Nama : Yosi Fuadah
Nim : 06120200069
Kelas : B2 / Sastra Inggris
Psycholinguistic
1. What is meant by Psycholinguistics?
Answer :
Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects.The discipline is mainly concerned with the mechanisms by which language is processed and represented in the mind and brain; that is, the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use,
comprehend, and produce language.
2. Explain The relation between Language and The Brain?
Answer :
Language representation and processing resides in the cortex.
Certain parts of the brain are responsible for understanding words and sentences. These brain areas are mainly located in two regions, in the left side of the brain, and are connected by nerves. Together, these brain regions and their connections form a network that provides the hardware for language in the brain.
3. Mention Three Theories of Language Acquisition?
Answer : - Behaviorist - Innateness - Cognitive
4. Explain The Innateness of Hyphoteses!
Answer :
swiss psychologist Jean Piaget places language acquisition in the context of a child's mentality or cognitive development. He argued that a child must understand a concept before he can acquire it particular form of language that expresses that concept. A good example of this is seriation. There will come a point in a child's intellectual development when she/he can compare objects with respect to size. if you give a child a number of sticks That means, she/he can arrange them in order of size. Piaget suggested that a child who has not achieved this stage won't be able to learn and use comparative adjectives like "bigger" or
"smaller".
Object immortality is another phenomenon often cited in relation to cognitive theory. During the first year of life, children seem oblivious to the existence of objects they cannot see. An object that move out of sight no more. By the time they reach 18 months of age, children are aware that objects have existence independently of their perception.
5. Explain Stages of the acquisition of Phonology ! Answer :
Jakobson concluded that there are two stages in phonological acquisition, namely 1) The stage of pre-labeling and
2) The acquisition of pure language (Dardjowidjojo, 2005)
The opening phase occurs since a baby is five or six months old an will stop around 12-18 months of age called pure language acquisition
6. Explain Stages of the acquisition of Morpgology and Syntax!
Answer :
The acquisition of morphology clearly demonstrates the rule-governed nature of language acquisition Children typically learn a morphological rule and then overgeneralize Children go through three stages in the acquisition of an irreguler form :
• In phase 1 : They use the standard irreguler past tense forms
• In phase 2 : The child has learned the rule for past tense
• In phase 3 : The child realizes that there are exceptions to the morphological rule.
7. What is meant by :
a. Acquisition and Learning?
Learning is knowledge developed consciously by instruction or study. Acquisition is developing a skill, habit, or quality using the subconscious part of the mind.
b. Error and Error Analysis?
Error analysis is a method used to document the errors that appear in learner language, determine whether those errors are systematic, and (if possible) explain what caused them.
c. Discourse and Discourse Analysis?
The discourse is a unit of language that most concerned to sentence and a grammatical unit that is highest in the hierarchy of grammatical. While the analysis of discourse is the study of the structure of a message in a communication or an examination regarding various functions (pragmatics)
d. Bilingualism and Second Language Acquisition?
- A person who can speak two languages (Crystal, 1993) - A speaker is fluent in two languages (Harley, 2001)
- A person who speaks, reads or understand two languages equally well (a balanced bilingual)
Second language acquisition, or sequential language acquisition, is learning a second language after a first language is already established.
8. Explain how children acquare word meaning!
Answer :
How do children acquire the meaning of words?
According to P. Bloom, children learn words through sophisticated cognitive abilities that exist for others purposes. These include the ability to infer others' intentions, the ability to acquire concepts, and appreciation of syntactic structure, and certain general learning and memory abilities.
9. Explain how adult talk to young children!
Answer :
- Adults have to make sure that children realize an utterance is being addressed to them, and not to someone else. To do this, they can use a name, a special tone of voice, or even get their attention by touching them.
- Once they have a child’s attention, they must choose the right words and right sentences so the child is likely to understand what is said.
- Ex : they are unlikely to discuss philosophy, but very likely to talk a about what the child is doing, looking at, or playing with at the moment.
- Third, they can say what they have to say in many different ways. They can talk quickly or slowly, use short sentences or long ones, and so on. How adults talk also has certain
incidental consequences, children are presented with a specially tailored model of language use, adjusted to fit, as far as possible, what they appear to understand.
10. Mention factors influencing second language learning!
Answer :
- First, some aspects of language learning, particularly involving syntax, are more difficult outside the critical period.
- Older children and adults often have less time and motivation to learn a second language.
- There will of course be similarities and differences between the first Language (L1) and second Language (L2).