27
JoTEC (Journal of Tropical Estate Crops), 1(1) (2023): 27-30,
JoTEC (Journal of Tropical Estate Crops)
Available online http://ojs.uma.ac.id/index.php/jotec
The Impact of Farmers' Production and Income Due to Ganoderma Boninense Disease on Palm Oil Plants in Bilah
Hulu District, Labuhan Batu District – North Sumatra Province
Taslim Harefa 1), Yusniar Lubis 2) & Saefuddin Lubis 2)
1) Student of Doctor Program – Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia
2) Lectures of Doctor Program – Universitas Medan Area, Indonesia Received: Desember 28, 2022; Accepted: Maret 01, 2022; Published: April 12, 2023
Abstract
Ganoderma was first discovered by Peter Adolf Karsten in 1881 and to date, more than 250 species of Ganoderma have been found worldwide. Labuhan Batu Regency consists of 9 sub-districts, one of which is Bilah Hulu District, with smallholder oil palm plantations covering an area of 4,901 ha. Based on observations in the field, quite a lot of smallholder oil palm plantations in Bilah Hulu District were attacked by Ganoderma which resulted decrease in crop production and would further reduce farmers' income. The results of a survey regarding decline in production and income of oil palm farmers due to Ganoderma disease in the District, Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province showed that after the plants were attacked by Ganoderma disease, the production of the farmers' plantation decreased by 9.05 tons or 26.75% per year. Meanwhile, farmers' income decreased by 28.27%. Control of this disease is important because it has the potential to reduce the production and income of oil palm farmers.
Keywords: Ganoderma; production; income; decline.
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
ISSN xxxx-xxxx (Online)
Taslim Harefa, Yusniar Lubis & Saefuddin Lubis, The Impact Of Farmers' Production And Income Due To Ganoderma Boninense Disease On Palm Oil Plants In Bilah Hulu District, Labuhan Batu District – North Sumatra
Province
28 INTRODUCTION
Labuhan Batu Regency is one of the centre of oil palm plantations in North Sumatra. The area of smallholder oil palm plantations in Labuhan Batu Regency covered 38,629 ha with a production amount 116,853 tonnes. Labuhan Batu Regency consists of 9 sub-districts, one of which is Bilah Hulu District, with smallholder oil palm plantations covering an area of 4,901 ha. Based on observations in the field, quite a lot of smallholder oil palm plantations in Bilah Hulu District were attacked by Ganoderma which resulted in decrease in crop production and would further reduce farmers' income.
Ganoderma mushroom was first discovered by Peter Adolf Karsten in 1881 and to date, more than 250 species of Ganoderma have been found worldwide (Susanto, et al. 2013). According to Cooper, et al. (2011) there are at least 15 species of Ganoderma in various places in the world, which cause stem rot. Ganoderma not only causes stem rot but also causes upper stem rot in oil palms (Susanto et al., 2013). The most specific symptom of stem base rot is the occurrence of rot at the base of the stem followed by the collapse of the tree and the presence of basidiocarp as a sign of disease attack. If Ganoderma basidiocarp is detected in oil palm, about 50% of the plant's internal tissue has rotted (Susanto 2011; Susanto et al., 2013).
The development of oil palm on a large scale in Indonesia and Malaysia caused the climate is suitable to development of stem rot to be very rapid (Susanto, 2011). Zakaria et al. (2005) reported that in rejuvenation gardens, plant mortality from stem rot can reach 60%. In several plantations in Indonesia this disease has caused the death of oil palm by up to 80% causing a decrease in palm oil products per unit area. Rotting of the base of the stem is a common symptom of disease caused by Ganoderma in oil
palms. In some cases, Ganoderma attack causes symptoms of upper stem rot or upper stem rot disease. Symptoms of base stem rot and scion rot disease are common in the same plantation. The ratio between scion rot disease and stem base rot ranges from 1:10 to 1:1. In some oil palm plantations, scion rot disease is more common than stem rot, especially in areas using plant materials that are susceptible to this disease (Hasan et al., 2005; Hoong, 2007). This paper presents the results of a survey regarding the decline in production and income of oil palm farmers due to Ganoderma disease in District, Labuhan Batu District, North Sumatra Province.
Figure 1. Oil palm tree attacked by Ganoderma
Attack Intensity
The intensity of Ganoderma attacks can be seen from the percentage of attacks that occurred in the field, namely from the number of plants attacked compared to the number of plants managed. Total area of 174.44 ha of oil palm farmers surveyed with 23,304 trees before being attacked, after the Ganoderma attack, only 20,951 trees remained. Thus, 2,353 trees or 10.10% of the plants were attacked by Ganoderma disease, as listed in Table 1.
JoTEC (Journal of Tropical Estate Crops), 1(1) (2023): 27-30
29
Table 1. Percentage of Oil Palm Tree Affected by Ganoderma based on Plant Age in Bilah Hulu District, Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province
Tree age (Year)
Tree amount (Trees)
Attacked Tree (%)
Production(ton/year)
Before After Decreasing Before After
>25 12.811 11.922 7,55 8,11 31,31 23,20
16– 25 7.194 6.534 9,51 7,78 32,50 24,72
6– 15 2.752 1.965 27,85 19,26 54,72 35,46
3 – 5 540 530 1,85 2,40 16,80 14,40
Amount 23.304 20.951 10,10 37,55 135,34 97,98
Source : Primer Data (2022)
The data shows that plants of all age groups are attacked by Ganoderma, the highest percentage of attack is on plants aged 6-15 years. This also shows that Ganoderma attacks are very worrying because young tree have also been attacked. The data also shows that an increase in the percentage of attacks will increase the decrease in Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) production. The decrease
in production is greater in young tree.
Based on information in the field, it is known that oil palm trees were attacked by Ganoderma from 2016-2017.
Decreased income
From a total of 96 oil palm smallholders, production, cost and income data (on average) were obtained as can be seen in Table 2.
Table 2. Decreased income of Affected Ganoderma in Bilah Hulu District, Regency Labuhan Batu, North Sumatra Province
Number Component Before After Delta
1. Production (FFB(ton/year) 33,83 24,79 9,05
2. Tree amount (trees) 243 218 25
3. Total cost (Rp/year) 19.302.645,83 15.259.560,17 4.043.085,67 Tree management 11.146.416,67 9.305.831,00 1.840.585,67
Yielding 6.304.645,83 4.559.500,00 1.745.145,83
Post yield 1.851.583,33 1.394.229,17 457.354,17 4. Selling (Rp/year) 106.017.000,00 77.553.416,67 28.463.583,33 5. Income /year (Rp) 86.714.354,17 62.293.856,50 24.420.497,67 6. Income/month (Rp) 7.226.196,1 5.191.154,71 2.035.041,47 Source : Primer Data (2022)
From Table 2. It is known that there was a decrease in the FFB production of smallholders' oil palm plantations after the disease attack per year 9.05 tons. The FFB production of smallholders' oil palm plantations before the plants was attacked by Ganoderma disease was 33.83 tonnes per year, while per hectare was 19.02
tonnes per year. After the plants were attacked by Ganoderma disease, the farmers' plantation production was 24.79 tons per year, thus experiencing a decrease of 9.05 tons or 26.75% per year. (Table 3).
Taslim Harefa, Yusniar Lubis & Saefuddin Lubis, The Impact Of Farmers' Production And Income Due To Ganoderma Boninense Disease On Palm Oil Plants In Bilah Hulu District, Labuhan Batu District – North Sumatra
Province
30 CONCLUSIONS
From the survey conducted, it was concluded that in the Bilah Hulu sub- district, Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province, there were differences in oil palm production before being attacked by Ganoderma disease and after being attacked by Ganoderma disease.
Fresh Fruit Bunches production before being attacked by Ganoderma disease was 19.02 tons/ha/year, and after being attacked by Ganoderma it was 13.95 tons/ha/year. Thus there is a decrease in FFB production per Ha per year of 5.07 tons or 26.66%. Farmer's income before being attacked by the disease after the plants was attacked by Ganoderma disease, the production of the farmer's plantation was 24.79 tons per year, thus experiencing a decrease of 9.05 tons or 26.75% per year.
Decrease in farmers' income reached of 28.27%.
Farmers are advised to cultivate oil palm plants following standard oil palm cultivation and disease control guidelines.
Early identification needs to be done to be able to determine the right control method so that the Ganoderma disease does not spread its attacks.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cooper, RM., Flood, J. and Rees, RW. (2011).
Ganoderma boninense in Oil Palm Plantations: Current Thinking on Epidemiology, Resistance and Pathology.
Planter. 87:515-526.
Hasan, Y., Foster, H., Flood, J. (2005). Investigation on the Cause of Upper Stem Rot (USR) on Standing Mature Oil Palms. Mycopathologia.
159:109–112.
Hoong, H.W. (2007). Ganoderma Disease of Oil Palm in Sabah. Planter. 83 (974): 299–313.
Susanto, A., Prasetyo, A., & Wening, S. (2013). Laju Infeksi Ganoderma pada Empat Kelas Tekstur Tanah. Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia, 9(2), 39–46.
Susanto, A. (2011). Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman: Penyakit Busuk Pangkal Batang (Ganoderma boninense Pat.). Pusat Penelitian Kelapa Sawit, Medan