a.n. MENTERI HUKUM DAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA DIREKTUR JENDERAL KEKAYAAN INTELEKTUAL
Dr. Freddy Harris, S.H., LL.M., ACCS.
NIP. 196611181994031001 REPUBLIK INDONESIA
KEMENTERIAN HUKUM DAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA
SURAT PENCATATAN
CIPTAAN
Dalam rangka pelindungan ciptaan di bidang ilmu pengetahuan, seni dan sastra berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta, dengan ini menerangkan:
Nomor dan tanggal permohonan : EC00202003873, 28 Januari 2020 Pencipta
Nama : Ir. I Nyoman Sutarja, M.Sc, IBG Wirawibawa,
Alamat : Jl. Gunung Mas GG Sewu A/2 Denpasar , Denpasar , Bali, 80232
Kewarganegaraan : Indonesia
Pemegang Hak Cipta
Nama : Sentra HKI Unud
Alamat : Jalan PB Sudirman No.1 Gedung Parkir Unud , Denpasar, Bali, 80232
Kewarganegaraan : Indonesia
Jenis Ciptaan : Karya Tulis (Artikel)
Judul Ciptaan : THE INSTANT SIMPLE HOUSE WITH THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
OF LIGHT STEEL, BRACE AND ERGONOMIC LOCAL WOODEN WALL
Tanggal dan tempat diumumkan untuk pertama kali di wilayah Indonesia atau di luar wilayah Indonesia
: 28 Januari 2020, di Denpasar
Jangka waktu pelindungan : Berlaku selama 50 (lima puluh) tahun sejak Ciptaan tersebut pertama kali dilakukan Pengumuman.
Nomor pencatatan : 000177194
adalah benar berdasarkan keterangan yang diberikan oleh Pemohon.
Surat Pencatatan Hak Cipta atau produk Hak terkait ini sesuai dengan Pasal 72 Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2014 tentang Hak Cipta.
LAMPIRAN PENCIPTA
No Nama Alamat
1 Ir. I Nyoman Sutarja, M.Sc Jl. Gunung Mas GG Sewu A/2 Denpasar 2 IBG Wirawibawa Jalan PB Sudirman No.1 Denpasar
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THE INSTANT SIMPLE HOUSE WITH THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF LIGHT STEEL, BRACE AND ERGONOMIC LOCAL WOODEN WALL
Sutarja, IN1), Wirawibawa, IBG2)
1Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University, Bukit Jimbaran Campus, Badung
HP: 08123953036, e-mail: [email protected]
2Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University Bukit Jimbaran Campus, Badung
Abstract
The instant simple house with the light steel, brace and ergonomic local wooden wall after a disaster needs to be constructed. The reasons are that it does not take a long time to construct it; it does not cost a lot of money to construct it; it is environmentally friendly, and it is secure and comfortable. It is constructed based on the six criteria of what is referred to as the Efficient Technology (technical, economic, socio-cultural, energy saving and environmentally friendly) and the systemic, holistic, interdisciplinary, and participatory (SHIP) approach starting from when it is designed, when it is construction to when it is maintained. The conclusions which can be drawn from this current study are: 1) the building materials needed for the structural system of the simple house are light steel, brace, and local wooden wall, 2) technically, the utilization of the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall to the instant simple house is technically secure, and 3) fulfilling what is required in order to be healthy and secure, which contributes to the living quality of its dwellers.
Keywords: instant simple house, light steel, brace, local wood, ergonomic
1. INTRODUCTION
As a densely-populated island, Bali is highly risky with natural disasters such as earthquake, hurricane, landslide and so forth. The earthquake taking in Bali in 1815, referred to as Gejer Bali, caused 15000 people to die; the earthquake which destroyed Buleleng in 1862 is referred to as the Buleleng earthquake; the earthquake which destroyed Negara in 1890 is referred to the Negara earthquake; another earthquake which destroyed Bali in 1917, which is also referred to as Gejer Bali, caused 1,500 people to die; the earthquake which destroyed Seririt in 1976 is referred to as the Seririt Earthquake; the earth which destroyed Karangasem in 1979, which is referred
to as the Karangasem earthquake, caused 24 people to die. Several other earthquakes also led to material loss. The earthquakes taking place outside Bali can also be felt in Bali. As an illustration, the earthquake with 6.4 SR taking place in Lombok on 29 July 2018 and the other one with 7 SR taking place in Lombok on 5 August 2018 also destroyed many buildings in Bali.
Therefore, the ergonomic instant simple houses need to be constructed for those whose areas are seriously destroyed by the earthquake. The simple houses with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall, which are secure but resistant to earthquake and hurricane but comfortable, are needed. The reasons are that they can be constructed within a short period of time; they do not cost a lot of money; they are environmentally friendly, and they are secure, comfortable and accessible.
3. METHOD
How the instant and simple houses are constructed refer to the application of six criteria of the Efficient Technology (technical, ergonomic, socio-cultural, energy saving and environmentally friendly) with the SHIP approach (systemic, holistic, interdisciplinary and participatory) since they are designed, when they are constructed to when they are maintained. The instant and simple houses with the structural system of light steel and brace were analyzed within three dimensions to determine the level of their security. The physical comfort of the houses, which included the temperature, humidity, noise, the speed of the wind and lighting, were directly measured. The people’s perception of the security, subjective comfort, and satisfaction were measured using questionnaire.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Results
3.1.1 The Characteristics of the House Used as the Sample
The sample house was completely constructed at Selemadeg Village, Selemadeg District, Tabanan Regency. The instant simple house was constructed with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall. Its characteristics are specified in Table 1 below.
Table 1, the Characteristics of the Instant Simple House
No. Specification Volume Unit
1 The length of the building 6 m
2 The width of the building 3 m
3 The height of the building/ceiling 4.2 m
4 The structural system of light steel 8 x5 m2
5 Metal tile roof 2 x (3.2 x 8) m2
6 Local wooden walls 23.5 m2
7 Concrete wall covered with plaster 18 m2
8 Door 1 unit
9 window 1 unit
10 Ceramic floor 20 m2
11 Concrete foundation 18 m
Picture 1, the Stages of the construction of the instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden walls
The area when the house was planned to b. The foundation was being constructed be constructed (0%) using concrete brick
c. The structural system of light steel d. The ergonomic instant simple house and brace were being constructed (100%)
Pigure 1, the Stages of the construction of the instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden walls
3.1.2 The Performance of the building structure
The performance of the structure is defined as the ratio of the maximum derivational deviation of the peak to the height of the building. The building was analyzed from the three dimensions resulting from the working earthquake weight before the maximum horizontal deviation was determined.
Pigure 2, Dimensional Modeling of the Structural System of the House
Pigure 3, Pure Load and Life Load
Pigure 4, Earthquake Load and Wind Load
From the three dimensional analysis, it could be obtained that the maximum horizontal deviation of the building was 21 mm in the transverse direction (x) and 15 mm in the longitudinal direction (y), and the height of the building was 4,200 mm.
The performance of the structural system was good as the deviation was less than what was allowed (0.02 x Hsx), namely 0.02 multiplied by 4,200, which comes to 84 mm. The ratio taking place in all the structural components resulting from the combination of the peak load, wind load and earthquake load, which was less than 70%.
Picture 5, The Result of Analysis (Deviation and the Ratio of Tension) 3.1.3 The Physical Comfort of the Body
The physical comfort of the body which was measured included the
temperature, humidity, noise and natural illumination. They were measured at 6, 8, 12 am, 2 pm, 4 pm and 6 pm. The results are displayed in Table 2 as follows.
Table 2, the Physical Comfort of the House
____________________________________________________________________
No. Description The time when it was measured (Central Indonesia time
___________________________________________
6 am 8 am 10 am 12 am 2 pm 4 pm 6 pm ____________________________________________________________________
1 Temperature (oC) 15.2 26.8 28.8 30.6 31.5 29.5 29.2 2 Humidity (%) 82.1 84.1 75.6 63.2 68.5 72.8 77.6
3 Noise (dBA) 44 41 43 38 45 43 44
4 Natural Illumination 150 185 230 260 255 225 135 (Lux)
5 The wind speed 0.1 0.15 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 (m/second)
____________________________________________________________________
3.1.4 The People’s Perception
The information on the people’s perception of the instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden walls was obtained through questionnaire. The perception which was measured included the security, subjective comfort, adaptive comfort, and satisfaction. The results of the analysis of the information obtained through questionnaire are displayed in Table 3.
Table 3, the People’s Perception
____________________________________________________________________
No. the Number Description of People’s of Samples Perception Perception
____________________________________________________________________
1 11 security secure
2 11 subjective comfort comfortable
3 11 thermal comfort comfortable and acceptable
4 11 satisfaction highly satisfied
____________________________________________________________________
3.2 Discussion
3.2.1 Performance and security of the structural system
The structural system showed a highly good performance based on the ratio of the deviation to the height of the building towards both the width and length of the house.
Yosafat (2006) suggested that the performance of the structural system when designing the houses resistant to earthquake in Indonesia is highly importantly evaluated as the earthquake intensity of most parts of its territory ranges from being moderate to being highly high. The Indonesian National Standard-based combination of weighting caused the ratio of tension to be smaller, namely 0.7, meaning that the house fulfilled what is required.
3.2.2 The Physical Comfort
The physical comfort of the house’s environment is affected by the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, lighting and noise.
Table 2 shows that the temperature within the house ranged from 25.2oC to 31.5oC, meaning that the temperature averaged 28.8oC and it was within what is required, namely the comfort in the areas located in the equator ranges from 22.5oC to 29.5oC (Lippsmeier, 1994), from 21.37oC to 28.37oC (ASHRAE), and from 22.8oC to 30.2oC (Sujatmiko, 2007).
The relative humidity (RH) within and outside the room was almost the same, namely between 62.3% and 84.1%. It will be better if the RH is higher than 20% all the year round, 60% during the dry season, and under 80% in the winter (Lechner, 2007). The high RH, that is, more than 80% can form water favor on the human skin, causing the body to feel less comfortable (Satwiko, 2009, Rahman, 2010), and the dweller’s health to be disturbed, and fungus to grow on the skin.
The wind speed within the room ranged from 0.1m/second to 0.2 m/second during day time. At night it was 0 m/second as the ventilation and window were closed. The wind movement can affect the speed of the lost heat through convection and evaporation. Therefore, the wind speed ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 m/second satisfies what is required for comfort (Lechner, 2007 and Mangunwijaya, 1981). It would be better if the wind speed is higher than 0.2 m/second (Kroemer and Grandjean, 2000).
As the weather movement satisfied what is required by several experts mentioned above, the weather within the room circulated highly well, causing the dweller’s health to be better, and the eyes to be less irritated. The window installed in the front wall and the ventilation installed in the back wall caused the weather to move and cross circulate. This is supported by the study conducted by Nitiyasa (2009), who stated that the weather cross circulation can increase the comfort of the dwellers of the simple houses at Cemara Giri housing complex at Dalung Bali.
The natural illumination within the room during day time ranged from 135 Lux to 260 Lux, meaning that the natural illumination with the room during day time is required, namely 115 Lux (Wibisono, 2010). The intensity of the natural illumination within the room was highly dependent on the width and type of the window and ventilation, and on the extent to which they are open. One window and ventilation were installed at the front side and another one window and ventilation were installed
the back side, causing the fresh air to get in from the front and get out from the back.
According to Hindarto (2011), the natural illumination made through the window more evenly spreads and the cross ventilation through which the weather circulates make the dwellers feel comfortable and cause them to be able to save electric power.
The use of the natural light does not only optimally positively contribute to the dwellers’ health, but it can also reduce the use of the electric power. Before the house was redesigned the electric lamp was always on.
The good natural illumination makes the room brighter and healthier. According to Indra (2011), the maximum penetration of the sunlight into the house reduces the use of the lamp, causing the cost needed to maintain the house to be reduced. It is also proven that the sunlight can kill any germ or bacteria which can grow well in the humid environment.
Apart from that, Vitamin D, which the sunlight contains, is useful to the bone and skin (Wibisono, 2010).
The maximum noise within a room during daytime is 45 dBA, which is still under the limit determined by the government of Bali Province, that is, 50 dBA during day time and 45 dBA at night.
3.2.3 People’s Perception
The people’s perception of the instant small house which was already constructed was that they were made to feel secure by the structure of the house; the environmental condition, which includes the temperature, humidity, noise, natural lighting and the wind speed with the house, made them feel comfortable. They were also satisfied with the building materials used, the construction process, and the final result of the house construction.
The construction of the instant simple house satisfied what is required in order to be healthy, secure and ergonomic. This contributes to the living quality of its dwellers.
In line with what is stated by Hartatik and Nastiti (2010), if a house can satisfy what is needed and expected by its dwellers, it will function as a facility which can improve the living quality of its dwellers.
4. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 4.1 Conclusions
Based on the analysis and discussion, several conclusions can be drawn as follows:
1. The instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall has satisfied the requirement of being technically secure;
2. The instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall has satisfied the requirement of being physically comfortable;
3. The people’s perception of the instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall is that the house is secure, comfortable and they are satisfied.
4. The instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall is ergonomic as it has satisfied the requirements of being healthy and secure.
4.2 Suggestions
The study which explores the comport provided by the instant simple house with the structural system of light steel, brace and local wooden wall needs to be conducted all the year round as Indonesia has two seasons.
Acknowledgements
Thank Ida Sanghyang Widhi Wasa, God Almighty, as it is His blessing which enabled this article to be completed in time. A word of appreciation should also go to Udayana University for funding this study.
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