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METODE STATISTIKA: STEP BY STEP
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METODE STATISTIKA STEP BY STEP
Umi Mahmudah, Ph.D
Copyright©2020 Diterbitkan oleh:
PT. Nasya Expanding Management (Penerbit NEM)
Jl. Raya Wangandowo, Bojong Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah 51156
Hak Cipta dilindungi oleh Undang-undang.
Dilarang memperbanyak sebagian
atau seluruh isi buku ini tanpa izin tertulis dari Penerbit
Cetakan ke-1, Januari 2020 ISBN: 978-623-7566-36-6
Daftar Isi
KATA PENGANTAR _____ v DAFTAR ISI _____ vii
BAB I KONSEP DASAR STATISTIK _____ 1 1.1. Apa itu Statistika _____ 1
1.2. Pentingnya Statistika _____ 3 1.3. Jenis Statistika _____ 5
1.4. Data dan Variabel Penelitian _____8 1.5. Rangkuman _____ 16
Latihan-latihan _____18
BAB 2 SAMPLING DATA _____ 21 2.1. Populasi dan Sampel _____ 22 2.2. Metode Pengumpulan Data _____ 26 2.3. Teknik Sampling _____ 28
2.4. Ukuran Sampel _____ 34 2.5. Rangkuman _____ 40
Latihan-latihan _____ 42
BAB 3 PENYAJIAN DATA _____ 47 3.1. Pentingnya Penyajian Data _____ 47 3.2. Metode Penyajian Data _____ 49 3.3. Rangkuman _____ 59
Latihan-latihan _____ 60
BAB 4 TABEL DISTRIBUSI FREKUENSI _____ 61 4.1. Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi _____ 61
4.2. Tabel Distribusi Frekuensi Kumulatif dan Relatif _____ 67 4.3. Rangkuman _____ 72
Latihan-latihan _____ 73
BAB 5 STATISTIK DESKRIPTIF _____ 79
5.1. Pemusatan Data (Central Tendency) _____ 79 5.2. Ukuran Letak Data (Measure of Position) _____ 91 5.3. Penyebaran Data (Dispersion) _____ 96
5.4. Rangkuman _____ 105 Latihan-latihan _____ 106
BAB 6 UJI HIPOTESIS _____ 109 6.1. Pengertian dan Konsep _____ 110
6.2. Dua Tipe Kekeliruan (Two Types of Errors) _____ 112 6.3. Tingkat Signifikansi _____ 113
6.4. Daerah Penolakan Hipotesis _____ 114 6.5. Uji z untuk Rata-rata _____ 121
6.6. Uji t untuk Rata-rata _____ 126 6.7. Rangkuman _____ 136
Latihan-latihan _____ 138
BAB 7 UJI BEDA RATA-RATA (COMPARE MEANS) _____ 143 7.1. Uji t Sampel Independen (Independent Sample t-Test) _____ 143 7.2. Uji t Sampel Berpasangan (Paired Sample t-Test) _____ 151 7.3. Rangkuman _____ 156
Latihan-latihan _____ 158
BAB 8 ANALISIS KORELASI _____ 163
8.1. Korelasi Pearson (Product Moment) _____ 164 8.2. Korelasi Bertingkat (Rank Spearman) _____ 176 8.3. Rangkuman _____ 180
Latihan-latihan _____ 182
BAB 9 ANALISIS REGRESI LINIER _____ 187 9.1. Pengertian dan Konsep _____ 187
9.2. Regresi Linier Sederhana _____ 191 9.3. Regresi Linier Berganda _____ 197 9.4. Rangkuman _____ 203
Latihan-latihan _____ 205
DAFTAR PUSTAKA _____ 211 LAMPIRAN
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Lampiran 1
Tabel t (Distribusi Student)
df
Tingkat Signifikansi
0,25 0,10 0,05 0,025 0,01
0,50 0,20 0,10 0,050 0,02
1 1,000 3,078 6,314 12,706 31,821
2 0,816 1,886 2,920 4,303 6,965
3 0,765 1,638 2,353 3,182 4,541
4 0,741 1,533 2,132 2,776 3,747
5 0,727 1,476 2,015 2,571 3,365
6 0,718 1,440 1,943 2,447 3,143
7 0,711 1,415 1,895 2,365 2,998
8 0,706 1,397 1,860 2,306 2,896
9 0,703 1,383 1,833 2,262 2,821
10 0,700 1,372 1,812 2,228 2,764
11 0,697 1,363 1,796 2,201 2,718
12 0,695 1,356 1,782 2,179 2,681
13 0,694 1,350 1,771 2,160 2,650
14 0,692 1,345 1,761 2,145 2,624
15 0,691 1,341 1,753 2,131 2,602
16 0,690 1,337 1,746 2,120 2,583
17 0,689 1,333 1,740 2,110 2,567
18 0,688 1,330 1,734 2,101 2,552
19 0,688 1,328 1,729 2,093 2,539
20 0,687 1,325 1,725 2,086 2,528
21 0,686 1,323 1,721 2,080 2,518
22 0,686 1,321 1,717 2,074 2,508
23 0,685 1,319 1,714 2,069 2,500
24 0,685 1,318 1,711 2,064 2,492
25 0,684 1,316 1,708 2,060 2,485
26 0,684 1,315 1,706 2,056 2,479
27 0,684 1,314 1,703 2,052 2,473
28 0,683 1,313 1,701 2,048 2,467
29 0,683 1,311 1,699 2,045 2,462
30 0,683 1,310 1,697 2,042 2,457
31 0,682 1,309 1,696 2,040 2,453
32 0,682 1,309 1,694 2,037 2,449
33 0,682 1,308 1,692 2,035 2,445
34 0,682 1,307 1,691 2,032 2,441
35 0,682 1,306 1,690 2,030 2,438
36 0,681 1,306 1,688 2,028 2,434
37 0,681 1,305 1,687 2,026 2,431
38 0,681 1,304 1,686 2,024 2,429
39 0,681 1,304 1,685 2,023 2,426
40 0,681 1,303 1,684 2,021 2,423
41 0,681 1,303 1,683 2,020 2,421
42 0,680 1,302 1,682 2,018 2,418
43 0,680 1,302 1,681 2,017 2,416
44 0,680 1,301 1,680 2,015 2,414
45 0,680 1,301 1,679 2,014 2,412
46 0,680 1,300 1,679 2,013 2,410
47 0,680 1,300 1,678 2,012 2,408
48 0,680 1,299 1,677 2,011 2,407
49 0,680 1,299 1,677 2,010 2,405
50 0,679 1,299 1,676 2,009 2,403
51 0,679 1,298 1,675 2,008 2,402
52 0,679 1,298 1,675 2,007 2,400
53 0,679 1,298 1,674 2,006 2,399
54 0,679 1,297 1,674 2,005 2,397
55 0,679 1,297 1,673 2,004 2,396
56 0,679 1,297 1,673 2,003 2,395
57 0,679 1,297 1,672 2,002 2,394
58 0,679 1,296 1,672 2,002 2,392
59 0,679 1,296 1,671 2,001 2,391
60 0,679 1,296 1,671 2,000 2,390
61 0,679 1,296 1,670 2,000 2,389
62 0,678 1,295 1,670 1,999 2,388
63 0,678 1,295 1,669 1,998 2,387
64 0,678 1,295 1,669 1,998 2,386
65 0,678 1,295 1,669 1,997 2,385
66 0,678 1,295 1,668 1,997 2,384
67 0,678 1,294 1,668 1,996 2,383
68 0,678 1,294 1,668 1,995 2,382
69 0,678 1,294 1,667 1,995 2,382
70 0,678 1,294 1,667 1,994 2,381
71 0,678 1,294 1,667 1,994 2,380
72 0,678 1,293 1,666 1,993 2,379
73 0,678 1,293 1,666 1,993 2,379
74 0,678 1,293 1,666 1,993 2,378
75 0,678 1,293 1,665 1,992 2,377
76 0,678 1,293 1,665 1,992 2,376
77 0,678 1,293 1,665 1,991 2,376
78 0,678 1,292 1,665 1,991 2,375
79 0,678 1,292 1,664 1,990 2,374
80 0,678 1,292 1,664 1,990 2,374
81 0,678 1,292 1,664 1,990 2,373
82 0,677 1,292 1,664 1,989 2,373
83 0,677 1,292 1,663 1,989 2,372
84 0,677 1,292 1,663 1,989 2,372
85 0,677 1,292 1,663 1,988 2,371
86 0,677 1,291 1,663 1,988 2,370
87 0,677 1,291 1,663 1,988 2,370
88 0,677 1,291 1,662 1,987 2,369
89 0,677 1,291 1,662 1,987 2,369
90 0,677 1,291 1,662 1,987 2,368
91 0,677 1,291 1,662 1,986 2,368
92 0,677 1,291 1,662 1,986 2,368
93 0,677 1,291 1,661 1,986 2,367
94 0,677 1,291 1,661 1,986 2,367
95 0,677 1,291 1,661 1,985 2,366
96 0,677 1,290 1,661 1,985 2,366
97 0,677 1,290 1,661 1,985 2,365
98 0,677 1,290 1,661 1,984 2,365
99 0,677 1,290 1,660 1,984 2,365
100 0,677 1,290 1,660 1,984 2,364
101 0,677 1,290 1,660 1,984 2,364
102 0,677 1,290 1,660 1,983 2,363
103 0,677 1,290 1,660 1,983 2,363
104 0,677 1,290 1,660 1,983 2,363
105 0,677 1,290 1,659 1,983 2,362
106 0,677 1,290 1,659 1,983 2,362
107 0,677 1,290 1,659 1,982 2,362
108 0,677 1,289 1,659 1,982 2,361
109 0,677 1,289 1,659 1,982 2,361
110 0,677 1,289 1,659 1,982 2,361
111 0,677 1,289 1,659 1,982 2,360
112 0,677 1,289 1,659 1,981 2,360
113 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,981 2,360
114 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,981 2,360
115 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,981 2,359
116 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,981 2,359
117 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,980 2,359
118 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,980 2,358
119 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,980 2,358
120 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,980 2,358
121 0,677 1,289 1,658 1,980 2,358
122 0,677 1,289 1,657 1,980 2,357
123 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,979 2,357
124 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,979 2,357
125 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,979 2,357
126 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,979 2,356
127 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,979 2,356
128 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,979 2,356
129 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,979 2,356
130 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,978 2,355
131 0,676 1,288 1,657 1,978 2,355
132 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,978 2,355
133 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,978 2,355
134 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,978 2,354
135 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,978 2,354
136 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,978 2,354
137 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,977 2,354
138 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,977 2,354
139 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,977 2,353
140 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,977 2,353
141 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,977 2,353
142 0,676 1,288 1,656 1,977 2,353
143 0,676 1,287 1,656 1,977 2,353
144 0,676 1,287 1,656 1,977 2,353
145 0,676 1,287 1,655 1,976 2,352
146 0,676 1,287 1,655 1,976 2,352
147 0,676 1,287 1,655 1,976 2,352
148 0,676 1,287 1,655 1,976 2,352
149 0,676 1,287 1,655 1,976 2,352
150 0,676 1,287 1,655 1,976 2,351
Lampiran 2
Tabel r (Korelasi Product Moment)
df = N-2
Tingkat Signifikansi untuk Uji Satu Arah
0,050 0,025 0,010 0,005
Tingkat Signifikansi untuk Uji Dua Arah
0,10 0,05 0,02 0,010
1 0,988 0,997 1,000 1,000
2 0,900 0,950 0,980 0,990
3 0,805 0,878 0,934 0,959
4 0,729 0,811 0,882 0,917
5 0,669 0,754 0,833 0,875
6 0,621 0,707 0,789 0,834
7 0,582 0,666 0,750 0,798
8 0,549 0,632 0,715 0,765
9 0,521 0,602 0,685 0,735
10 0,497 0,576 0,658 0,708
11 0,476 0,553 0,634 0,684
12 0,458 0,532 0,612 0,661
13 0,441 0,514 0,592 0,641
14 0,426 0,497 0,574 0,623
15 0,412 0,482 0,558 0,606
16 0,400 0,468 0,543 0,590
17 0,389 0,456 0,529 0,575
18 0,378 0,444 0,516 0,561
19 0,369 0,433 0,503 0,549
20 0,360 0,423 0,492 0,537
21 0,352 0,413 0,482 0,526
22 0,344 0,404 0,472 0,515
23 0,337 0,396 0,462 0,505
24 0,330 0,388 0,453 0,496
25 0,323 0,381 0,445 0,487
26 0,317 0,374 0,437 0,479
27 0,311 0,367 0,430 0,471
28 0,306 0,361 0,423 0,463
29 0,301 0,355 0,416 0,456
30 0,296 0,349 0,409 0,449
31 0,291 0,344 0,403 0,442
32 0,287 0,339 0,397 0,436
33 0,283 0,334 0,392 0,430
34 0,279 0,329 0,386 0,424
35 0,275 0,325 0,381 0,418
36 0,271 0,320 0,376 0,413
37 0,267 0,316 0,371 0,408
38 0,264 0,312 0,367 0,403
39 0,260 0,308 0,362 0,398
40 0,257 0,304 0,358 0,393
41 0,254 0,301 0,354 0,389
42 0,251 0,297 0,350 0,384
43 0,248 0,294 0,346 0,380
44 0,246 0,291 0,342 0,376
45 0,243 0,288 0,338 0,372
46 0,240 0,285 0,335 0,368
47 0,238 0,282 0,331 0,365
48 0,235 0,279 0,328 0,361
49 0,233 0,276 0,325 0,358
50 0,231 0,273 0,322 0,354
51 0,228 0,271 0,319 0,351
52 0,226 0,268 0,316 0,348
53 0,224 0,266 0,313 0,345
54 0,222 0,263 0,310 0,341
55 0,220 0,261 0,307 0,339
56 0,218 0,259 0,305 0,336
57 0,216 0,256 0,302 0,333
58 0,214 0,254 0,300 0,330
59 0,213 0,252 0,297 0,327
60 0,211 0,250 0,295 0,325
61 0,209 0,248 0,293 0,322
62 0,207 0,246 0,290 0,320
63 0,206 0,244 0,288 0,317
64 0,204 0,242 0,286 0,315
65 0,203 0,240 0,284 0,313
66 0,201 0,239 0,282 0,310
67 0,200 0,237 0,280 0,308
68 0,198 0,235 0,278 0,306
69 0,197 0,234 0,276 0,304
70 0,195 0,232 0,274 0,302
71 0,194 0,230 0,272 0,300
72 0,193 0,229 0,270 0,298
73 0,191 0,227 0,268 0,296
74 0,190 0,226 0,266 0,294
75 0,189 0,224 0,265 0,292
76 0,188 0,223 0,263 0,290
77 0,186 0,221 0,261 0,288
78 0,185 0,220 0,260 0,286
79 0,184 0,219 0,258 0,285
80 0,183 0,217 0,257 0,283
81 0,182 0,216 0,255 0,281
82 0,181 0,215 0,253 0,280
83 0,180 0,213 0,252 0,278
84 0,179 0,212 0,251 0,276
85 0,178 0,211 0,249 0,275
86 0,176 0,210 0,248 0,273
87 0,175 0,208 0,246 0,272
88 0,174 0,207 0,245 0,270
89 0,174 0,206 0,244 0,269
90 0,173 0,205 0,242 0,267
91 0,172 0,204 0,241 0,266
92 0,171 0,203 0,240 0,264
93 0,170 0,202 0,238 0,263
94 0,169 0,201 0,237 0,262
95 0,168 0,200 0,236 0,260
96 0,167 0,199 0,235 0,259
97 0,166 0,198 0,234 0,258
98 0,165 0,197 0,232 0,256
99 0,165 0,196 0,231 0,255
100 0,164 0,195 0,230 0,254
101 0,163 0,194 0,229 0,253
102 0,162 0,193 0,228 0,252
103 0,161 0,192 0,227 0,250
104 0,161 0,191 0,226 0,249
105 0,160 0,190 0,225 0,248
106 0,159 0,189 0,224 0,247
107 0,158 0,188 0,223 0,246
108 0,158 0,187 0,222 0,245
109 0,157 0,187 0,221 0,244
110 0,156 0,186 0,220 0,242
111 0,156 0,185 0,219 0,241
112 0,155 0,184 0,218 0,240
113 0,154 0,183 0,217 0,239
114 0,153 0,182 0,216 0,238
115 0,153 0,182 0,215 0,237
116 0,152 0,181 0,214 0,236
117 0,152 0,180 0,213 0,235
118 0,151 0,179 0,212 0,234
119 0,150 0,179 0,211 0,233
120 0,150 0,178 0,210 0,232
121 0,149 0,177 0,210 0,231
122 0,148 0,176 0,209 0,231
123 0,148 0,176 0,208 0,230
124 0,147 0,175 0,207 0,229
125 0,147 0,174 0,206 0,228
126 0,146 0,174 0,205 0,227
127 0,145 0,173 0,205 0,226
128 0,145 0,172 0,204 0,225
129 0,144 0,172 0,203 0,224
130 0,144 0,171 0,202 0,223
131 0,143 0,170 0,202 0,223
132 0,143 0,170 0,201 0,222
133 0,142 0,169 0,200 0,221
134 0,142 0,168 0,199 0,220
135 0,141 0,168 0,199 0,219
136 0,141 0,167 0,198 0,219
137 0,140 0,167 0,197 0,218
138 0,140 0,166 0,196 0,217
139 0,139 0,165 0,196 0,216
140 0,139 0,165 0,195 0,216
141 0,138 0,164 0,194 0,215
142 0,138 0,164 0,194 0,214
143 0,137 0,163 0,193 0,213
144 0,137 0,163 0,192 0,213
145 0,136 0,162 0,192 0,212
146 0,136 0,161 0,191 0,211
147 0,135 0,161 0,190 0,210
148 0,135 0,160 0,190 0,210
149 0,134 0,160 0,189 0,209
150 0,134 0,159 0,189 0,208
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