. frontal;. anterior chin-shields; il,. lower. labials;. in,. supralabials; m, mental; n^, ante-. posterior nasal; p, parietal; pf, prefrontals; r, rostral; so, supraocular;. pro, preocular; pto, postocular; t,. temporals;. c,. ventrals. 262.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.. XIV. Page.. Figs.. 239-241.— .Va/ru:. Figs.. 242-243.— oNttAru'. iigrina.. Natrix. stolata.. vibakari.. rostral. Figs. 244-246.. 240, 8i(le of head;. lop of liead;. 2:i9,. 241,. 267. from front. 273. 242, top of liead; 243, side of liead 244,. top of liead;. 245,. side of head;. 246,. top of head;. 248,. side. head;. 249,. 281. underside of head Figs. 247-24i».— i\'«/r/.r pryerl.. 247,. of. 284. underside of head Figs. 250-2o2.. Xatrix piscainr.. Figs. 253-255.. Xatrir aunularis.. top of head; 251, side of head; 252,. 250,. 288. underside of head rostral. 254, side of head;. 253, top of head;. 255,. 292. from front. Fig. 256. --Xatriv sui)i}w7us.. 294. Side of head 258, side of head; 259,. 257, top of heail;. Figs. 257-259.. Achulinus. Figs. 260-262.. Eiihydris phimhea.. S2Jinalis.. underside of head undersiile of Figs. 263-26r>.. — Enhydr. is. 297 260, top of head; 261, side of head;. 262,. 264, side of head;. 265,. 267, side of head;. 268,. head. 301 263, to[) of head;. bennettii.. underside of head V'lg!^.. 266-26H.—Elap]ie. airirutta.. 303. 266, t(ip of head;. underside of head 269-271.— Elapherufodorsuta. 269, top of head; 270, side of head; 271, underside of head Elaphe dione. Top of head Fig. 272. Figs. 273-274. Elaphe txn'mrufi. 273, top of head; 274, side of head Elnp]ie fichmackeri. Figs. 275-276. 275, top of head; 276, side of head Figs. 277-278. Elaplie dimacophora. 277, top of head; 278, side of head Figs. 279-281. Elaphe quadrivirgata, adult. 279, top of head; 280, side of head; 281, color pattern around the middle of the body Figs. 282-283. Elaplie quudrivirgata young. 282, color pattern of top of head and neck; 283, color pattern around the middle of the body. 309. Figi5.. 311. 317 .320. 323 325 329. ,. Figs. 284-286.. Eluphfi (ompicillufa.. 284,. 285, side of head 286, underside of head 2S7-2S9.— LI opelt is major. 287, top of head; 288, side underside of head. 335. ;. Figs.. Figs. 290-292.. Liopeltis semicai'inata.. Figs. 293-295.. Liopeltis seinicarinata.. of. head; 289, 339. top of head;. 291, side of head;. 293, top of head;. 294, side of head;. 290,. 292, underside of liead. Figs.. Figs.. 341. 295, underside of head 296-297.— Liopeltis hermince. 296, top of head; 297, side 298-300.— P/ (/as muco-vis (type of trifrenatm). 298, top. side of head; 300, underside of Figs. •S0\-30X—Zaiiiems spincdis.. 342. head. of. 344. head;. 299,. 302, side of head;. 303,. of. head. 301, top of head;. 346. underside of head Figs. SOA-SO^.—irolarchnsformosanu.".. Figs.. 350 304, top of head;. 306, underside of head 307-309.— Z);>(0(/o*t rufozonatum walli. 307, head; 309, underside of head. Figs. lilO-Sll.—Dinodonsemicarinatum.. 330. top of head, witli color pattern;. 305, side of head;. 355 to]). of head;. 308,. side. of. 364. 310, top of head; 311, side of head.. .. S\2.—Calamaria herezowskii. Top of head Figs. 313-316.— CaZamarmp/eferi. 313, top of head; 314, side of liead; 315, underside of head; 316, color pattern around middle of body Fig.. .. Figs. 3\7-'i\9.—Psammod>jn<tstespvlrendentus.. head; 319, underside of head. 317, top of head;. 368 377. 379. 318, side of. 384.

XV. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.. Page.. Fig^.S20-322.—iremibung<:misboeitgerl. 322, color pattern. 320, top of head; 321, side of head;. around middle of l)ody. 390. Figs. 323-324.. CaUiophls macdelland'ti.. 323, to]) of head; 324, side of. Figs. 325-327.. Bnngnrus. 325, underside of head; 326, side of. Figs. 328-330.. Laiicauda. Figs. 331-333.. Lnticauda semifasciata.. Figs. 334-337.. 333, underside Emydocephahis. multicAnctus.. head; 327, top of head. 392 398. '.. 32S, toj) of head; 329, side of head;. Irdicaiidata.. head. 330, underside of. -. head.. of. 410. 334, top of liead;. ijinue.. 338-340.— D/.s^Cfro melanocephala.. 335, side of head;. middle of body... 415. 338, top of head; 339, side of head;. 340, rostral. 422. Figs. 341-344.. Distetra melanocephala.. Figs. 345-347.. Disteira melauocephala.. Figs. 348-350.. Disteira melanocephala.. 343,. 347,. underside of head. .. 1. ;. 422. 344, rostral 345, toj) of head; 346, side of head;. 423 348, side of head; 349, scutellation at. 350, side of tail. 424. Side view of head. Disteira c'janocincta.. Figs. 352-354.. 341, top of head; 342, side of head;. underside of head. middle of body; Fig. 35. 429. -.. 352, top of head; 353, side of head; 354,. Disteira godeffroyi.. underside of head Figs. 355-357.. Ilijtlrus. Figs. 358-360.. Coluber bents.. 432 355, top of. platurus.. underside of head. head; 356, side of head; 357, 440. '. 358, top of head; 359, side of head; 360, un-. derside of head Fig. 361.. 405. 331, top of head- 332, side of head;. 336, underside of head; 337, scutellatiou at Figs.. head... 446. — Poison. apparatus of a Crotalid snake. Right side, a, External pterygoid bone (ectopterygoid or transpalatine); h, internal pterygoid bone ( ento pterygoid) c, palatal bone; d, maxil;. lachrymal bone (prefrontal Agkistrodon blomhoffii. 362, top of head; 363, side of head; Figs. 362-364. 364, underside of head Fig. 365. Agkistrodon blomhoffii? affiiiia. Side of head Figs. 366-368. Trimeresiirus elega)is. 366, top of head; 367, side of head; 368, underside of head Fig. 369. Trimeresiirus flavovirid is. Side of head Figs. 370-372. Trimeresiirus gramineus. 370, top of head; 371, side of head; 372, underside of head Dermochelys coriucea, young. Entire animal from above Fig. 373. Figs. 374-376. Dermochelys coriacea, young. 374, underside of shell; 375, side of head; 376, underside of head Ocadia sinensis. 377, carapace; 378, plastron Figs. 377-378. Figs. 379-381. Ocadia sinensis. 379, top of head; 380, side of head; 381, head from front Figs. 382-383. Clemmysjaponica. 382, carapace; 383, plastron Fig. 384. Clemmys japonica, young lary bone;. e,. Figs. 385-386.. Geoclemys. reeresii.. Figs. 387-388.. Geoclemys. reeresii.. Fig. 389.. Caretta caretta, young.. 385, carapace; 386, plastron 387, top of head; 388, side of head Entire animal from above. Figs. o90-392. —Caretta caretta, young. side; 392, underside of Figs. 393-.395.. 390, shell. head. ;. 393, entire. 395, plastron. 458 4ti2. •. 472. 476 476. 486 487 490 491. 493 495. 498. 498 508. from below; 391, head from. head. Chelonia japonica, young. side of. 449. ). 508. animal from aliove; 394, 510.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.. XVI. Page.. Figs.. Fig. Fig.. 396-S99.—Eretmochehis imbricata. 396, shell from below; 397, top of head; 398, side of head; 399, right fore flipper, dorsal view... 400.— Eretmochel)js mhricata. Shell from above 401.— Elements of the trionychid plastron, showing. 512 513. plastral callosities.. hp, commissure; ep, entoplastron; epp, epiplastron; c, hyoplastron; hyp, hypoplastron; pa, anterior inner process; pm, median process; /)/), posterior inner process; xp, xiphi-. 518. plastron. Amyda japonica. 402, side view; 403, view from above 404, underside; 405, side of head Figs. 40-i-40o.— Amyda japonica. Amyda schlegelii. Side view Fig. 406. Amyda schlegelii. View from above Fig. 407. Amyda schlegelii. Underside Fig. 408. Amyda schlegelii. Side view Fig. 409.. 520. Figs. 402-403.. 521. 522 527. -. 528. 528. PLATES. Facing page. I.. II.. III.. Sketch. map. of. Japan and adjacent territory. Diemictylus pyn-hogaster.. Hynohius. nii'vius;. H.. (. From. nehulosus.. title. page 16. Sehlegel ). (From Sehlegel H. leechii. (From Boulenger). 26. ). ... IV. Htjnobius lichenatus; H. j)eropus; V. Onychodactylusjapomcus; Geomolgefischeri; Salamandrella keyserlmgii. (From Sehlegel, Boulenger, and Strauch). VI. Onychodactylus japonicus. VII. Bombina. (. From. (. ( From Boulenger) From Boulenger). IX. Ilyla arhorea japonica; H.. 50 60. (From Boulenger,. chbiensis.. Sehlegel,. and Guenther X. Rana nigromaculata; E. rugosa. (From Sehlegel) XI. Rana japonica; R. amurensis. (From Sehlegel and Boulenger) ). ".... XII. Polypedates buergeri. ( From Sehlegel ) XIII. Gekko japonicus. (From Sehlegel) XIV. Japalura polygonata. ( From Boulenger) latiscutatus.. (. From Sehlegel From Fischer (. 188 1. ). ). (. ). (. ). (From Boulenger) Laponis hardwickii. (From Jan) X X V. Enhydrina valakudyn. ( From Jan ) Disteria melanocephala.. XXIV.. XXVI. XXVII. XXVIII.. XXIX.. XXX.. Agkistrodon blomhoffii. (From Temminck and Sehlegel ) Tnmeresurusflavoviridis. (From Hilgendorf). Ocadia. sinensis.. (From Gray). Clemmys japonica. Geoclemys. (. XXXI. Geoemyda. spenglerl. spengleri. Cyclemys flavomarginata. Caretta olivacea.. XXXV. Amyda japonica.. 94. 214 216. 240 272 284 328. 408 420 434 436 456 476. 490 492. Sehlegel ). (From Gray). revesii.. XXXII. Geoemyda. X X X II I. XXXIV.. From. 76 96 108 152 166. XVI. Mabiiya longicaudata. XVII. Sphenoinorphusindicus; Lygosaurus pellopleunis. (From Boulenger). XVIII. Takydromus tachydromoides. From Sehlegel XIX. Natrix tigrina. (From Tenuninck and Sehlegel) XX. Natrix pryeri. (From Boulenger) XXI. Elaphe quadritirgata. From Temminck and Sehlegel XXII. Laticauda semifasciata. (From Temminck and Sehlegel) XXIII.. 42 42. Sehlegel ). orientalis.. VIII. Bufoformosus.. XV. Eumeces. 32. 496 500 500. (. From Guenther. (From Eschscholtz Young. ). 504. 506 522.

PREFACE.. The present work is the result of a critical study of more than 1,500 specimens from Japan and its dependencies, as well as from portions of the adjacent territory on the mainland of eastern Asia. By far the larger number are contained in the herpetological collection of the United States National Museum, and in addition to these I have had here in Washington for direct comparison the extensive collections of the Science College Museum of the Imperial Universit}^ in Tokyo. For this privilege I wish to express my sincere gratitude to the authorities of the university, and most especially to Prof. Isao Ijima, in whose immediate charge these collections are. Thanks to the kindness of Prof. C. Ishikawa, I have also had some specimens belonging to the Imperial Museum in Tokyo. Moreover, it was my good fortune during two brief visits in Tokyo in 1896 and 1897 to be able to examine there a number of specimens in the two institutions mentioned. The American museums are not rich in material from the countries covered b}^ this work, but several important specimens are preserved in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, and the collections made by Doctors Furness and Heller in the Riu Kiu Islands are deposited in the Wistar Institute. Philadelphia. A few specimens collected by Mr. dinger in Korea are in the museum of the State University of Michigan. For permission to study this material, I am. greatly indebted to the authorities of these institutions. It would have been impossible to prepare the present volume without an examination of the important material of types and other specimens contained in the various nmseums of Europe. I need only mention Leiden, where the material brought home by Buerger and Von. and upon which Schlegel and Temminck based their account and batrachians in the Fauna Japonica, is preserved, and the British Museum with its vast material and immerous types. It has been my privilege during three visits to Europe to study these and numerous other collections in various cities, and it gives me particular pleasure to acknowledge with sincere thanks the liberality of the authorities of the Smithsonian Institutition and the National Museum Siebold,. of the reptiles. in enabling. It. me. to undertake these visits for that specific purjiose.. was thus possible 26485—07. u. for. me. to study the collections in the. Hamburg xvii.

PREB^ACK.. XVIII. Museum. of. home by Lenz, Warburg, and Kiu Islands and Amurland; in the Museum. Natural History brought. Dieekmami from. the Riu. Sonc-k(>nl)ergianum, Frankfort on the Main,. the depository of Bern-. hard Schmacker's collection from China and the Kiu Kiu Islands; in Stockholm's Riksmuseum where are the Japanese collections made by Dr. Osc. Nordquist during the Vega expedition; and in the museums of Bergen and Christiania, some highly important collections from. Formosa. To the directors and curators of all these institutions I wish to extend my thanks for facilities and assistance received. The material in the United States National Museum consists of some very important collections. Only a few specimens from the Perry expedition which opened Japan to foreign intercourse are still The in existence; there were probably not very many to start wath. next expedition, the Rodgers North Pacific Exploring Expedition, of which Dr. W. Stimpson was the naturalist, secured rather large colUnforlections, and these were reported upon by Doctor Hallowell. tunately, he died before the printing of the report the editing of which was intrusted to Dr. E. D. Cope, then quite young and inexperi,. Many new species were described, but the descrij^tions were very deficient and the whole publication was marred by numerous A large number of the specimens are lost, serious errors and lapses. enced.. many. were apparently never returned to the museum, while the few them are in poor With their aid, however, and that of Doctor Stimpson's c(mdition. manuscript field catalogue, which is still in existence, I have been enabled to straighten out many dubious questions. Of later noteworthy collections made for the museum, or acquired by it I may mention the excellent material gathered by my late friend Pierre Louis Jouy Japan and Korea. Doctor Ferrebee also sent in some speciijiens from the latter country. During my visit to Japan in 1896, as one of the Fur Seal Commissioners, I was enabled to secure numerous specimens of the conunoner species from the surroundings of Yokohama. One of the most extensive and valuable collections of reptiles and batrachians was made by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, United States Deputy Fish Commissioner, in 1901, in southern Japan, especially in the island of Shikoku, hitherto almost unknown herpetologically. Dr. S. Nozawa, of the Agricultural College, Sapporo, has presented to the museum an excellent collection of Yezo reptiles. In 1904 the National Museum acquired from Mv. Alan Owston his splendid collection of Japanese rei:>tiles embracing large series of species from Hondo, the central and southern groups of the Riu Islands and from Formosa. Finally, the Science College of the Inq:>erial University in Tokyo has presented to the U. S. National Museum a valuable set of duplicates of Japanese and Formosan reptiles. that are left have suffered from neglect and most of. ,. m. Km.

PREFACE.. XIX. The territory embraced in the present work (see Plate I) consists i. e., the four main islands and of what is known as Japan proper the Riu Kiu Archipelago, Formosa, adjacent islets, immediately their Amiirland, and the Russian Coast Korea, Sakhalin, Bonin Islands, the Province, as well as the Chinese provinces of Manchuria and Pechili. A few species, mostly marine snakes, not hitherto recorded from. —. within this territory have been included because of the probability of their occurrence; but these have been inclosed in brackets. Analytical keys for the easy and sure identification of the groups. and species are provided. It must be understood, however, that and batrachians are often subject to individual variation far in excess of the true specific (or subspecific) and even generic limits. In all cases, therefore, the specimens should be compared with the These are not generalized diagnoses, however, detailed descriptions. but minute descriptions of individuals, the deviations of other specimens under observation being noted under the heading "Variation." In selecting specimens for description or for illustration I have chosen individuals collected inside the territorial limits of this work whenever possible. Preferably the type-specimen has been described, or, if not available, a specimen from the type-locality or from the nearest locality to that of the type. If more than one specimen of this character were avaliable, the one showing the species in its typical and normal development has been selected. Full synonymy of each genus and species has been given, with. reptiles. references to nearly. full. titles of. fauna. the published records of the species within. all. At the end a bibliography. the territorial limits.. is. provided, giving. publications specifically referring to the herpetological. of the territory.. Special attention has been given to the geographical distribution of the various forms.. Unfortunately, a large. number. in the old collections are credited to ''Japan,''. of specimens. or "Loochoo," or. "Formosa," without further particulars, and a good many others have wrong localities attached to them. Much critical work has been done to clear the records in the latter cases. Nevertheless, the range of very many species is as yet only very imperfectly known. Large portions of the territory included are still unexplored, and many islands are as yet unvisited vertical distribution, of cases.. To. by a it is. scientific collector. With regard to the known only imperfectly in the great majority. help resident and visiting naturalists remedy these. work has been largely undertaken. It accompany this account by a general tabula-. defects in our knowledge this. was. at first intended to. tion of the geographical distribution of the various forms and a full. discussion of their origin and dispersal, but by the author in a separate paper.. tliis. will. be treated of.

PREFACE.. XX. With regard to the nomenclature of famihes, genera, and species, the author adheres strictly to the "'International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature" adopted })y the International Congresses of Zoology." Changes. in. necessitated by these rules, therefore, any desire of the author to alter names, but to conforming strictly to the laws now generally accepted. nomenclature. uuist not be laid to. the necessity of b}-. As for my guiding principle the working zoologists of the world. group names higher than families, see pages 48 to 49.. in selecting It. has not been found expedient to accompany this work by a map mentioned, since good maps. of the region giving the various localities. Japan and adjacent territory are nowadays easily available. The names employed in the literature and on the maps for the same localities and the often radically different spellmg of the samQ names have made necessary a synonymical and briefly descriptive list of Japanese localities which will be found at the end of the book. In the preparation of the present work the author has received kind assistance from many friends and colleagues which he wishes First of all, he must mention his to acknowledge with gratitude. Japanese friends connected with the Imperial University in Tokyo, Professor Mitsukuri, Professor Ijima, Professor Ishikawa, and Mr. Namiye. To Dr. G. A. Boulenger, British Museum; Dr. O. Boettger, Senckenberg Museum; Doctors Kraepelin and Pfeffer, Hamburg Museum; Doctor Jentink, Leiden Museum; Dr. E. Loennberg, Stockholm Museum; Dr. R. Collett, Kristiania Museum; and Messrs. Witmer Stone and Rehn, Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, he is indebted for loan of specimens, much information, and numerous of. different. courtesies.. Most of the outline drawings illustrating the text have been prepared by Mr. R. G. Paine. The plates are mostly reproductions of important illustrations, more or less inaccessible to those for whom this woi'k is chiefly intended.. Very often these. illustrations represent type-specimens, every instance are based on specimens collected in the region covered by this work. The expensive Fauna Japonica is long since out of print, and the reproduction of the best figures from this classic will be welcome to the majority of the students of Japanese. and. in nearly. herpetology.. For the original drawings of two of the plates (Plates I am under great obligations to Prof. Isao Ijima.. XXXI-. XXXII). aRi>gles Internationales de la. Interuationaux de Zoologie.. Nomenclature Zoologique adoptees par les Congres R. de Rudeval, Editeur, 1905. S^-^. 64 pp.). (Paris, F..

HERPETOLOGY OF JAPAN AND ADJACENT TERRITORY. By Leonhard Stejneger, Curator, Division of Reptiles and Batrachians, U. S. National. Museum.. INTRODUCTION. Until a comparatively recent date reptiles and amphibians were members of the same class, intermediate between. generally considered. the old class Pisces and the birds. to class. rank early in the. generally accepted. until. True, the Amphibia were elevated. last century,. the. but the proposition was not. subdivision. of. the vertebrates into. Anamnia and Amniota had been gaining ground.. It is. now. generally. conceded that the Amphibia, or Batrachia, as they are often. called,. more nearly allied to the fishes, and the reptiles more so to the birds than the two classes are among themselves, some authors even going so far, and not without good reasons, as to include the reptiles with the birds in the same class, Monocotylia. Yet, chiefly for the same reasons which cause the Lancelets and the Lampreys to be embraced with the true fishes in the term "ichthyology," the old name for the study of the compound class Amphibia or Reptilia, '4ierpetology," is still in common use, and in faunistic works, like the present, the two classes are usually treated of together. are. Class 1758.. Amphibia Linn^us,. 1802. Batrachia I,. tab.. AMPHIBIA.. Syst. Nat., 10 ed.,. Macartney,. I,. p. 194.. in Ross's Translat.. Cuvier's Lect. Comp. Aiiat.,. III.. Daudin, Dumeril,. 1803. Batrachii. Hist. Nat. Rept., V, tab. p.. 1806. Batracii. Zool. Anal., p. 90.. 1807.. Calamity Link, Bcsclir. Nat. Samml. Rostock,. 1813. Achelata Fischer, Zoognosia, 3 ed.,. I,. 8.. II, p. 53.. p. 57.. Wilbrand, Classif. Thiere, p. 117. Nuda Hemprich, Grundr. Naturg., p. 111. Dipnoa Leuckart, Isis, 1821, Litt. Anz., p. 259. Malacopoda Mayer, Rheinl. und Westphal. Verhandl., VI (p. 177). Psilodcrma van der Hoeven, Handb. Diork., 2 ed., II, p.^: Ilandh.. 1814. Ranacea. 1820. 1821. 1847. 1855.. Zool., II, p. 251.. 26485— No. 58—07. 1. 1.

BULLETIN. 2 The. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.. 58,. tiinphibians, or batnicliians, as they are also called, are. anam-. and stomatophysous vertebrates possessing a well-developed skiUl ])rovided witli a lower jaw and articulating with the vertebral colmnn by means of two occipital condyles; limbs, when not atrophied, consisting of luimerus or femur followed by two projx)dials (radius and ulna, til)ia and fibula), metapodials (carpals and metacarpals, tarsals and metatarsals'), and digits (phalanges); heart with three chambers; internal nares; respiration, at least during part Young, usually after leaving of life, by means of gills; skin naked. iiiote,. archsecraniate,. egg, undergoes a metamorphosis.. to this class, has to be has been shown that the former name originally applied only to the order of tailless frogs, and that consequently it is a synonym pure and simple of the much older. The term "Batrachia," usually applied. rejected. term. and ''Amphibia" accepted, since. it. Salientia.". class includes three recent orders, namely, the Csecilians (Apoda), the Salamanders (C'audata), and the Frogs (Salienta). Of these only the two latter orders are represented within our jjresent. The. limits.. Order. CAUDATA.. 1811.. Caudcti Dumeril, Zool. Anal., p. 94. Caudata Opfel, Ordn. Kept., p. 72.. 1813.. Urodeli Fischer, Zoognosia, 3 ed.,. 1806.. 1825.. 1828. 1833. 1835.. 1838. 1855.. Merrem,. I,. p. 58.. Amph., p. 166. Urodela Latreille, Fam. Nat. Regne Anini., p. 105. Cercopi Wagler, Isis, 1828, p. 859. Sozura van der Hoeven, Handb. Dierk., II, Pt. 2, p. Homomorpha Fitzinger, Ann. Wien. Mus., I, p. 107. Urophora Hogg, Mag. Nat. Hist. (n. s.), Ill, p. 270. Saurohatrachi van der Hoeven, Handb. Dierk., 2 cd.,. 1820. Gradicntia. 1857, Delesura Jan,. This order. is. Syst.. Cenni Mus. Milan.,. 304.. II, p. 461.. p. 54.. often called Urodeles or Urodela, and Dumeril (Zoo-. logie Analytique, 1806). is quoted as authority. This is a mistake, however, for Dumeril only uses the French term ''Urodeles," adding in parentheses the Latin word by which he designates the group, namely, Caudati. From an inspection of page 94 this is plain enough, but to clinch the matter one needs only examine the two indexes at the end of the book, the "Table Fran^aise" containing the word "Urodeles" (p. 330), and the "Table Latine" the Caudati The Latin forms "Urodela" and "Urodeles" have been (p. 333). introduced much later by other authors. This order may be divided into three suborders, viz, the Mudpup-. pices. (Proteida), the Sirens (Meantes), and the true Salamanders CMutabilia), only the latter being found in the territorv here included. a See Stejneger, Science (n.. s.),. XX,. Dec.. 30, 1904,. pp. 924-925..

HERPETOLOGY OF JAPAN.. 3. Suborder MUTABILIA. 1820. 1820. 1828. 1828.. Mutabilia Mehrem, Syst. Amph., p. 166. Salamandrx Goldfusz, Handb. ZooL, II, p. 129. Morphuroviolgxi Ritgen, Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Carol., XIV, Molgx Ritgen, Nova Acta Acad. Leop. Carol., XIV, p. 277.. p. 277.. 1832. I)erotremaia-\-Salamandrina'M.VE'LL¥.n, Isis, 1832 (p. 504).. 1831.. Urodela. Bonaparte, Saggio. Distrib. Met., p. 77.. 1840. Deiretremata-\-Aphanobranchiata. Leuckart, Froriep's Neue Notizen, XIII,. p. 20.. 1866. Sozura. HAECKEh, Gen. Morphol.,. II, p.. cxxxi.. Cadudbranchiata Cope, Joiirn. Phila. Acad. Sci., VI, Pt. 1889. Pseudosauria Cope, Amer. Natxtral., XXIII, 1889, p. 861. 1866.. 1,. p. 102.. In the true salamanders we recognize two superfamilies, viz, the Amphiumoideae and the Salamandroideae. For our present purpose it is enough to separate them by the presence of well-developed eyelids in the latter and the absence of eyelids in the former. It is stated that the absence of eyelids. is. concurrent with the absence of a. first epi-. branchial and with the connection of stapes with the quadrate arch in the Amphiumoideaj, while in the Salamandroideae a first epibranchial is. present and stapes not connected with the quadrate arch in the. The Amphiumoidese correspond to Cope's Trematodera and Amphiumoidea, and to Boulenger's Amphiumidae, while the Salamandroideae are the latter's Salamandridae and Cope's Pseudosauria (1889, X. Am. Batr., p. 33; not of 1898, Syllabus, p. 48, where the adult.. term corresponds. strictly to. our Mutabilia).. Both superfamilies occur within our limits. The genera which belong to them may be referred to their respective groups as follows: analytical key to families.. No. a'. (Amphiumoide^e.). a-. (Salamandroide^.). Cryptobranchid,«,. eyelids. p. 3.. Eyelids developed.. 6'. Vomero-palatine teeth in two longitudinal series diverging backward; vertebrse. b-. Vomero-palatine teeth in transverse amphiccelous. Salamandrid.e,. opisthocoelous. Superfamily. series, or. p. 11.. converging backward; vertebrae. Ambystomid^,. p. 24.. AMPHIUMOIDEiE.. Two families compose the superfamily Amphiumoideae, the Amphiumidae and the Cryptobranchidae, differing in many anatomical characters, the former represented by the eel-like Amphiuma with at most three digits on the rudimentary legs, the latter by the hellbender, its more salamander-like body, 4-5 digits and well-developed limbs. The former occurs only in North America. with. Family. CRYPTOBRANCHID.E.. This family embraces three genera, Proteocordylus (Andrias) known only from the miocene of western Europe, Cryptohranchus, wliich only ,.

BULLETIN. 4. 58,. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.. occurs in eastern North America, and Megalohatrachus known from Japan and China. They are so closely allied that osteologists and paleontologists prefer to regard the two latter at least as congeneric, but the closing of the branchial fissure in the adult Megalohatrachus ,. seems to be sufficient reason for adopting the latter genus. American genus the fissure remains open throughout life.. MEGALOBATRACHUS". Genus. 1837. Megnlobatrachus Tschudi,. In the. Tschudi.. Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Geol.. Palseont., (Stutt-. September, p. 547 (type, M. sicboldi). 1838. Sieboldia Bonaparte in Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., May, 1838, p. 413 (same type). 1838. Sieboldtia Agassiz, in Anhang to Tschudi's Classif Batr. (err. typogr.). 1840. Hydrosalaviandra Leuckart Froriep's Neue Notizen, XIII, No. 2, Jan. gart) 1837, Pt. 5,. .. 1840, p. 20. 1854.. Tritomegas. 1904. Sieboldiana. (same type).. Dumeril and Bibron,. Erpet. Gen., IX, p. 163 (same type). Ishikawa, Proc. Nat. Hist. Tokyo Imp. Mus., I, No. 2, p. 21. (emendation).. Unless it can be shown that Bonaparte published his Sieholdia before September, 1837, it will have to give way to Tschudi's MegaloAgassiz (1. c), on September 29, 1838, speaks of "the hatrachus. established priority" of the former,'' but, like many later authors, he evidently regarded Megalohatraclius as first proposed by Tschudi in his " Classification der Batrachier, " which Agassiz himself published in. October, 1838.. As. will. be seen from the above synonymy Tschudi in September, 1837, a fact of which Agassiz. had already j^ublished it was apparently unaware.. Few. animals can boast such an extensive literature as the Japanese The bibliography attached to this work and the synonymic list of quotations under the head of the species, greatly defective as they are, give a fair indication of the interest this animal and especially its anatomy has aroused among naturalists. It is only recently, however, that accurate and detailed observations on its habits and propagation have been made. A good account based upon ample experience in the field has been published by Prof. C. Sasaki and recently Prof. C. Ishikawa has supplemented his notes by xevy important observations on the eggs and newly hatched young.'^ Finally, Dr. C. Kerbert, in Amsterdam, has succeeded in making the giant salamander breed in captivity, thus being able to follow the process from the laying of the eggs to the hatcliing of the larvse and their subsequent growth and change. A brief summary of their observations may be included here. According to them the giant giant salamander.. ,'^. «. From/<£;?^d/\os=//fxas,great; ^Scrpaxo(i, frog,. or, in this case,. "Die constatirte Prioritat seines Namens Sieboldtia." c Joum. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, I, Pt. 3, 1887, pp. 269-274. d Proc. Nat. Hist. Tokyo Imp. Mus., I, No. 2, 1904, pp. 19-37. &. batrachian..

HEEPETOLOGY OF. JAPAN".. 5. salamander inhabits liigh mountain valleys, where it frequents the swiftrunning brooks of clear cold water from the mountain springs. These streams are quite shallow, have stony beds, seldom attain a width of more than a few meters and are for the most part shaded with shrubs and trees. The temperature of the water in the middle of August was found to be between 17° and 23° C. Here they keep themselves habitually in dark holes under rocks, along the banks or the middle of the stream, and cavities inhabited by one of these animals may be recognized by the bottom at the entrance being kept clean. They feed on fishes, fi-ogs, crustaceans, earthworms, etc, and are easily captured. by a baited fishhook thrust into the retreat of the sluggish The flesh, wliich is eaten by the Japanese, is said to be. animal.. delicious, and is also used for medicinal purposes. Another mode of capturing the salamander during the breeding season is to throw into. the stream a strong-smelling mixture of various animal ingredients into small balls, thereby enticing the animals out of their holes.. made As a. result, the "hanzaki" is constantly becoming scarcer. Only the smaller and medium-sized individuals stay in the small, shallow streams, the big old monsters of 3 feet and more seek deeper water lower down. The eggs are deposited in August and September in the deep holes. They vary as to size and number according to the size of the female,. and. an outer gelatinous envelope or capwhich the spheroid egg floats in a clear fluid. Each capsule is connected with the next by means of a comparatively short string about equaling the length of the larger axis of the embryo, the whole dej)osit resembling a rosary in form. sule 16 to 20. mm.. consist of. long, in. Kerbert estimates the number of eggs deposited by the female in the at about 500. Ishikawa found 60 to 80 in the various holes examined by him. The entire develoj^ment from the deposition of the eggs to the escape of the larva from the capsule lasted. Amsterdam Aquarium. in captivity from fifty-two to sixty-eight days, the escaping larvse measuring about 30 mm. in length. At this time they have external. show indications of two fingers and the the mouth which is still plainly ventral becomes gradually terminal. The gills seem to disappear when the young are between 200 and 250 mm. in length. Both Ishikawa and gills;. the anterior extremities. posterior limbs are indicated. ;. Kerbert maintain that the adult animal takes care of the eggs, wrapping the egg string around itself and by its movements keeping the. mass in motion so as to facilitate the respiration process of the eggs and embryos but they difl'er in opinion as to whether it is the male ;. who thus undertakes the care of the offspring, Ishikawa from observations in nature maintaining the latter, Kerbert from the behavior of the animals in the aquarium the former. or the female.

BULLETIN. 58,. TJNTTED STATES NATIONAL. MEGALOBATRACHUS JAPONICUS" HANZAKI 1837.. Triton japonicus. MUSEUM.. (Temminck).. (.Ishikawa).. Temminck, Fauna Japon.,. Pt. 3,. Coup. d'oeil,. p.. xxvi. Wagner, Muenchen Gelelirte Anzeiger, V, July 8, 1837, p. 55. VAN DER HoEVEN, Tijclsclir. Natuurl. Geschied., IV, Feb. 1838, p. 375. Cry ptobranchus japonicus van der Hoeven, Tijdschr. Natuurl. Geschied., (Japan).. IV, Feb. 1838, p. 384, pi. va, figs. 5-6 (Japan); Bull. Sci. Phys. Natur. N^erlande (Leiden), 1838, p. 91; Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1838, p. 25; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., II, Nov. 1838, p. 2.30; Ann. Sci. Nat., (2) Zool., XI, 1839 (p. 63); Meai. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasbourg, III, 1840, author's separate, Ann. Sci. Nat., (2) Zool., XV, 1841, p. 251 (151 by typogr. p. 11, pis. en-.); Tijdschr. Natuurl. Geschied., VIII, 1841, p. 270 (blood corpuscles). —Schmidt, Goddard, and van der Hoeven, Nat. Verb. Maatsch. Wet. Haarlem, XIX, 1862, p. 3 (anatomy). Hyrtl, De Cryptobr. Jap., 1865,. —. ;. Rein and von Roretz,. p. 9 (descr.; anat.).. p. 33, pi.. —. (distrib.. ;. Zool. Garten,. habits, etc.).—Boettger, Zool. Garten,. XVII, 1876, XVII, 1876,. (young).— Dambeck, Natur (Halle) (n. s.), Ill, 1877, (p. 685).— WiEDERSHEiM, KopfsVel. Urodcl., 1877, p. 56, pi. ii, figs. 21-22 (skull).— p. 432. CoRNALiA, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci., XXI, 1878, p. 207 (dimensions).—HilGENDORF. Sitz. Ber. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1880, p. 121. Bieletski, Geerts, Nouv. Arch. Mus. [Rem. Physiol. Sal. Gig., 1882] p. pi. Paris, (2) V, 1883, p. 274, pi. xvii.— Rein, Japan, Engl, ed., 1884, p. 188 (Hida to Iwami).— Sasaki, Journ. Coll. Sci. Tokyo, I, Pt. 3, 1887, p. 269 (Iga; Ise; Yamato; habits, eggs, etc.).^ ^Moesch, Neujalirsblatt Naturf.. — —. .. Ges. Zuerich, 1887, p. 1, figs. 1-4 (full fig. and skel.).— Fritze, Mitth. Deutsch. Ges. Ost-Asiens, V, 1891, p. 239 (absent in Yezo). Meuron, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuchatel, XXI, 1893, p. 186.— Gadow, Cainbr. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1901, p. 98 (fig.).— OsAWA, Mitth. Med. Fac. Univers. Tokio,. Andrias japonicus Lap4, 1902 (pp. 221-427+44 pis.) (anatomy). parent, Traite Geol., 4 ed., 1900, p. 1532. Megalobat mchus japonicus Beddard, Pro(;. Zool. Soc. London, 1903, II, Pt. 2 (publ. Apr. 1904) p. 298. V, no.. (anatomy). 1837.. Megalobatrachus sieboldi Tschudi, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Geol. Palaeont., 1837, Pt. 5, Sept., p. 547 (type-locality, Japan; type in Leiden Mus.; Siebold collector); Classif. Batr., Oct. 1838, p. 96, pi. vi (Japan).—Martens, Preuss. Exped. Ost-Asien, Zool., 1, 1876, p. 384 (southern Japan). sicboldii Dumeril and Bibron, Erpet. Gen., IX, 164.—Bleeker, Natuurl. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie, XVI,. Tritomegas. 1854,. p.. 1858,. p. 205.. 1837.. Salamandra maxima Schlegel in Tschudi, Neues Jahrb. Mineral. Geol. 5, Sept., p. 546 (not of Barton, 1808); Fauna Japon. Rept., pp. 127, 139, Saur. et Batr., pis. vi, vii, viii (type-locality, "Suzu-. Palaeont., 1837, Pt.. yama near Sakanosta",fcOkude mountains). Siebold, Fauna Japon., Rept., 1838, p. XV. Pompe van Meerdervoort, Natuurk. Tijdschr. Nederland. Indie, XX, Pts. 4-6, 1860, p. SSG.— Sieboldiamaxivia Gray,. ga. Cat. Batr.. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1850, p. 52 (Japan).— Phisalix, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, CXXV, 1897 (p. 121) (poisonous secretions); Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1897 (p. 242).— Megalobatrachus maximus BouLENOER, Cat. Batr. Grad. Brit. Mus., 1882, p. 80 (Japan).— Okada, Cat. ". Signifying Japanese.. Evidently Sud.saka Yama near Sakanoshita, of Hassenstein's Atlas of Japan, the mountain where the Ijoundaries between the provinces of Iga, Ise, and Omi meet. 'J.

HERPETOLOGY OF JAPAN.. 7. Vert. Japan, 1891, p. 65 (Mimasaku; Ise; Iga; Hida; Mino; Ivami;. Tajima).. Boettger, Kat. Batr. Mus. Senckenberg.,. Andres, Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat.,. XXXV,. Tamba;. 1892, p. 60 (Iga).. fasc. 3-4, 1896, p. 201, pi.. i. Schnee, Natur und Haus, VIII, 1900 (p. 246) (notes on living spec). Ishikawa, Mitth. Deutsch. Ges. Ost-Asiens, IX, Pt. 1, 1902, p. 81 (Hondo from Mino to Suwo and Nagato; habits, propagation, etc.); Proe. Nat. Hist. Tokyo Imp. Mus., I, No. 2, 1904, p. 19, pis, viii-xi Kerbert, Tijdschr. Nederland. (general; distrib.; propag.; develop.). (descr.; general).. Dierk.Vereen.. (2), VIII,. 1903 (pp. xxviii-xxix)(eggs); Zool. Anz.,. XXVII,. Compt. Rend. Sixth Int. Zool. Cryptohmnchus maxi463 (propagation).. 1904, Feb. 23, p. 305 (propagation, etc.);. Congr. Berne, 1904, (1905) p. vms Chapman, Proe. Phila. Acad., 1893, p. 227 (anat.). 1840. Hydrosalamandra siholdi Leuckart, Froriep's Neue Notizen, XIII, p. 20 (err. typ.).. 1854.. Salamandra gigas "Schlegel" Dumeril and Bibron, Erpet. Gen., IX,. 1854.. Tritomegas sieboldtii. p. 164 (lapsus.).. Dumeril and Bibron,. Erpet. Gen., IX, p. 426. (err.. typ.). 1907.. Cryptobranchas sicboldia Calmette, Les Venins, p. 330,. The above davidiana. fig.. ((uotations refer to Japanese specimens.. has ])een described by Blanchard. ". 123.. A. Sieholdia. from China, which. Boidenger, however, regards as identical with the Japanese species. I have no means of verifying this identification. P. Krefft (in Verh. Ges. Deutsch. Naturf. Aerzte, 69 Vers. Braunschw., 1897, II, Pt. 1898, p. 187) treats of specimens beheved to be. from. Amoy. 1,. and. Canton, and refers them"auf Grund allerdings oberflachhcher Untersuchung" to Cryptohranchus japonicus. Gray, in 1873 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), XII, 1873, p. 188) mentions a skin inchiding the bones of head and feet sent by Swinhoe from Shanghai, which he coidd not distinguish from a Japanese specimen. There has been ahiiost as much confusion about the specific name of the giant salamander as there has been with the generic term. Tlie oldest name is Temminck's Triton japonicus, which was publi.shed in his ''Coup d'oeil," the introductory chapter to the Fauna flaponica, probably as early as March or April, 1837, and certainly not later than June of that jesir (see Bibliography, p. 542). In that paper which was penned as early as November, 1835, Temminck described the giant salamander sufficiently to give the name Triton japonicus a status in zoological nomenclature.'' Description.. — Half grown: U.S. ^.M. No.. Morse, collector. a (4),. Vomerine teeth. 11349; Japan; Prof. E. S.. an arched. series. between the. Compt. Rend. Acad. Paris, LXXIII, 1871, p. 79.—Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. XII, 1873, p. J88. Sieboldia daridi David, Journ. Trois. Voy. Emp. Chinois, II,. 1875, p. 20 (emendation) (S. ^. in. La Salamandre. extremement. W.. Shensi).. gigantesqne, Triton japonicus porte des formes bizarres: une tete. large et deprimee,. un corps applati muni. d'line. queue en forme de large eaux limpides des. aviron, le tout porte par des pieds tres-courts; cHe vit dans les torrens.. Cou]) d'oeil, p. xxvi..

BULLETIN. 8. 58,. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.. choana?, parallel with the maxillary and j)remaxillary series; whole of tail w^iich is. body strongly depressed except terminal two-thirds. strongly compressed; head broad, fiat; nostrils anterior, near the tip of the snout and the ni)s, their distance from each other less than one-half the distance between the ejes, which are without eyelids and. very small, their diameter being less than one-tenth of the distance between them; legs short, depressed; fore legs with four lingers slightly webbed at base, the outer one wdth an outer dermal fold which continues along tlie entire length of the arm; hind feet with five toes w^ebbed at base, the two outer ones with a distinct dermal flap on the outer side; a broad cutaneous expansion on the posterior aspect of the leg; tail short, slightly more than one-third the length of head and body, compressed, with a high dorsal fin beginning at the insertion of the hind legs, and a much lower ventral fin; a strong lateral fold on the neck from behind the angle of mouth to above the shoulder; another prominent undulating lateral dermal fold from the axilla to above the hind legs; skin rough, with numerous grooves, transverse on underside of body and on the sides, longitudinal on the throat; head above covered with closely set round tubercles which are somewhat smaller than the eyes, but not arranged with any degree of regularity or symmetry; lips, tips of snout, and a limited area along the median line of the top of head comparatively smooth; similar. though more scattered on sides of throat and on upper side few occurring irregularly along the entire side of the body above the lateral fold. Color (in alcohol) burnt umber in various shades, paler below, irregularly blotched and marbled with dusky spots, limbs similarly spotted, ti|)s of digits light orange brown. tubercles,. of neck, a. JHDieyisio)^.. mm. 490. Total length. Tip. snout to vent. of. 322. Anterior border of vent to tip of. Width. 168. tail. head Distance between eyes. 40. Fore legs. 52. Hind. of. 69. legs. Greatest height of. 59 tail. 48. Few^ salamanders have been oftener described in detail, or oftener figured than the present species as will be seen from the synonymy. given above, where ample references are cited.. A. more detailed description therefore seems superfluous. It may be added, however, that there is no apparent external difference between the sexes, except that during the breeding season the borders of the vent are swollen in the male, but flat in the female.. being. less. rough and lighter in. color.. The young ones. differ chiefly in.

HERPETOLOGY OF JAPAN. Habikit.. 9. —The giant salamander of Japan seems to be restricted to. the higher altitudes of the island of. Hondo west. of longitude 137° 30'. Rein states that it lives in clear running mounand schist ranges, at a height of from 400 to 1,000 meters above the sea, while Geerts mentions 200 to 800 meters According to these two authorities the principal as its true habitat. localities where it is found are as follows: 1. The mountain streams and sources of the Yodogawa and Lake east of Greenwich.. tain streams in the granite. Biwa drainage,. Kidzugawa in the The t}q3e-specimen. especially the tributaries of the. provinces of Iga, Yamato, and western Ise.. —. which von Siebold brought home alive to the Leiden Museum was taken in this district, namely, in one of the streams of Sudzaka Yama, the mountain where the boundaries of the three provinces of Ise, Iga, and Omi meet, and Mr. Sasaki, who, in 1880 and 1881, visited this part of Japan in search of this species, obtained all his specimens (71) in Iga, Ise, and Yamato. 2. The streams of the border mountains between Hida and Mino provinces, especially the sources and tributaries of Rokagawa. Mr. Geerts quotes Keisuke Ito (Nihon Sanbutu wSi, II, p. 39) as authority for the statement that it occurs in the province of Owari, though judging from the maps accessible to me it seems doubtful whether there are any localities high enough in that province. 3. The streams on the watershed between the districts of Sanindo and Sanyodo. Geerts mentions several streams b}^ name, such as Miyadugawa and Itigawa, in the province of Tamba, Toyokagawa, in Tazima, and Osakigawa in Mimasaku and Harima, while Rein also mentions the province of Iwami. Okada likewise names the province of Iwami, in addition to those of Mimasaku, Tamba, Tajima, Ise, Iga, Mino, and Hida, but upon what authority I do not know. Professor Ishikawa, in a lecture given before the German East Asiatic Society in Tokyo, 1900," gives the distribution of the giant salamander as follows: Mountain streams in the lower half of Hondo, i. e., from Mino to Iwami, Nagato, and Suwo. The species is consequently to be found in the mountain chain southwest from Mino to Suwo and Nagato, and also in the mountains of Iga and Ise, a branch of the main mountain chain. With regard to the provinces in which it occurs, the following are to be mentioned: Mino, Omi, Iga, Ise, Tamba, Tango, Tajima, Inaba, Mimasaku, Harima, Hoki, Bizen, Bitchu, Bingo, Idzumo, Iwami, Aki, Suwo, and Nagato. It has not been found as jei in Kii nor in Shikoku or Kiusiu. It occurs most frequently, so far as now known, in the mountain streams which come from the famous volcano Daisen, and in the streams on the south side of the Hiruzen Mountains and their neighborhood, espeaMitth. Deutsch. Ges. Ost-Asiens, IX, p.. 79..

BULLETIN. 10. 58,. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.. cially in the sources of the rapid. Asahigawa or. river of the rising sun.. years he collected the"hanzaki" in this part of the island, and he mentions the localities of Tsuyama, Onaru Valley, Kuginuki. For many. Mikamo, Maniwagori, all apparently in western Mimasaku. To his very interesting article, Contributions to the Kjiowledge of the Giant Salamander, in the Proceedings of the Department of Natural History, Tokyo Imperial Museum, I, 1904, he has added a colored map. Valley,. In this map (Plate VIII) showing the distribution of the species. the extension westward to the provinces of Nagato and Suwo is shown, and it also includes a large portion of the province of Idzumo.. The. text affords, however, no opportunity of judging. terial this is based.. mony. This. is. upon what ma-. particularly unfortunate as the testi-. as to the occurrence of this species so far west. is. quite con-. According to a memorandum kindly furnished me by Dr. Hugh M. Smith, he was informed by Dr. T. Kitahara, zoologist of the Imperial Japanese Fisheries Bureau in Tokyo, that the western The main drainage of the provinces limit is the province of Bingo. of Tamba, Tazima, and Iwami is toward the Sea of Japan, the others drain to the inland sea, or to the Pacific, but the maps accessible to me are not accurate and detailed enough to decide whether some of the upper valleys of Iwami and Tazima do not in reality drain southward to the Inland Sea. At any rate it can not be taken for granted that the giant salamander occurs north of the watershed until its occurrence in streams of the Sea of Japan drainage is proven beyond a shadow of a doubt by actual specimens. In this connection it may be added that, according to Doctor Smith's memorandum alluded to above, "Mr. I. Shishido, teacher of zoology in the Third High School, Kyoto, states that the s})ecies is reported from near Funatsa, province of Hida, in a river flowing into the Japan Sea (Toyama Bay), but no specimens from that locality are known to be in collections. The people in the vicinity of Funatsu, especially the women, eat this animal as a medicine." It is of the greatest importance that this question, whether the giant salamander occurs originally (not introduced) and regularly in the Japan Sea drainage, should be definitely solved. The qualification "regularly" is added because an isolated occurrence would not be convincing, since it might be explained either as an accidental introduction, or as the result of a Japan Sea stream having captured the sources of a Pacific Coast flicting.. stream.. The capture and at Kyoto, related. of. specimens in the Takadagawa, province of Musashi,. in 1832, in the canal of the castle. by Ilandangensei (Keisuke. Ito."). escaped from captivity or deliberately transplanted. aNihon Sanbutu,. Nizyono. siro,. as. probably, refers to animals. Sci. II, p. 39..

HEEPETOLOGY OF. JAPAT^.. 11. List of specimens of Megalobatrachus japonicus.. U.. N. M. No.. S.. Age.. Young. 6163... o"". Half grown. 34214.. Adult*. «.. ^'''i""^. received.. Colonel Taylor.. do.. 11349.. ^'o™. i. lected lectea.. Japan. do. 6543... By whom collected. Whpneol-. Localitv.. .do. '. '. C. E.. Smidt.. E.. Morse.. S.. A. Owston.. Province Mino.. 34215.. do. do. 34216.. do. do. Do.. 34217.. do. do. Do.. Do.. a Description, p. 7.. Superfamily. 6 618. mm.. long.. SALAMANDROIDE^E.. into three families, namely, the Ambyand Salamandridae. The Plethodontidse are characterized by the presence of parasphenoid teeth. They do not occur within our area, being confined, with one exception, to the New World. The two families found in Japanese territory may be distinguished. The Salaniandroids. fall. stomidge, Plethodontidse,. as follows:. KEY TO a^. a-. FAMILIES.. Vomero-palatines prolonged posteriorly over the parasphenoid as two long processes, the teeth placed on the inner side of these forming two parallel or backward diverging series S.\lamandrid.e, p. 11. Vomero-palatines not prolonged Ijackward over the parasphenoid, the teeth placed on the posterior margin in transverse or posteriorly converging series.. Ambystomid.e,. Family. p. 24.. SALAMANDRID.E.. The salamanders, with the vomero-palatine teeth extending far backward in two parallel or posteriorly diverging series, are characthe Mediterranean subdiviThree genera only occur in eastern Asia, two of which have been found witliin our territory. Of these, one, Diemictylus, extends into North America. The Japanese genera may be distinguished as follows: teristic of the palearctic region, especially. sion.. KEY TO GENERA. a'. Vomero-palatine teeth commencing in front of the line of the choanise; series of isolated, knob-like glands on sides of back, some of these warts pierced by the extremity of the rib; ma.xillary bone reaching the (piadrate; tip of pterygoid in contact with maxillary Tylototriton, p. 12.. a-. Vomero-palatine teeth commencing on a line with, the choanse; no series of isolated knob-like glands on the sides of the back; maxillary bone separated from quadrate. and from pterygoid by large intervals. Diemictylus, p.. 15..

BULLETIN. 12. 58,. Genus 1871.. Tylolotrilon. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.. TYLOTOTRITON. Anderson,. Proc. Zool.. ". Anderson. London, 1871,. Soc.. 423 (type,. p.. T. verrucosus).. 1885.. Tylotriton. Boettokr, Offenbach. Ver. Naturk. 24-25. Ber., p. 165 (emenda-. tion).. 1889. Glossolega. Cope, Bull. U.. S.. Nat. Mus., No. 34, p. 201 (in part).. species of this genus are. Thus far only two. known, namely, T. verru-. the eastern Himalayas to the mountains species, which has been found only in present the and of Yumian, has given a detailed description, Anderson Doctor Shinui. Okmawa cosus, wliich. is. known from. with illustrations, of the anatomy^ of the type species. The nearest related genus appears to be Pleurodeles the only species of which, P. waltl, is confined to the southwestern portion of the Pyrenean peninsula and the northern portion of Morocco. The two genera agree not only in the singularly pointed ribs protruding tlu-ough the sides of the body, sometimes even perforating the skin, ,. but also in the forward extension of the vomero-palatine teeth. The present distribution of these forms one in vSpain, one in the Himalayan region, and one in the Riu Kiu Archipelago is suggestive. —. of the antiquity of this. TYLOTOTRITON ANDERSONI 1892.. —. type of urodeles.. TylototrUon andersoni. <. Boulenger.. Boulenger, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6), X, Okinawa, Riu Kiu; type, Brit. Mus. No.. p. 304 (type-locality,. Oct. 1892, 92. 9. 3. 30;. Hoist, collector).— Fritze, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VII, 1894, p. 865; author's. separate p. 16. p. 107. —. Boettger, Offenbach. Ver. Naturk., 33-36. Ber., 1895,. (Okinawa).. Adult; Sci. Coll. Tokyo, No. 67; Okinawa (figs. 1-6). Description. Vomero-palatine teeth in two longitudmal series, meetmg in front and commencing some distance anterior to a line through the anterior border of the choaniB, then proceeding backward nearly parallel, but considerable distance apart, then at the beginning of the posterior third sharply diverging; tongue nearly circular, its diameter more than half the width of the mouth, extensively free on the sides, less behind and least in front; nostrils near the tip of the snout, and halfway between the top and the edge of the lip, their distance from each. oFrom "TvXooTOi, knobbed.". "Along the body a lateral line of equidistant, rounded, knob-like, porous, glandular tubercles, terminating at the root of the tail. The second to fifth epipleural processes and the extremities of the remaining ribs terminate in the knob-like lateral glands." Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,. large,. 1871, p. 423.. ^Zool. Res.. "Named. Yvmnan,. p. 848, pi. lxxvii.. Anderson, to whom science is indebted for the discovery of the remarkable newt on which he established the genus Tylototriton in 1871." John Anderson was born in Edinburgh, October 4, 1833; superintendent of Indian Museum, c. after Dr. J.. Calcutta, from 1865 to 1886; then occupied with the study of the fauna of on August 15, 1900. He visited Japan in 1884.. his death. Egypt. till.

HEEPETOLOGY OF JAPAN,. 13. other greater than their distance from the eye, but smaller than the upper eyelid small, its width less than one-third. interorbital space;. the interorbital space; top of head surrounded on the sides and anteriorly. by a. canthus. rather rough, bon}^ crest which covers the tip of the snout,. rostralis,. supraorbital. edge,. and fronto-squamosal arch;. parotoid gland scarcely as long as the width of the interorbital space,. narrow, rather prominent; distance from tip of snout to gular fold contained less than three times in distance from gular fold to vent; fingers and toes interdigitating when legs are pressed against the. body; a rough, bony ridge, similar to the one on the head, along the middle of the back, from occiput to the tail and continuous with the upper ridge of the latter: from the shoulder to the side of sides of the. Figs. 1-6.— Tylototriton andersoni.. mouth;. 4,. IJ. v. n.\t. size.. section of tail at end of basal third;. .5,. 1, top of he.^d; 2, side of head; 3, open hand; 6, foot. No. 67, Sci. Coll., Tokyo.. tail a dorso-lateral series of knob-like glands on the body terminating the pointed end of the ribs, which protrude as hard spines, though not perforating the skin; this series continues some distance on the side of the tail, on which it gradually disappears between this series. the. ;. and the median dorsal ridge another series of prominent, conical, bony knobs, about eight on each side, each one located over a rib and connected along the latter with the terminal rib knob by a series of smaller, less conspicuous, tubercles; fingers and toes rather short,. web at the base; fifth toe very rudimentary on the right foot, entirely missing on the left: no metacarpal or metatarsal tubercles; tail compressed, tapermg from depressed, with indication of a slight short,.