• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 43. No. 2, August 2020

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "Scientific Contributions Oil & Gas, Vol. 43. No. 2, August 2020"

Copied!
10
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)
(2)

LQFOXGLQJ WKH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ LQGXVWU\ DQG SRZHU JHQHUDWLRQ VHFWRUV 7KH PDQGDWRU\ RI ELRGLHVHO XWLOL]DWLRQLQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLVVHWE\%IRU DQG%LQ

,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDWELRGLHVHOFDQEHH[WUDFWHG IURP YDULRXV UHVRXUFHV VXFK DV DQLPDO IDWV VR\D EHDQ RLO VXQÀRZHU RLO SDOP VHHG RLO UDSHVHHG RLOVDQGZDVWHFRRNLQJRLO7KHXVHRIELRGLHVHOLQ FRQYHQWLRQDO GLHVHO HQJLQHV UHVXOWV LQ VXEVWDQWLDO UHGXFWLRQ LQ HPLVVLRQ RI FDUERQ PRQR[LGH SDUWLFXODWHVDQGXQEXUQHGK\GURFDUERQVEXWLQFUHDVHV 12[HPLVVLRQ6WHSLHQet al.,6ZDPLQDWKDQ 6DUDQJDQ0DQLNXPDUet al.7KH XWLOL]DWLRQRIELRGLHVHOIRUVXEVWLWXWLQJFRQYHQWLRQDO GLHVHOIXHOLVDQDWWUDFWLYHRSWLRQEXWWKHHQJLQHRLO GHJUDGDWLRQLQFUHDVHG%LRGLHVHOZDVUHSRUWHGKDV QHJDWLYH LPSDFW UHODWHG WR ZHDU PHWDO +RZHYHU WKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIELRGLHVHOZDVH[SHFWHGWRLPSURYH GXUDELOLW\RIHQJLQHGXHWRWKHORZHUVRRWIRUPDWLRQ DQG WKH LQKHUHQW OXEULFLW\ FRPSDUHG ZLWK GLHVHO

$JDUZDO *XSWD

7KHSUHVHQFHRI%DVIXHOEOHQGZLOOGHFUHDVe WKHYLVFRVLW\DQG7%1ZKLOHRSSRVLWHO\LQFUHDVHWKH DFLGLW\RIWKHHQJLQHRLOWKXVUHGXFHWKHOLIHWLPHRI OXEULFDQW*XO]DUet al./HYHQWet al.

7KH GHJUDGDWLRQ RI OXEULFDQW TXDOLW\ LV VWURQJO\

LQÀXHQFHGE\WKHW\SHRIEDVHRLOOXEHRLODGGLWLYHV FRPSRQHQWV ELRGLHVHO SRUWLRQ HQJLQH GHVLJQ DQG LWV RSHUDWLQJ FRQGLWLRQV RI WKH HQJLQH 6WHSLHQet al.,QLQWHUQDOFRPEXVWLRQHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQ GLOXWLRQ RI HQJLQH RLO ZLWK ELRGLHVHOV ZLOO FKDQJH WKHRLOSURSHUWLHVDQGQHJDWLYHO\D൵HFWWKHOXEULFLW\

SHUIRUPDQFHRIHQJLQHRLOOHDGVWRLQFUHDVHGVXUIDFH GHJUDGDWLRQDVSUHPDWXUHZHDU0ROLQDet al.

7KH SUHVHQFH RI WKH ELRFRPSRQHQWV LQ WKH IXHO VLJQL¿FDQWO\LPSDFWVWKHOXEULFDQWVGHJUDGDWLRQ7KH R[LGDWLRQRIOXEULFDQWVFDXVHVWKHOXEULFDQWVWKLFNHQ WRIRUPDFLGVUHVXOWLQORZHUOXEULFDWLRQTXDOLWLHV 7KLVSKHQRPHQRQVKRUWHQVWKHHQJLQHOLIHE\FUHDWLRQ GHSRVLWVRQHQJLQHSLVWRQVLQFRPEXVWLRQFKDPEHUV DQG RQ YDOYHV VWLFNLQJ ULQJV DQG SURYRNLQJ WKH ERUHSROLVKLQJ6WHSLHQet al.9LVFRVLW\RI HQJLQHRLOIDOOWRKDOIRIWKHLQLWLDOYDOXHH[FHVVLYH ZHDU 7%1 GHFUHDVH DQG 7$1 LQFUHDVH RFFXUUHG ZLWKELRGLHVHOXWLOL]DWLRQ,WLVDOVRIRXQGWKDWWKH DFLGLW\RIXVHGOXEULFDQWLQELRGLHVHOIXHOHQJLQHLV KLJKHUWKDQGLHVHOIXHO0HDQZKLOHWKH7%1YDOXHV ZHUHGUDPDWLFDOO\GHFUHDVHGZKHQXWLOL]HGELRGLHVHO /HYHQWet al.7KHPL[WXUHRIELRGLHVHOUHVXOWV LQDIDVWHUUHGXFWLRQRIWKH7%1WKXVDFFHOHUDWLQJWKH GHWHULRUDWLRQRIHQJLQHRLO6KLPRNRML 2NX\DPD 7KHUHIRUH WKH XVH RI ELRGLHVHO IXHO EOHQGV

ZLOOGHJUDGHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIOXEULFDQWDQGD൵HFW WKHRLOGUDLQLQWHUYDOUHTXLUHPHQWV7KRUQWRQet al., 7KH ELRGLHVHO GLOXWLRQ LQ HQJLQH RLO ZDV D SDUWRIZKLFKLVDWWULEXWHGWRRLOUHODWHGIDLOXUHVRI HQJLQHV6WHSLHQet al.7KHHQJLQHRLOGLOXWLRQ E\ PHWK\O HVWHUV QHJDWLYHO\ D൵HFWV WKH OXEULFLW\

SHUIRUPDQFHRIHQJLQHRLO0ROLQDet al.7%1 FDQGHFUHDVHVLJQL¿FDQWO\ZLWKRLODJH7KRUQWRQet al. &RQWUDU\ VHYHUDO VWXGLHV UHSRUWHG WKDW WKHUHZDVQRVLJQL¿FDQWGL൵HUHQFHVRIYLVFRVLWLHV 7%1DQG7$1EHWZHHQIUHVKDQGXVHGOXEULFDQWV ZHUHREVHUYHG+Het al.

7KH GHJUDGDWLRQ RI OXEULFDQWV GHSHQGV RQ RSHUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHHQJLQHRLOSHUIRUPDQFH JUDGHHQJLQHW\SHDQGLWVVHUYLFHWKXVWKHHQJLQH RLOOLIHVSDQLVXQWLOQRZQRWZHOOXQGHUVWRRG7KH LQFRPSDWLELOLW\SUREOHPVEHWZHHQWKHOXEULFDQWVDQG WKH ELRIXHOV DGGLWLYHV VKRXOG EH IXUWKHU REVHUYHG 6WHSLHQet al.

,Q WKLV UHVHDUFK WKH FKDQJHV LQ OXEULFDQWV SURSHUWLHVGXULQJWKHXVHRI%ZHUHLQYHVWLJDWHG 7ZR W\SH RI YHKLFOHV HQJLQHV ZHUH XVHG QDPHO\

KHDY\GXW\DQGOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHV7KHURDGWHVW ZDVFDUULHGRXWXQWLONPZKLOHWKHOXEULFDQW ZDV GUDLQHG DQG DQDO\VHG RQO\ IRU NP RI GLVWDQFHV 7KH ODERUDWRU\ WHVW ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR REVHUYHERWKIUHVKDQGXVHGOXEULFDQWs.

METHODOLOGY Experimental Set up

7KHVWXG\ZDVFRQGXFWHGE\SUHSDUDWLRQRIWZR W\SHVRIGLHVHOHQJLQHYHKLFOHVIXHOVOXEULFDQWVDQG URDG WHVW7ZR W\SHV RI GLHVHO HQJLQHV ZHUH XVHG QDPHO\ KHDY\ GXW\ DQG OLJKW GXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH YHKLFOHV)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHWKHVFKHPDWLFGLDJUDP RIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOVHWXS7KHURDGWHVWZDVFDUULHG RXWXQWLONPWRREVHUYHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHVRI GLHVHO HQJLQHV IXHOOHG E\ ELRGLHVHO7KH OXEULFDQW ZDVFKDQJHGGUDLQHGDQGDQDO\VHGIRUNP RIGLVWDQFHV7KHIUHVKOXEULFDQWZDVXVHGLQHYHU\

NPRIGUDLQLQWHUYDO7KHODERUDWRU\WHVWZDV FRQGXFWHGWRREVHUYHERWKIUHVKDQGXVHGOXEULFDQWV Fuel Properties

,QWKLVZRUNWKHIXHOVZHUHGLUHFWO\GHULYHGIURP WKHSURGXFHUZKLFKDUH373HUWDPLQD3HUVHURIRU GLHVHOIXHO%DQGELRGLHVHOSURGXFHUZKRDUHWKH PHPEHUVRI,QGRQHVLDQ%LRIXHO3URGXFHUV$VVRFLDWLRQ

(3)

(Hanifuddin, et al.)

)LJXUH

0HWKRGRORJ\RI5HVHDUFK

IRUWKHELRGLHVHO%7KHIXHOVSURSHUWLHV7DEOH QDPHO\ % % DQG PL[HG IXHO % ZHUH DQDO\VHG XVLQJ UHFRJQL]HG VWDQGDUG WHVW PHWKRGV DFFRUGLQJ WR IXHO VSHFLILFDWLRQ DV VSHFLILHG LQ 'HFUHHRI'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI'LUHFWRUDWHRI2LODQG

*DV1XPEHU.'-070(05 DQG'HFUHHRIWKH'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI'LUHFWRUDWH

*HQHUDO RI 1HZ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ DQG (QHUJ\

&RQVHUYDWLRQ1XPEHU.'-(0LQLVWHU RI(QHUJ\DQG0LQHUDO5HVRXUFHV

Lubricant Properties

7KHOXEULFDQWSURSHUWLHVZHUHDQDO\]HGERWKIUHVK DQGXVHGRLOWRREVHUYHWKHRLOGHJUDGDWLRQGXULQJ XWLOL]HG7DEOH7KHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDOSURSHUWLHV of OXEULFDQWV ZHUH LQFOXGLQJ NLQHPDWLF YLVFRVLW\

DWo&DQGo&$670'DÀDVK SRLQW$670'ZDWHUFRQWHQW$670 '7%1$670' DQG7$1$670'7KHSURSHUWLHV RIOXEULFDQWVPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVRI,QGRQHVLDQ 1DWLRQDO6WDQGDUG61,DPRQJWKHP DUHWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQRI6$(:$3,&)IRUOLJKW GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHDQG6$(:-$62'+IRU KHDY\GXW\GLHVHO61,

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

7KHSHUIRUPDQFHVRIOXEULFDQWVZHUHLQÀXHQFHG E\WKHIXHOEHLQJXVHG7KHSK\VLFDODQGFKHPLFDO SURSHUWLHVRIOXEULFDQWVFKDQJHGXULQJVHUYLFHV*HQ HUDOO\WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIELRGLHVHOLQGLHVHOHQ JLQHYHKLFOHVZLOOQHJDWLYHO\D൵HFWWKHOXEULFLW\SHU IRUPDQFHRIOXEULFDQWUHVXOWLQVXUIDFHGHJUDGDWLon 0ROLQDet al.

Used Lubricant Properties

7DEOHDQG7DEOHSUHVHQWWKHSURSHUWLHVRIXVHG OXEULFDQWVFRPSDUHWRWKHIUHVKRQHGXULQJVHUYLFHV LQ OLJKW DQG KHDY\GXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH YHKLFOHV 7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHOXEULFDQWSURSHUWLHVZHUH FKDQJHG7KHVHSKHQRPHQDZHUHLQGLFDWHGE\WKH FKDQJH RI VRPH FULWLFDO SURSHUWLHV LH NLQHPDWLF YLVFRVLW\ ÀDVK SRLQW ZDWHU FRQWHQW 7$1 7%1 LQVROXEOHFRQWHQWFDUERQUHVLGXHDQGPHWDOVFRntent.

3K\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHXVHGHQJLQHRLO

7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHNLQHPDWLFYLVFRVLWLHV DQGÀDVKSRLQWVRIXVHGRLOZHUHVOLJKWO\GHFUHDVHG 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHIXHOGLOXHQWLQFUHDVHG7DEOH 7DEOH DQG )LJXUH 7KH FXUYHV LQGLFDWH WKH FKDQJHRIOXEULFDQWVSURSHUWLHVLQHYHU\NPRI

(4)

7DEOH )XHOSURSHUWLHV

% %

&HWDQHQXPEHU '

&HWDQHLQGH[ '

'HQVLW\#R& NJP ''

9LVFRVLW\#R& PPV '

6XOSKXUFRQWHQWV PP '

'LVWLOODWLRQ7 R& '

)ODVK3RLQW R& '

3RXUSRLQW R& '

&ORXGSRLQW R& $670'

3KRVSKRU PJNJ $2&6&D

&DUERQUHVLGXH PP 1LO QLO '

:DWHUFRQWHQWV PJNJ '

%LRORJLFDO*URZWK 1LO 1LO

)$0( YY 1LO '

0HWKDQRO YY 1LO 1LO '

&RSSHUVWULSFRUURVLRQ 0HULW D D '

$VKFRQWHQWV PP '

6XOSKDWHGDVKFRQWHQWV PDVV $670'

6HGLPHQWFRQWHQWV PP 1LO 1LO '

6WURQJDFLGQXPEHU PJ.2+J '

7RWDODFLGQXPEHU PJ.2+J '

)UHHJO\FHURO PDVV $2&6&D

$670'

7RWDOJO\FHURO PDVV $2&6&D

$670'

0HWK\O(VWKHUFRQWHQWV PDVV 61,

,RGQXPEHU PDVV $2&6&G

2[LGDWLRQVWDELOLW\LQGXFWLRQSHULRGVUDQFLPDW

PHWKRGRU,QGXFWLRQSHULRGVSHWURR[LPHWKRG PLQXWHV (1

$670'

0RQRJO\FHULGHFRQWHQW P

9LVXDODSSHDUDQFHV &OHDU±EULJKW

&RORU 1R$670 '

/XEULFLW\+)55ZHDUVFDUGLD#ƒ& PLFURQ '

2[LGDWLRQVWDELOLW\ PLQXWHV ! ! (1

0HWDOFRQWHQWV SSP $$6

=Q

3E

1D

.

&D

0J

&X

%D

3

'HFUHHRI'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI'LUHFWRUDWHRI2LODQG*DV1XPEHU.'-070(05 'HFUHHRIWKH'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDORI1HZ5HQHZDEOH(QHUJ\DQG(QHUJ\&RQVHUYDWLRQ 1XPEHU.'-(0(05

QLO

D

1R 3URSHUWLHV 8QLW

5HVXOWV

0HWKRGV

%

1LO 1LO

(5)

(Hanifuddin, et al.)

7DEOH

7KHIUHVKOXEULFDQWSURSHUWLHVIRUOLJKWDQGKHDY\GLHVHOHQJLQH

8QLW /LJKWGXW\ +HDY\GXW\

.LQHPDWLF9LVFRVLW\ƒ& F6W $670'

.LQHPDWLF9LVFRVLW\ƒ& F6W $670'

)ODVK3RLQW ƒ& $670'

:DWHUFRQWHQW PJNJ $670'

7RWDO%DVH1XPEHU PJ.2+J $670'

7RWDO$FLG1XPEHU PJ.2+J $670'

3HQWDQH7ROXHQH,QVROXEOH ZW &HQWULIXJH

)XHO'LOXHQW )3DV,QGLFDWRU

&DUERQ5HVLGXH PP $670'

0HWDO&RQWHQW

D=Q SSP $670'

E3E $$6

F1D

G.

H&D

I0J

J&X

K%D

/DERUDWRU\WHVWUHVXOWV

1R 3URSHUWLHV 0HWKRGV

5HVXOWV

GLVWDQFHDQGWKHOXEULFDQWZDVUHSODFHGZLWKWKHIUHVK RQHDIWHUEHLQJGUDLQHG,QWKLVZRUNWKHELRGLHVHO GLOXWLRQVZHUHOHVVWKDQERWKLQOLJKWDQGKHDY\

GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHV7KHNLQHPDWLFYLVFRVLWLHVRI VDPSOHVRIXVHGOXEULFDQWVLQOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQH ZHUHGHFUHDVHGLQWKHUDQJHVRIZKLOH LQ KHDY\GXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQHV ZHUH IURPWKHLQLWLDOYDOXHV7KH¿QDOYDOXHVRINLQHPDWLF YLVFRVLWLHVIRUOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHZHUHVOLJKWO\

EHORZ WKH UDQJHV RI VSHFLILFDWLRQV 61, IRU WKH WKLUG DQG IRXUWK VDPSOH VR WKH SHUIRUPDQFHV RI OXEULFDQW ZHUH VWLOO DFFHSWDEOH 7KHVLPLODUUHVXOWDOVRIRXQGIRUKHDY\GXW\GLHVHO HQJLQH ZKHUH WKH NLQHPDWLF YLVFRVLWLHV RI XVHG OXEULFDQWVZHUHVOLJKWO\ORZHUWKDQWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQV DVPHQWLRQLQWKH61,

7KHGLOXWLRQRIELRGLHVHOLQHQJLQHRLOUHVXOWLQ ORZHUÀDVKSRLQWDQGLQWKHVDPHWLPHGHFUHDVHWKH YLVFRVLW\7KHERLOLQJSRLQWRIELRGLHVHOLVKLJKHUWKDQ PLQHUDOGLHVHODQGWKLVIXHOLQWHUDFWVZLWKWKHOXEULFDQW YLDIXHOGLOXWLRQ$JDUZDO *XSWD,QWKH ORQJWHUPH൵HFWVWKHGLOXWLRQRIELRGLHVHORQHQJLQH

OXEULFDQWVFRXOGD൵HFWWKHHQJLQHH൶FLHQF\UHGXFH WKH IXHO HFRQRP\ DQG OHDGLQJ WR KLJKHU HPLVVLRQ RI JUHHQKRXVH JDV +DPGDQet al. 7KH GLOXWLRQOHYHORIELRGLHVHOLQOXEULFDQWLQWKHUDQJHV RILQGLFDWLQJWKHUHZHUHQRREVHUYHGLPSDFWV RQSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHHQJLQHRUWKHHPLVVLRQFRQWURO V\VWHPV7KRUQWRQet al.

$FLGLW\RIWKHXVHGHQJLQHRLO

9DULDWLRQ RI WKH7$1 LQ XVHG OXEULFDQWV ZHUH WKH IXQFWLRQ RI WLPH 7KH UHVXOWV VKRZ WKDW WKH 7$1V ZHUH LQFUHDVHG ZKLOH WKH 7%1 GHFUHDVHG )LJXUH 7KH7%1 YDOXHV ZHUH GHFUHDVHG ZLWK WKHLQFUHDVLQJHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQWLPHZKLOHWKHDFLG QXPEHU LQFUHDVHG7KH LQFUHDVLQJ RI7$1V FRXOG EHDWWULEXWHGWRSRRUR[LGDWLRQVWDELOLW\RIELRGLHVHO ZKLFKZDVJUDGXDOO\GLOXWHGLQHQJLQHRLO7KHGLOXWHG ELRGLHVHOLQGXFHVWKHIRUPDWLRQRIR[LGDWLYHSURGXFWV ZKLFKLVSURPRWLQJDUHODWLYHO\IDVWHULQFUHDVHWKH DFLGLW\ 6WHSLHQet al. 7KH DFLG SURPRWHV WKH IRUPDWLRQ DQG SURJUHVVLYH DFFXPXODWLRQ RI LQVROXEOHVOXGJH7DEOHDQG7DEOH7KHDFLGVFDQ

(6)

)LJXUH

7KHFKDQJHVRINLQHPDWLFYLVFRVLWLHVÀDVKSRLQWVDQGIXHOGLOXHQWV

)LJXUH

7KHFKDQJHVRIWRWDODFLGQXPEHUDQGWRWDOEDVHQXPEHU

(7)

(Hanifuddin, et al.)

)LJXUH

0HWDOFRQWHQWVRIXVHGHQJLQHRLO

EHUHGXFHGWKURXJKQHXWUDOL]DWLRQUHDFWLRQVZLWKWKH GHWHUJHQWWKXVWKHEDVHQXPEHUIDOODVWKHGHWHUJHQW LQHQJLQHRLODGGLWLYHLVQHXWUDOL]HGDQGFRQVXPHGE\

KHDWDQGWKHQLWULFDFLG7KHUHIRUHPDLQWDLQLQJWKH EDVHQXPEHULVDFUXFLDOLQOLPLWLQJWKHIRUPDWLRQRI VOXGJH6KLPRNRML 2NX\DPD

,QWKLVZRUNWKHGHFUHDVLQJRI7%1VZHUHOHVV WKDQ LQ OLJKWGXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH DQG IHZHU WKDQ LQ KHDY\GXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH IXHOOHG E\

%0HDQZKLOHWKHDFLGLW\RIXVHGHQJLQHRLOZDV LQFUHDVHG XQWLO IRU OLJKWGXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH DQGKHDY\GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHFRPSDUHWRWKH LQLWLDOYDOXHV7KHGHFUHDVHRI7%1VLQGLFDWHWKDW WKHEDVHLQOXEULFDQWVQHXWUDOL]HWKHDFLGVWKDWZHUH IRUPHGGXULQJVHUYLFHV8QWLOWKHHQGRIRSHUDWLRQ WKH 7%1V ZHUH VWLOO PHHW WKH PLQLPXP YDOXH DV UHTXLUHGLQWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQV61,VR WKHSHUIRUPDQFHVRIOXEULFDQWZHUHVWLOODFFHSWDEOH Metal contents

0HWDOFRQWHQWVLQXVHGOXEULFDQWVGHULYHGIURP DGGLWLYHVLH]LQFFDOFLXPDQGZHDULHOHDG FRSSHU7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHPHWDODGGLWLYHV

GHFUHDVHG ZKLOH ZHDU PHWDO LQFUHDVHG )LJXUH

$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVVWXG\WKHLQFUHDVLQJRIZHDUPHWDO FRSSHULQWKHXVHGOXEULFDQWVZHUHOHVVWKDQ LQOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHDQGORZHUWKDQLQ KHDY\GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHIXHOOHGE\%0HDQZKLOH WKHOHDGFRQWHQWVRIXVHGHQJLQHRLOZHUHLQFUHDVHG WRSSPLQKHDY\GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHDQGZDVQRW GHWHFWHGLQOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQH

7KH LQFUHDVLQJ RI ZHDU PHWDOV PRVWO\ GHULYHG IURPEHDULQJVZKLFKZHUHOHDFKHGGXHWRELRGLHVHO IXHO LQ WKH HQJLQH RLO 6WHSLHQet al. 7KLV SKHQRPHQRQZDVKDSSHQHGEHFDXVHWKHGLOXWLRQRI ELRGLHVHOVFDQUHGXFHWKHZHDUSURWHFWLRQSHUIRUPDQFH DQG WKH YLVFRVLW\ RI WKH HQJLQH RLO HYHQ DW VPDOO FRQWDPLQDWLQJDPRXQWV$JDUZDO *XSWD 7KH IXHO GLOXWLRQ ZLOO LQFUHDVH WKH IULFWLRQ IRUFH YDOXHUHVXOWLQWKHUHGXFWLRQRIORDGFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\

RIWKHOXEULFDQW7KLVSKHQRPHQRQZLOOSRWHQWLDOO\

LQGXFHVLJQL¿FDQWZHDU+DPGDQet al+H et alIRXQGWKDWQRVLJQL¿FDQWGL൵HUHQFHVRI ZHDUPHWDOEHWZHHQIUHVKDQGXVHGHQJLQHRLOZHUH REVHUYHd.

(8)

7DEOH

/XEULFDQWSURSHUWLHVGXULQJVHUYLFHLQOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHYHKLFOH

7DEOH

/XEULFDQWSURSHUWLHVGXULQJVHUYLFHLQKHDY\GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHYHKLFOH

)UHVK

VW QG UG WK

.LQHPDWLF9LVFRVLW\ƒ& F6W $670'

.LQHPDWLF9LVFRVLW\ƒ& F6W $670'

)ODVK3RLQW ƒ& $670'

:DWHUFRQWHQW PJNJ $670'

7RWDO%DVH1XPEHU PJ.2+J $670'

7RWDO$FLG1XPEHU PJ.2+J $670'

3HQWDQH7ROXHQH,QVROXEOH ZW &HQWULIXJH

)XHO'LOXHQW )3DV,QGLFDWRU

&DUERQ5HVLGXH PP $670'

0HWDO&RQWHQW

D=Q SSP $670'

E3E $$6

F1D

G.

H&D

I0J

J&X

K%D

/DERUDWRU\WHVWUHVXOWV

9DOXHDW;.P

0HWKRGV 1R 3URSHUWLHV 8QLW

)UHVK

VW QG UG WK

.LQHPDWLF9LVFRVLW\ƒ& F6W $670'

.LQHPDWLF9LVFRVLW\ƒ& F6W $670'

)ODVK3RLQW ƒ& $670'

:DWHUFRQWHQW PJNJ $670'

7RWDO%DVH1XPEHU PJ.2+J $670'

7RWDO$FLG1XPEHU PJ.2+J $670'

3HQWDQH7ROXHQH,QVROXEOH ZW &HQWULIXJH

)XHO'LOXHQW )3DV,QGLFDWRU

&DUERQ5HVLGXH PP $670'

0HWDO&RQWHQW

D=Q SSP $670'

E3E $$6

F1D

G.

H&D

I0J

J&X

K%D

/DERUDWRU\WHVWUHVXOWV

0HWKRGV 1R 3URSHUWLHV 8QLW

9DOXHDW;NP

(9)

(Hanifuddin, et al.)

CONCLUSIONS

0RVWO\WKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIELRGLHVHOLQGLHVHO HQJLQHYHKLFOHVZLOOQHJDWLYHO\D൵HFWWKHOXEULFLW\

SHUIRUPDQFHRIOXEULFDQWUHVXOWLQVXUIDFHGHJUDGDWLRQ +RZHYHUWKHGHJUDGDWLRQOHYHOVDUHKLJKO\GHSHQGLQJ RQRSHUDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHHQJLQHRLOSHUIRUPDQFH JUDGH HQJLQH W\SH DQG LWV VHUYLFH 7KLV ZRUN HYLGHQFHWKDWWKHOXEULFDQWSURSHUWLHVZHUHJUDGXDOO\

FKDQJHGDVLQGLFDWHGE\WKHFKDQJHRIVRPHFULWLFDO SURSHUWLHVLHNLQHPDWLFYLVFRVLW\ÀDVKSRLQWZDWHU FRQWHQW7$17%1LQVROXEOHFRQWHQWDQGPHWDOV FRQWHQW,QWKLVZRUNWKHELRGLHVHOGLOXWLRQLVOHVV WKDQ UHVXOW LQ WKH ORZHU NLQHPDWLF YLVFRVLWLHV DQGÀDVKSRLQWVRIXVHGRLO7KHGLOXWLRQRIELRGLHVHO IXHOLQFUHDVHVWKHR[LGDWLRQWHQGHQF\DQGJHQHUDWHV DUHODWLYHO\IDVWHUDFLGIRUPDWLRQ7KHDFLGQXPEHUV RIHQJLQHRLOZHUHLQFUHDVHGZKLOHWKHEDVHQXPEHU GHFUHDVHGWKHGHFUHDVLQJRIEDVHQXPEHUZDVDERXW LQ OLJKWGXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH DQG RQO\ LQ KHDY\GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHIXHOOHGE\%0HDQZKLOH WKHDFLGLW\RIXVHGHQJLQHRLOZDVLQFUHDVHG IRU OLJKWGXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH DQG KHDY\GXW\

GLHVHOHQJLQHFRPSDUHWRWKHLQLWLDOYDOXHV7KHPHWDO DGGLWLYHVGHFUHDVHGZKLOHZHDUPHWDOLQFUHDVHG7KH LQFUHDVLQJRIZHDUPHWDOZDVOHVVWKDQLQOLJKW GXW\ GLHVHO HQJLQH DQG EHORZ LQ KHDY\GXW\

GLHVHOHQJLQHIXHOOHGE\%0HDQZKLOHWKHOHDG FRQWHQWVRIXVHGHQJLQHRLOZHUHLQFUHDVHGWRSSP LQKHDY\GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHDQGZDVQRWGHWHFWHGLQ OLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQH

$IWHU DOO WKLV ZRUN IRXQG WKDW WKH OXEULFDQWV H[KLELWJRRGSHUIRUPDQFHVLQWKHOLJKWDQGKHDY\

GXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHVIXHOOHGE\%7KHFKDQJHVRI VRPHFULWLFDOSURSHUWLHVZHUHVWLOOLQWKHDFFHSWDEOH YDOXHVUHJDUGLQJWRWKHVSHFL¿FDWLRQDVUHTXLUHGLQ WKH61,.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

7KHDXWKRUVZRXOGOLNHWRWKDQNWR0LQLVWU\RI (QHUJ\DQG0LQHUDO5HVRXUFHVIRU¿QDQFLDODVVLVWDQFH DQG 33370*% ³/(0,*$6´ IRU VXSSRUWLQJ GDWD DQGGRFXPHQWDWLRQ

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

REFERENCES

$JDUZDO$ Gupta, J. G.(൵HFWRI%LRGLHVHO 8WLOL]DWLRQRQ7ULERORJLFDO3URSHUWLHVRI/XEULFDWLQJ 2LO LQ D &RPSUHVVLRQ ,JQLWLRQ (QJLQH 1HZ 'HOKL 6SULQJHU

ASTM 'D 6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRG IRU .LQHPDWLF 9LVFRVLW\ RI 7UDQVSDUHQW DQG 2SDTXH /LTXLGV DQG &DOFXODWLRQ RI '\QDPLF 9LVFRVLW\

$QQXDOERRNRI$6706WDQGDUG

ASTM '6WDQGDUG7HVW0HWKRGIRU$FLG 1XPEHU RI 3HWUROHXP 3URGXFWV E\ 3RWHQWLRPHWULF 7LWUDWLRQ$QQXDOERRNRI$6706WDQGDUG

ASTM ' 6WDQGDUG7HVW 0HWKRG IRU )ODVK DQG)LUH3RLQWVE\&OHYHODQG2SHQ&XS7HVWHU$QQXDO ERRNRI$6706WDQGDUG

ASTM'6WDQGDUG7HVW0HWKRGIRU%DVH 1XPEHU RI 3HWUROHXP 3URGXFWV E\ 3RWHQWLRPHWULF 3HUFKORULF$FLG 7LWUDWLRQ$QQXDO ERRN RI$670 6WDQGDUG

ASTM' 6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRG IRU 'HWHUPLQDWLRQ RI :DWHU LQ 3HWUROHXP 3URGXFWV /XEULFDWLQJ2LOVDQG$GGLWLYHVE\&RXORPHWULF.DUO )LVFKHU7LWUDWLRQ$QQXDOERRNRI$6706WDQGDUG Badan Standarisasi Nasional (BSN)61,

&ODVVL¿FDWLRQ DQG VSHFL¿FDWLRQV /XEULFDQWV 3DUW +LJK VSHHG GLHVHO PRWRU OXEULFDWLRQ 1DWLRQDO 6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ%RG\-DNDUWD%61

Gulzar, M, Masjuki, H.H., Varman, M., Kalam, M.A., Zulkifli, N.W.M., Mufti, R.A., Liaquat, A.M., Zahid, R., Arslan, A.(൵HFWVRIELRGLHVHO EOHQGVRQOXEULFDWLQJRLOGHJUDGDWLRQDQGSLVWRQDVVHPEO\

HQHUJ\ORVVHV(QHUJ\9ROXPHSS +DPGDQ6&KRQJ::)1J-+&KRQJ&7

Rajoo, S.$VWXG\RIWKHWULERORJLFDOLPSDFW RIELRGLHVHOGLOXWLRQRQHQJLQHOXEULFDQWSURSHUWLHV 3URFHVV6DIHW\DQG(QYLURQPHQWDO3URWHFWLRQ3DUW

%SS

6LPERO 'HILQLVL 6DWXDQ

7%1 7RWDOEDVHQXPEHU PJ.2+JU

7$1 7RWDODFLGQXPEHU PJ.2+JU

0(05 0LQLVWU\RI(QHUJ\DQG 0LQHUDO5HVRXUFHV

Symbol 'H¿QLWLRQ Unit

12[ 1LWURJHQ2[LGH

$670 $PHULFDQ6WDQGDUGIRU 7HVWLQJDQG0DWHULDOV 6$( 6RFLHW\RI$XWRPRWLYH

(QJLQHHULQJ -$62 -DSDQHVH$XWRPRWLYH

6WDQGDUGV2UJDQL]DWLRQ )$0( )DWW\$FLG0HWK\O(VWHU

)3 )ODVKSRLQW R&

$$6 $WRPLFDEVRUSWLRQ VSHFWURVFRS\

61, 6WDQGDU1DVLRQDO,QGRQHVLD

6LPERO 'HILQLVL 6DWXDQ

Symbol 'H¿QLWLRQ Unit

(10)

+DPGDQ 6 + &KRQJ:: Din, M. H )ULFWLRQDO DQDO\VLV RQ HQJLQH OXEULFDQW GLOXWLRQ E\

FRFRQXWRLODQGVR\EHDQRLOGHULYHGELRGLHVHO-XUQDO 7ULERORJL9ROXPHSS

He, X., Williams, A., Christensen, E., Burton, J., McCormick, R.,%LRGLHVHOLPSDFWRQHQJLQH OXEULFDQWGLOXWLRQGXULQJDFWLYHUHJHQHUDWLRQRIDIWHU WUHDWPHQWV\VWHPV6$(,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI)XHOVDQG /XEULFDQWVSS

Levent, Y., Hakan, K., Orkun, Ö. Berk, Ö 7KH H൵HFW DQG FRPSDULVRQ RI ELRGLHVHOGLHVHO IXHO RQ FUDQNFDVH RLO GLHVHO HQJLQH SHUIRUPDQFH DQG HPLVVLRQV)0(7UDQVDFWLRQVSS Manikumar, R., Rajasekhar , S. & Kumar, S

3HUIRUPDQFH DQG (PLVVLRQ &KDUDFWHULVWLFV RI D &, (QJLQH)XHOHGZLWK%LRGLHVHO([WUDFWHGIURP:&2 0XVWDUG 2LO ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 0HFKDQLFDO (QJLQHHULQJ,-0(SS±

0LQLVWHURI(QHUJ\DQG0LQHUDO5HVRXUFHV0(05 3HU0HQ (6'0 1R 7DKXQ 0(05 5HJXODWLRQ 1R RQ WKH WKLUG DPHQGPHQW WR WKH 0(05 5HJXODWLRQ 1R FRQFHUQLQJ WKH SURYLVLRQXWLOL]DWLRQDQGELRIXHOFRPPHUFLDOV\VWHP FRQVWLWXWLQJRWKHUW\SHVRIIXHO-DNDUWD0(05 0LQLVWHURI(QHUJ\DQG0LQHUDO5HVRXUFHV0(05,

'HFUHHRIWKH'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI'LUHFWRUDWH

*HQHUDO RI 2LO DQG *DV 1R .'-07 FRQFHUQLQJWKH6HFRQG$PHQGPHQWWRWKH'HFUHHRI WKH'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDORI2LODQG

*DV1R.'-0FRQFHUQLQJ6WDQGDUGV DQG4XDOLW-DNDUWD0(05

0LQLVWHURI(QHUJ\DQG0LQHUDO5HVRXUFHV0(05, 'HFUHHRIWKH'LUHFWRU*HQHUDORI'LUHFWRUDWH

*HQHUDO RI 1HZ 5HQHZDEOH (QHUJ\ DQG (QHUJ\

&RQVHUYDWLRQ1XPEHU.'-(6WDQGDUGV DQG 4XDOLW\ 6SHFLILFDWLRQV RI %LRGLHVHO )XHO

%LRIXHO IRU %LRGLHVHO DV 2WKHU )XHOV 0DUNHWHG 'RPHVWLFDOO\-DNDUWD0(05

Molina, G. J., Onyejizu, . E. F., Morrison, J. L.

Soloiu, V.6XUIDFH(൵HFWVRQ(QJLQH0DWHULDOV RI 0LQHUDO 2LO 'LOXWLRQ :LWK 0HWK\O (VWHUV DQG

%LRGLHVHOV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI6XUIDFH(QJLQHHULQJ DQG ,QWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\ 0DWHULDOV 6FLHQFH ,-6(,06 SS

Molina, G. J., Soloiu, V. Onyejizu, E:HDU IURP2LO'LOXWLRQE\%LRGLHVHOV$7ULERPHWHU6WXG\

RQ (൵HFWV RI %LRGLHVHO 0HWK\O(VWHU &RPSRQHQWV 67/(

Shimokoji, D. Okuyama, Y.,$QDO\VLVRIHQJLQHRLO GHWHULRUDWLRQXQGHUELRGLHVHOIXHOXVH6$(7HFKQLFDO 3DSHU

Stepien, Z., Urzedowska, W. Czerwinski, J.

5HVHDUFKRQHQJLQHOXEHRLOGHWHULRUDWLRQDQGHPLVVLRQV RIGLHVHOHQJLQHVZLWKELRIXHOV50((QHUJ\DQG 3RZHUSS

Swaminathan, C. 6DUDQJDQ-$FRPSUHKHQVLYH VWXG\RQUHGXFWLRQRI12[HPLVVLRQDSSO\LQJ(*5 WHFKQLTXHLQDGLHVHOHQJLQHXVLQJELRGLHVHO320(DV IXHOZLWKHWKHUEDVHGDGGLWLYHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDO RI$PELHQW(QHUJ\SS

Thornton, M. J., Alleman, T. L., Luecke, J.

McCormick, R. L.,,PSDFWVRIELRGLHVHOIXHO EOHQGVRLOGLOXWLRQRQOLJKWGXW\GLHVHOHQJLQHRSHUDWLRQ 6$( ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI )XHOV DQG /XEULFDQWV SS

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

cdF$iqrrs Crq.qr Strategec Objec -tives cdnqa g Birq-qlr {FI Weight of Strategic Objectives Activities odqa"frq-{{E-*F Performance Indicators

waarskynlik verband met die feit dat die graad waartoe kollektiviste per- soonlike inligting aan individue van buitegroepe onthul deur die kommu- nikasiesituasie bepaal word, terwyl die