According to Dorsey, whose acquaintance with the Siouan Indians was especially intimate, the main part of the Siouan stock occupying the interior of the continent consisted of seven main divisions (including the Bofar, as shown by the latest research, the great divisions, confederations and tribes of the stock, ” with the current state are as follows.
Mandan
Monakan Monakan confederacy
MC GEE] EASTERN SIOUAN DIVISIONS 165 {E) Ontponi (meaning unknown)
In these cases, alhnia is inferred partly from geographical delineation, but chiefly from the registered federation of tribes and the union of remnants as an aboriginal population fading under the light of brighter intelligence; and all such cases. Therefore, while the grouping of the eastern tribes rests in part on scanty evidence, and is open to dispute on many points, it is perhaps the best that can be devised, and suffices for convenience of statement, not as a definitive classification.
TRIBAL NOMENCLATUKE
166 THE SIOUAN INDIANS Jeth.anx.15 tbe extinct and nearly extinct Siouan Indians of the East are very few.
MCGEE] SIOUAN TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE 167 The principles controlling nomenclature in its inchoate stages are
Fortunately it has been extensively studied by Riggs, Hale, Dorsey, and several others, including distinguished representatives of several tribes, and is thus accessible to students. Scarification and mutilation were practiced by some of the tribes, always symbolically.
MCGEEJ IMPLEMENTS AND WEAPONS 171 Lewis and Clark (1804-1800), they were used for burden and draft ;^
Ceremonial objects were conmion, the most conspicuous of which was the calumet, hewn out of the sacred pipestone or catliuite, quarried for many generations in the midst of Siouan territory. Fur cloths and reed mats are commonly used for bedding, some of the tribes use rude bedsteads. According to Morgan, the frame of the original Dakota house consisted of 13 ])olers;- and Dorsey describes the systematic; grouping of tipis belonging to different gens and tribes.
Sudatories were characteristic of most of the tribes, menstrual huts were common, and most of the more sedentary tribes had town halls or other communal structures. Most of the Siouan men, women, and children were good swimmers, though they did not compare well with neighboring tribes as makers and managers of watercraft.
MCOEE] THE BUFFALO AND THE HORSE 173
This terminology corroborates direct evidence that the dog was domesticated by the Siouan aborigines long before the arrival of the horse. Among the Siouan tribes, as among other Indians, amusements absorbed a considerable portion of the time and energy of the old and young of both sexes. In general, Siouan music was typical of the aboriginal stocks of the northern interior.
The tlicgerm of painting returned in other calendars, and the seed of sculpture in the carvings of the Siouan Indians. Among the Siouan peoples, too, individual brotherhood of the David-Jonathan or Damon-Pythias type was characteristically developed.
MCGEE] PHILOSOPHIES AND BELIEFS 179 and iuanimate. The second stage is zootlieism; within it the powers
Additionally, the term was applied to mythical monsters of earth, air, and water; according to the solium of the sages, it was the ground or earth, the mythical underworld, the ideal upper world, darkness, etc. waka"da or waka"das. Among some gronis) various animals and other trees besides the special waka"da cedar were considered waka"das; as mentioned before, the horse was waka° dadog among the prairie trills. The organization of the obscure Siouan thearchy seems to have varied from group to group.
In general the worship expressed fear of evil rather than love of good — but this .. is hardly regarded as a distinctive feature, much less a jieculiarone. Leaving aside mythology in relation to the stages of development of mythological philosophy, it appears that the dominant beliefs, such as those relating to the sun and the winds, represent a (U-ude jdiysitheism, while remnants of hecastotheism appear in the object worship and place -the woi). the leading tribes and other traits.
KCGEE] STATUS OF SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY 185 same time well marked zootheistic features are found ia the mythic
Briefly, certain somatic characteristics of the Siouan Indians, past and . l) rescnt, perhaps betrayed to their causes in habit and exercise of function; yet the greater number of the characteristics are common to the American people or to all maids, and are of poorly understood significance. The few features of known cause indicate that chisial somatic features are largely or entirely determined by industrial and other arts, which are shaped primarily by the environment.
HABITAT
MCQEE] FORMER HABITAT 187
ORGANIZATION
Xo sign of feudalism was found in the stock. especially in])easiness)advised by elders and ])realists; leadership was determined primarily by ability - prowess in war and hunting and wisdom in the world - and was therefore hereditary only a little further than characteristics; iiuleed except for a slight acknowledgment of the divinity which preserves all. From the king, the leaders were practically self-selected and gradually rose to the level he determined. Although very sophisticated (perhaps because of this character), the Siouan organization was very unstable; with each thrust contli(;t,. CONTRAST BETWEEN CERTAIN STOCKS 189 Perhaps the best examplebiiid v(I'eg'iha,which-was-divided into two great branches, the stronger of which threw off smaller branches into Osage and Kaiisa, and then separated into Omaha and Pouka, while feeling) This branch is also very widespread; and only less noticeable is the .. example of the Winnebagotrunk with three large branches in Iowa, Oto and Missouri.
The half-dozen eastern stocks, which occupy by far the greater part of North America, are in sharp contrast to the half-dozen local stocks which cover the Pacific coast; and none of the strong Atlantic stocks. It is promised that records relating to the iSiouan Indians, and especially to their structure of audistitutions, will help to explain why some stocks are limited and others extensive, why large stocks are generally characteristic of the interior and small stocks. coast and why the dominant peoples in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries succeeded in displacing the pre-existing and probably more primitive peoples of the Mississippi Valley.
HISTORY' DAKOTA- ASINIBOIN
In 1080, Hennepin located the Assiniboine northeast of the Issati (Isauyati or Santee), who were on Knife Lake (Minnesota); and a Jesuit. The Omaha gathered south of the Missouri, between the mouths of the Platte and Niobrara, while pushing the Ponka into the Black Hills country. Their hunting grounds extended westward and southwestward, chiefly north of the Platte and along the Elkhorn, to the territory of the Ponka and Pawnee (Caddoan); and in 176().
Towards the end of the eighteenth century, they were almost wiped out by smallpox, their numbers reduced from about 3,500 to just over 300 when Lewis visited. They are no longer on reservations, mostly own land in several towns and are citizens of the United States of America and the state of Nebraska.
MCOEE] ^EGIHA HISTORY 193
Since the days of Marquette (1G73) the Iowa have spread over the country between the Mississippi and Missouri, as far as the latitude of the Oneota river (formerly Upper Iowa), and even over the Missouri, about the mouth of the Platte. Chauvigerie located them in 173G west of the Mississippi and (probably due to incorrect identification of the waterway) south of the Missouri; and in 17C1 Jeff'ery placed them between the Missouri River and the headwaters of the Des Moines River, above the Oto and below the Maha (Omaha). In 1829 Porter located them on the Little Platte, about 15 miles from the Missouri line, and about 1853 Schoolcraft located them on the Nemaha River, with their principal village near the mouth of the Great Xemalia. When the country was settled, the Iowa, like the other Indians of the lineage, were gathered into reservations which they still occupy in Kansas and Oklahoma.
In 1805 Lewis and Clark found part of the tribe, about 300 members, south of the Platte River. Iberville, in 1700, located the Iowa and Oto with the Omaha, between the Wisconsin and Missouri rivers, about 100 miles distant from the Illinois tribe; and Charlevoix, in 1721, determined the Oto habitat below that of the Iowa and above that of the Kansas on the western side of the Missouri.
WINNEBAGO
MCGEE] XOIWE'rE and WINNEBAGO HISTORY 195 tbe Missouri, and that they gradually ascended the latter stream, remaining for a time between Grand and Chariton rivers and a town oil on the left bank of the Missouri near the month of the Grand founded. The Oto claimed the land bordering on the Platte from their village to the mouth of the river, and also on both sides of the Missouri to the I5ig Xemaha. lu 1833 Catlin found the Oto and Missouri together in the Pawnee country; about 1841 they gathered in four villages on the south side of the Platte, from 5 to IS miles above its mouth. According to Shea, the Winnebagoweralmostaiiiiiiililatedl)}'the Illinois (Algoii(|uian) tribe in early days, and the historical gi'oup made uj) of the survivors of the early battles.
I'ke imenieratcd seven Winnebago villages in existence in 1811; and in 1812 the i)o)nization of the tribe was estimated at 5,800 (including 900 warriors) in the country around Lake Winnebago, and extending thence southwestward to the Mississi])](i. But the i)art of the people long remained wide widely distributed over their old country east of the Mississippi, and along that river in Iowa and Miniesota; in 1840 most of the tribe moved to neutral ground .. in what was then Iowa Territory; they surrendered their control of Minnesota in 1816 and were removed in 1856. in BlueEarth, Minnesota.
MANDAN
SIOUAN INDIANS [etii.ass.15 known use of the name Winnebago occurs in the Uelation Hi-io;. Chauvignerie placed the Winnebagoou of Lake Superior in 173(1), and Jefterys mentions them and the Sac as living near the head (ireen bayin 17G1;. Carver in 1778 mentions a Winnebago village on a small island near the east end of Lake Winnebago.
MCOEE] MANDAN AND HIDATSA HISTORY 197 migrated up the Missouri to a poiut 1,430 miles above its mouth (as
HIDATSA
In ISl'K they were described by Porter as extending along the Yellowstone River on the east side of the Eocky Mountains, and numbered 4,000; while in IS.'ii, according to Drake, they occupied the south branch of Y'ellowston, about the forty-sixth parallel and one hundred and fifth meridian, vdth a population of 4,.^00. In lSt2 their number was estimated at 4,000, and they were described as inhabiting the headwaters of the Y'ellowston.
THE EASTERN AND SOUTHEKN TRIBES
GENERAL MOVEMENTS
MCGEE] SIOUAN MIGRATIONS 199 plains 500 or 800 miles away. All of tlie moveinents were consistent
SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY
The brother-group member's son calls each of the group, the father; .. the father of a fraternity member calling seach ueof the group, son. The first postulate is that primitive people first gathered in chaotic hordes and that organized society developed out of chaotic mass by the division of groups and changing functions within each group. Among the Seri Indians, ])robably the most primitive tribe in North America, in which the demotic unit is the clan, there is a strict marriage custom according to which the prospective bridegroom must enter the girl's family and demonstrate ( 1 ) his ability as he) provider and (2) the strength of his character as a man, with a year's trial, before he was finally accepted - the wife.
Among many other tribes of more circumspect and less exclusive customs, the first of the two conditions recognized by the Seri is fulfilled by rich presents (representing the accumulated i)roi)ership from the bridegroom to . the girl's family, the second condition being usually ignored, the clan organization remains in effect; among other tribes the first condition is more or less vaguely recognized, if it is thought to be voluntarily present. is changed to or replaced by an agreed value required by girfs family when the maternal descendant is konmionlyvestigial; and in the next stage, which is abundantly illustrated, the purchase of a wife predominates, and the chui is rephiceil by the gens. It is possible to project these lines somewhat far back into the .. unknown extremely i)rimitive, when they are found to define small discrete T)odies —^ just such as are shown by institutional and linguistic lines — probably family groups which must be essentially and werei)erhai)s strictly monogamous.
MCGEE] CLASSIFICATION OF TRIBAL SOCIETY 203 produced a nevr monogamic family; and that sometimes iu the first oase
