Apart from the risk perception, the framework of the way in which information is conveyed also affects how people perceive and react to information (Chi et al., 2021; . Gursoy et al., 2022). Although the use of regulation has controversial features, these regulations have helped to ensure the safety of the public and reduce the potential mortality risks due to the virus (Rakhmadhani et al., 2021). A study conducted by Romadhon et al. 2022) gave an illustration of the pattern of public thinking at the beginning of 2021, when the second dose of the vaccine was about to be administered to the public.
Information about the benefits of the vaccine and its side effects had a significant impact on willingness to pay for it, as individuals were more willing to pay for the vaccine provided it had no side effects (Graeber et al., 2021). To put it bluntly, the fact is that you can make a profession the way you do, and you do. the perception of the risks of the consequences of COVID-19. The duration of these interviews was adapted to the requirements of the study and the capabilities of the participants.
In the process of understanding the data, the authors also made additional notes, which were appended to the interview notes. The authors reviewed and compared the themes that were identified with the totality of the data.
Results
Other codes that emerged were identified, whether they fit existing themes, or were new. Sub-themes were arranged by looking at the codes and data extracts related to each main theme. In order to identify the core of each theme, analysis was then conducted to determine whether the themes were appropriate for the entirety of the data and what aspects were covered in the themes.
This process took place repeatedly on several occasions before assigning short and clear names to the themes.
Hasil
One of the reasons for getting vaccinated against COVID-19 was the requirements of my company that we need to travel back and forth easily. Alhamdulillah (thank God) vaccinations were free due to government policy. Other factors supporting participants' willingness to pay for COVID-19 vaccinations were related to the motive of wanting additional vaccinations to boost immunity.
Participant S-57, who had previously been infected with the delta variant of COVID-19, explained that he was willing to pay for the vaccine to protect himself from the severity of the disease and agreed that the vaccine should be given periodically for payment, as in the case of the flu vaccine , because cases of COVID-19 are unpredictable. Personal experiences during the pandemic appear to have increased awareness and encouragement, and participants' willingness to pay for vaccination if it becomes chargeable later. Determining the price people were willing to pay depended on a number of things, such as: (1) monthly income; (2) the participant's knowledge of vaccination; (3) cost considerations based on costs for antigens and childhood immunizations; and (4) comparisons with cash received from the welfare program.
Other considerations in determining the cost of vaccination were based on the highest cost of vaccination. Although all participants had some knowledge of the benefits of the COVID-19 vaccine, a high perception of the risks of vaccination decreased their willingness to pay for it. Due to the overinflated information about the side effects and composition of the vaccine, participants were afraid to accept the vaccine, let alone pay for it.
The influence of this fear-inducing information about side effects of the booster persuaded seven participants, who stated that they were not willing to pay for the vaccine. Three of the participants expressed an explicit opinion that the news about the content made them unwilling to pay for the vaccine. According to Participant A-34, many others around them were also skeptical about the composition of the vaccine, which came from the Peoples'.
Four participants were confident that two doses of vaccination were sufficient to achieve immunity to COVID-19 infection. Findings from this study provided insight that participants' knowledge of the benefits of vaccinations was no guarantee that they would be willing to pay for it. Dissemination of inaccurate information reduced the perception of risks, which made them biased optimistic about the spread of COVID-19.
Discussion
We had the first and second vaccinations, so that was enough, rather than being overdosed with immunity later because we were vaccinated many times." Participant R-26 argued that the implementation of vaccination on a paid basis would not be able to ensure that people are fully protected from the spread of COVID-19. Vaccination will certainly not give 100% initially. protection against COVID-19 infection, but repeated vaccination will increase its effectiveness by training the physical immune system to respond to the mutated variants of the virus.
The feeling of the participants who felt that they were already immune thanks to the basic vaccinations is related to the entry into force of the regulations on mandatory vaccination. When the government limited the vaccination program to only the second dose, participants felt they did not need follow-up vaccinations because it was not mandatory or because it was “considered sunah.” Islam; an act that has merit but is not obligatory), which if performed would bring a reward, but if not performed would bring no sanctions.
An excessive amount of hoax news increased their reluctance to receive subsequent paid vaccination. In addition, the risk of contracting COVID-19 was thought to be lower if they had already received any vaccine.
Diskusi
As for the factors that excluded people's willingness to pay for vaccination, they were related to the formation of information about side effects and the composition of the vaccine. Although all participants knew about the benefits of vaccination, understanding and perception of the benefits of vaccination were not the main factors that made individuals willing to pay for it. Participants reported that they were dependent on government policies that forced them to pay.
By applying the scheme for mandatory paid vaccinations. menyelidiki berapa estimate harga vaksin yang terjangkau. These findings were consistent with those of previous studies on the importance of a safe vaccine as one of the conditions for paid vaccination (Cheng, 2022; Wang et al., 2021; Ward et al., 2022; World Health Organization [WHO] , 2021a). In the basic vaccination program (first and second doses), proof of vaccination certificate was part of the administrative requirements for payment of assistance.
Direct and indirect experiences of surviving COVID-19 have increased perceptions of the risk of the virus. In contrast to the results of the study by Harapan et al. 2020), which stated that willingness to pay was most influenced by income, this study had different results, because willingness to pay for the vaccination did not depend on the monthly income of the Attendees. Studies by Romadhon et al. 2021) revealed similar results, namely that the public was more likely to view the effectiveness of the vaccine and their risk tolerance, as opposed to their income, as important factors in their willingness to pay for the vaccine.
This study also found that willingness-to-pay deterrents are related to framing information about side effects and vaccine composition. This assumption is scientifically proven to be false, as the effectiveness of the vaccine declines after six months (World Health Organization [WHO], 2023). In this study, the drive factor had a stronger influence on people's willingness to pay for the vaccine compared to the negative influence of the deterrence factor caused by the effects of mass media exposure to misinformation.
Based on this, if and when the vaccine will be paid for in the future, the most effective strategy to make people willing to pay for the vaccine is to establish the regulations regarding mandatory COVID-19 vaccination.
The majority of participants stated that they are willing to pay for a vaccination against COVID-19 if there are no excessive side effects and if accurate information is circulated about the vaccine. People's willingness to pay for covid-19 vaccinations is heavily influenced by information framing that emphasized regulations as opposed to health benefits. This will later affect the level of herd immunity and protection in controlling the spread of the COVID-19 virus, which has claimed the lives of thousands of people.
Mayoritas peserta menyatakan bersedia membayar vaksinasi COVID-19 jika tidak ada efek samping yang berlebihan dan informasi yang diberikan mengenai vaksin tersebut akurat. Kesediaan individu untuk membayar vaksinasi COVID-19 sangat dipengaruhi oleh kerangka informasi yang menekankan peraturan dibandingkan manfaat kesehatan. Pengaruh pembingkaian pesan terhadap niat vaksinasi COVID-19 di kalangan populasi muda: hasil dari studi eksperimental dalam konteks Italia.
Attitudes and intentions toward vaccination against COVID-19: Message framing and the moderating role of perceived vaccine benefits. Predictors of acceptance and willingness to pay for COVID-19 vaccine in the general public of India: A health belief model approach. Attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination and willingness to pay: Comparison of people with and without mental disorders in China.
Responses of religion and science to the threats of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia [Respon agama dan sains terhadap ancaman pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia]. Analyzing the determinants of willingness to receive and pay for COVID-19 vaccines before initiation of vaccination in Indonesia using a mixed-methods study. Correction to: Acceptance and willingness to pay for COVID-19 vaccine among teachers in Gondar City, Northwest Ethiopia.
Using a health belief model to assess predictors of intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine and willingness to pay.
