ﺴﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦﻴﻴﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺌ
ﺭﺩ ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮ
ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻭ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﻞﻜﺸﻟﺍﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ
ﻲﺳﺎﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻠﻋﺩﺎﺠﻧ
،1
ﻲﻨﻴﺴﺣﺮﻴﻣ ﺪﻴﺠﻣ
2∗
1.
ﺩﺎﺘﺳﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻩﺪﻜﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻭ
ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻲﺳﺎﻴﺳ ﻡﻮﻠﻋ
2 . ﻥﺍﺮﻬﺗ ﻩﺎﮕﺸﻧﺍﺩ ﻢﻗ ﺲﻳﺩﺮﭘ ﻱﺮﺘﻛﺩ ﻱﻮﺠﺸﻧﺍﺩ
) ﺭﺎﺗ ﻳ ﺭﺩ ﺦ ﻳ ﺖﻓﺎ : 12 /2 / 89
؛ ﺭﺎﺗ ﻳ ﻮﺼﺗ ﺦ ﻳ ﺐ : 24 /5 / 89 (
ﻜﭼ ﻴ ﻩﺪ
ﻲﻣﺎـﮕﻨﻫ ،ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻱﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻦﻴﻓﺮﻃ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ
ﺩ ﻲﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﺮﺼﻨﻋ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺎﻳ ﻚﻳ ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﻜﺘﺑﺍ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﺯﺍ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺩ ﺖﻟﺎﺧ
) ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺮـﻘﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﻮﺳﻮﻣ (
ﻪﻨﻴﻣﺯ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺩ ﺯﺎﺳ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﺖﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ ،ﻝﺩﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻥﺎﻣﺰﻤﻫ ﻲﺑﺎﻳ
» ﺖﻴﻌﻄﻗ « ﻭ
» ﻑﺎـﻄﻌﻧﺍ
« ﺕﺎـﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻦﻳﺮـﺧﺁ ﺎـﺑ ﮓـﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻭ
ﻧ ﻱﺩﺪـﻌﺘﻣ ﻱﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﺕﺎـﻬﻴﺟﻮﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺭﺩ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺖـﺳﺩ ﻱﺎﺘـﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻦـﻳﺍ ﺵﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ،ﺰـﻴ
ﻪـﺑ ﻲﺑﺎـﻳ
ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﻪﺛﺩﺎﺣ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲﺘﺣ ،ﻱﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱﺪﻣﺁﺭﺎﻛ ﻲﻣ ﺪﻴﻳﺄﺗ ،ﺭﺎﺑ
ﺪﻨﻛ . ﻲﻣ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﻥﺍﺮﻳﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲـﺧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻁﺎﺒﻨﺘـﺳﺍ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ
ﻄﻳﺍﺮـﺷ ﺖـﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺪـﺤﻣ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﻩﺎﮔﺪﻳﺩ ،ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺩﺍﻮﻣ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺯﺍ ،ﻙﻼﻣ ﺢﻴﻘﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻲﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪـﺷ ﺍﺮﻳﺬـﭘ ﻲ
ﺖﺴﺟ ﻩﺮﻬﺑ ،ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻲﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻸﺧ ﻥﺩﺮﻛﺮﭘ ﺖﻬﺟ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﺞﻳﺎﺘﻧ .
ﻠﻛ ﻥﺎﮔژﺍﻭ ﻴﺪ
ﻱ :
ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ،ﻦﻴﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ،ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ،ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖﻴﻤﻛﺎﺣ ،ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ .
ﻝﻭﺆﺴﻣ ﻩﺪﻨﺴﻳﻮﻧ∗∗
: 09133002539 Email:[email protected]
ﺕﺎﺤﻔﺻ 5 ـ 28
ﻪﻣﺪﻘﻣ ﺎﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﻛ
ﻤﻴ ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ ﻴ
1ﻦ ، ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﻦ
، ﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻴﻴ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻱ
ﻣﻴ ﻞﺣ ﻭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺎ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ
ﺳﻮﺑ2
ﻴ ﻪﻠ ﻱ ﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺎ ،ﺎﻫ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ
.ﺍ ﻳ ﻦ ﻪـﻛ ، ﻓﺮـﻃ ﻴ ﺭﺩﺎـﻗ ﻦ
ﺣﻼﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﺖ ﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻴ
ﺶ ﻳ ﺍﻮـﻋﺩ ﻝﻼـﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺎ ﻌﺗ
ﻴـﻴ ﻦ ،ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺎـﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺘﻣﺪﻗ ﻲ ﺍﺯﺍﺭﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻱ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺮﻤﻋ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ) .
ﻮﺟ ﻳ
3ﺮﮕﻨ ، 1993 ﺹ ، 8 (.
ﺭﺩ ﺎـﻣﺍ ﻲﻧﺪـﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ
،
ﻟﺍ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎﻔﺗ ﺩﺰﻧ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰ
ﻳ ﻚ ﺮﺗ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻲ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻭ ـﻴ ﺖـﻟﻭﺩ ﺖ ﺎـﻫ
، ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺚـﻋﺎﺑ
ﺘﻨﺳ ﺭﻮﻄﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﺬﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺵﺮ ﻴ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ ﻱ
ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﺩﺮﺗ ﺎـﺑ
ـﻳ ﺎﻫﺪ ﻲﻳ ﻪـﺟﺍﻮﻣ
ﺩﻮﺷ . ﻮﺑ ﻳ ﻥﺁ ﻩﮋ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺭﺩ ًﻻﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻱ
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻴ ﻧﺪﻣ ﺖ ،ﻲ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﻪﺒـﺷ ﻉﻮـﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻞـﺒﻗ ﻦ ﺎـﺑ ﻡﺮـﺟ
ﻳ ﺪـﻜ ﻳ ﺮﮕ
ﺑﻴ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮕ
، ﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺭﻮ ﻗﺎﻔﺗﺍ
،ﻲ ﺖﺷﻮﻧﺮﺳ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻩﺮﮔ ﻢﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﺭﻮﺧ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﻳ ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ ﺮـﻫ ﻦ
ﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻳ ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻣ ﻦ
، ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻞﻤﺘﺤﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺯ ﻪﺤﻧﺎـﺳ ﻉﻮـﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻭ ـﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﺭﺎـﺑ ،ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺗ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﻣ ﻢﺘﺴﻴﺳ
ﻱﺎﻫ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﺑ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻊﻔﻨ
ﻳ ﺯ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻚ ﻳ
ﺩ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻥﺎ ﻳ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮـﮕ
ﻪﻛ ﺍﻳ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻦ ،
ﺿﺍﺮﺗ ﻝﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﺪﺣﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺪﻫﺩ . ﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻩﻭﻼـﻋ ـﻳ
ﻦ ، ـﺘﺣ ﻲ
ﺯ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺪﻜ ﻳ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺮﮕ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺩ ،
ﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ـﻳ
ﻦ
ﺎﻜﻣ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻡ
» ﻋﺮﻓ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻲ
4« ﺑ ـﺷﻭﺭ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻌ ﻲ
ﺎـﺟ ﻱ ﺰـﮔ ﻳ ﻦ
، ﺕﺎـﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞـﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺮـﺑ5
ﺮﻬﻗ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻱ
ﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ﻣ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﻳﺎﺑ ﺪ ـﻤﻫ ﻪـﺑ ﻭ ﻴ ﻟﺩ ﻦ ـﻴ ﻞ ، ﻓﺮـﻃ ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ
ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦ
ﺮﻬﻗ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻱ
ﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﻁﺎـﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻦ ،
ﺮـﻣﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻪـﺑ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻱ
ﺪـﺒﺗ ﺪـﺋﺍﺯ ﻳ
ـﻣ ﻞ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮـﮔ
) ﺯﺍﺮﮔ ﻳ
6ﻮﻨ ، 2009 ﺹ ، 114 (.
ﺍﻳ ﻻﺩ ﻦ ﻳ ـﻣ ﺩﺎـﺘﻔﻫ ﻪـﻫﺩ ﺯﺍ ﺎـﻬﻨﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﺪـﺷ ﺚـﻋﺎﺑ ﻞ ﻴ
ﺩﻼ
،ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻢـﻫ ﻥﺁ
ﺩﻭﺪﻌﻣ ﻱ ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ
،ﻲﻳ ﻮﺳ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺋﻴ ﺲ ، ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺁ ﮋﻠﺑ ﻭ ﻳ ﻚ ،ﺍ ـﻳ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻦ ـﻴ ﺖ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ
ﺯ ﻪﺛﺩﺎﺣ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻂﻘﻓ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ـﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﺭﺎـﺑ
، ﺬﭘ ﻳ ﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮ ﻳ
ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺮ ﻴ ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﻪـﻠﻤﺟ ﺯﺍ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ
ﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﻴ
7ﺲ ﻫﻴ ﻩﺭﺎﺷﺍ ﭻ ﺍ ﻱ ﺍ ﻪـﺑ ـﻳ ﺩﻮـﺸﻧ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻦ .
ﻪـﺴﻧﺍﺮﻓ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ،ﺰـﻴﻧ
ًﺎـﺳﺎﺳﺍ
1. Autonomie de la volonte/ party autonomy 2. loi d' autonomie
3. Juneger
4. Accessory connection 5. Alternative reference 6. Grazino
7. Miscellaneous provisions
ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺍ ﻱ ﻌﺗ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻴﻴ
ﻭ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺸﻧ ﻊﺿ
ـﻳ ﺎـﻀﻗ ﻪ ﻲﻳ
ﺎﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺬﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻞ ﻳ ﺣﻼﺻ ﺵﺮ ﻴ
ﺯ ﻞـﻌﻓ ﻉﻮـﻗﻭ ﻞـﺤﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ـﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﺭﺎـﺑ ، ﻭﺭ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ـﻳ ﺎـﻀﻗ ﻪ ﻲﻳ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ
ﻠﮕﻧﺍ ﻴ ﺲ ﻨﭼ ﻥﺎﻜﻣﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﺑﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻦ ﻲ ﺩ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺩﺮﺗ ﻩﺪ ﻳ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺎﺗ ﻭ ﺪ ﻱ
ﻣ ﺭﺎﻜﻧﺍ ﻲ ﺩﺮـﮕﻧ ) ـﻛ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻭﺭﺎ ﻛ ﺩﺭﻮـﻓﺍﺮ ،1
2005 ﺺﺻ ، 87 - 82 ( ﺼﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻣﺍ ﺯﻻ ﻭ ﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻥﺎﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﻂﺳﻮﺗ ،ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﺐﻳﻮ ﻡ
ﻥﺁ ﻥﺪـﺷﺍﺮﺟﻻﺍ
ﻝﺎﺳ ﻱﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺯﺍ 2009
ﻪﻨﺤﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻨﻳﻮﻧ ﻞﺼﻓ ،ﻱﺩﻼﻴﻣ ﺪـﺷ ﻩﺩﻮـﺸﮔ ﺕﺎـﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞـﺣ ﻱ
. ﻪـﻛ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ
ﻲﻳﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﺵﻼﺗ ﻦﻳﺮﺗﺪﻳﺪﺟ ﻱﺍﺮﺑ
ﻥﺎﺴﻜﻳ ﻭ ﻲﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻢﺴﻴﻟﺍﺭﺪﻓ ﺩﺎﺠﻳﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻲـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺮـﻘﻣ ﻱﺯﺎﺳ
ﻣﺯ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻪﻨ ﺑ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻱ ﻴ
ﻦ ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻞﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻱ
89 ﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻩﺪـﻫﺎﻌﻣ ﺰﺟ ،
ـﺋ ﻲ ﻊﺑﺎـﻨﻣ ﺯﺍ
ﻮﻧﺎﺛ ﻳﻪ ﺩﺎﺤﺗﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻱ ـﻳ
ـﻘﻠﺗ ﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻪ ﻲ
ﻠﺑﺎﻗ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﺟﻮﺗ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ـﻴ
ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﺖ ﻲـﻳ ﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻡﺎـﻋ ﻴ
ﻥﺁ ﻢ ﻭ
ﻢﻫ ﻦﻴﻨﭼ ﻡﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺭﻭﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ، ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻱ
ﻮﻀﻋ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﻮـﻨﻛﺍ ﻢﻫ ـﻳ
ﻚ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻪـﭼﺭﺎﭘ
ﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﻲ
ﺎﺘﺳﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ
، ﻭﺮـﻤﻠﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺭﺮﻘﻣ
ﺮﺑ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻲ
ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻱ
ﻮﻀﻋ
، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ .
ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺧﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻲ ﺖﻨﺳ ﻡﻭﺍﺪﺗ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ
)ﻛ
2ﺮﻣﺍﺮ ، 2008 ﺹ ، 47 ( ﺧﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻲ ﺩﻳ ﺑﻼﻘﻧﺍ ﺮﮕ ﻲ ﻞـﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﻣ ﺕﺎﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻲ
ﺪﻨﻣﺎﻧ ، )ﻛ ﺯﻮ ﻳ
3ﺱﺮ
، 2008 ﺹ ، 471 ( ﻣ ﻲ ﺎﺑ ﻊﻠﺿ ﺖﺴﻳ ﺜﻠﺜﻣ ﻡﻮﺳ
ﻲ ﻉﻼـﺿﺍ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺴﻧﺍﺩ
ﺩﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻥﺁ ﻚـﻳ ﻡﻭﺭ ﻥﻮﻴـﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ًﺎﻘﺑﺎـﺳ ، )
ﻦﻴـﻴﻌﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ
ﻱﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ( ﻭ ﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻴ ﻞﺴﻛﻭﺮﺑ ﻥﻮ )
ﺣﻼﺻ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﺎـﻀﻗ ﻲﻳ ﺎـﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﻭ ﻲﻳ ﺍﺮـﺟﺍ ﻭ ﻱ ﻡﺎـﻜﺣﺍ
ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻲ ( ﺩﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﻢﻫﺍﺮﻓ .
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ 14 ﺍﻳ ﺎﺳﺎﻨﺷ ﺮﺑ ﻩﻭﻼﻋ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻲﻳ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺯ ﻉﻮـﻗﻭ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ـﻳ
4ﻥﺎ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻟﺰﻨﻣ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ
ﻠﻛ ﻲ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ،
ﻓﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﻣ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺯﺎﺟﺍ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻞﺒﻗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ
ﻬﺘﻨﻣ ﻪﺛﺩﺎﺣ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺎ ﻲ
ﺭﺮـﺿ ﻪﺑ ،ﺰـﻴﻧ
ﺍﺮﺷ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻳﻄ
ﻲ ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻝﻭﺪﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻳ
ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﻦ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ
.
ﺍﻳ ﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺩﺪﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻟﺎﻘﻣ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻑﺍﺪﻫﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻲ
ﺮـﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ
، ﺬـﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺵﺮ ـﻴ
ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ
ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ،
ﺍﺮـﺷ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺪـﺣ ﻳ
ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻂ ﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻡ ـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﺲﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻳ
ﻥﺍﺮ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﺪﻫﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﺼﺘﺨﻣ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ .
1. Carruthers and Crawford 2. Kramer
3. Kozyris 4. lex loci damni
ﺷ ﻴ ﻩﻮ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻭ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺮﺑ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻲ
ﻥﺁ :
ﻩﻮﻴﺷ ﺎﻫ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻛﻠ ﻲ ﻣﺍ ﻜ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻥﺎ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺯ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻭ ﻳ ﻥﺎ ، ﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻛ
ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺎـﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻢ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ، ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﻮﺼﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻭﺩ ﻪﺑ :
ﺍ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﻳ ﻦ ﻛ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻪ ﻴ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻦ ﺯ ﻪـﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ـﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﺭﺎـﺑ ،
ﺎﺑ ﻜﻳ ﺪﻳ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﺕﺍﺩﻭﺍﺮﻣ ﻱ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻭ ﻱ ـﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﺪﻨﺷﺎﺑ ﻴ
ﻟﺩ ﻦ ـﻴ ﺟﺮـﺗ ﻢـﻫ ﻞ ﻴ
ﺪـﻨﻫﺩ ﺢ ﺖـﻬﺟ
ﺒﺜﺗ ﻴ ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺖ ﻴ ﻮﺧ ﺖ ﻳ ﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺶ ﻳ ﻥﻮـﺼﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﻨ ـﺻﻮﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺪـﻧﺎﻣ
ﻴ ـﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺕﻭﺎـﻔﺘﻣ ﺕﺎﻔ ﻩﺎ
ﺎـﻫ ﻭ ﻢـﻫ ﻦﻴـﻨﭼ
ﻤﻃﺍ ﻝﻮﺼﺣ ﻴ
ﺎﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎﻨ ﻛ ﻤ ـﻴ ﻣﺎـﻤﺗ ﺮـﺑ ﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺖ ﻲ
ـﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺕﺎـﻓﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻟﺎ
،ﻲ ﺮـﻬﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻢـﻋﺍ ﻱ
ﻭ ـﻳ ﺎ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮــﻗ ،ﻱ ﻠــﺻﺍ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮــﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺩﻮــﺧ ، ﻃﺮــﺷ ﻲ ﺪــﻨﻨﻛ ﺝﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ــﻛ
ﻪ ﺱﺎــﺳﺍﺮﺑ ﻣﺎــﻤﺗ ﻥﺁ
ﻲ ﺕﺎــﻓﻼﺘﺧﺍ
ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ﻉﻮﻗﻮﻟﺍ ، ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻢﻋﺍ ﻳ ﻦ ﻛ ﻭ ﺪﻬﻋ ﺾﻘﻧ ﻥﺁ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻪ ﻳ
ﺮﻬﻗ ﺕﺎﻧﺎﻤﺿ ﺎ ﻱ
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺑ ﺐـﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺐـﺟﻮﻤ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻭ ﻞﺣ .
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺘﺣ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦ ﻲ
ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﮔﺍ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ
ﻱ ﻓﺮـﻃ ﻴ ﻏ ﺍﺭ ﻦ ﻴ ﺎـﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮـﻣﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ
ﺻﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻒ ،ﺪﻨﻛ ﺍ ﺐﺟﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻢﻫ ﺯﺎﺑ ﻳ
ﻁﺮﺷ ﻦ ، ﻣ ﻜ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠ .
ﺍ ﻡﻭﺩ ـﻳ ﻦ ﻪـﻛ
؛
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦﻜﻤﻣ ،
ﺎﺣ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻛ
ﻤﻴ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ﻥﺁ
،ﺎﻫ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﺮﻬﻗ ﻪﺛﺩﺎﺣ ﻱ
ﺯﻳ ﻥﺎ ﺭﺎـﺑ ، ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗ
ﺪﻨﻨﻛ . ﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻦ ﻛ ﭘ ﻪ ﻴ ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺶ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ،ﻲ
ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺯ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺍﺮـﻗ ﻪـﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﻥﺎ ﺩﺍﺩﺭ
ﻱ ﻪﺘـﺷﺍﺪﻧ
ﻭ ﻳ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﺎ ،
ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ ﻣﻴ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎ ﻱ
ﺗﺁ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻭ ﻞﺣ ﻲ
، ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺩﺮﮕﻧ ﻦ ـﻳ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻩﺪ .
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﻦ ،ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻤﻣ ﻜ ﺟﺮﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺪﻨﻫﺩ ﺢ ﺯ ﻪﻌﻗﺍﻭ ﺙﻭﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺪﻌﺑ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﺭﺎﺑ ﺎـﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﻱ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ
ﺁﺮﻓ ﻥﺩﺮﭙﺳ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻳ
ﺿﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺪﻨ ﻲ
ﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻴ ﻪﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﻪﺠ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺪﺷ
ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻴ ﻦ ﺎﻨـﺷﺁﺎﻧ ﻭ ـﻳ ﺝﺭﺎـﺧ ﺎ
ﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ ﻲ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻭ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﻳﺎ ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻟﺎﺣﺍ ﻛ
ﺭﻮـﺸ ﻱ ﺩﻳ ﺮـﮕ ، ﻭ ﻞـﺒﻗ ﺩﻮـﺧ ـﻳ
ـﺣ ﺎ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺡﺮﻃ ﻣ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ
ﻴ ﺍﺬﻣ ﺰ ﻛ ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﺸﻧ ﻩﺮ ﻲ
ﺣﻼـﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻳ ﺪـﻨﻨ ـﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﻪ
ﺍﺮﺷ ﻳ ﻂ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺎﺘﻧ ﻭ ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻳ
ﭘ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﺞ ﻴ ﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ ﻲ ـﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺩ .ﺍ ـﻳ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺩ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻭﺩ ﺮـﻫ ﺍﺭﺍ
ﻱ
ﺍﺰﻣ ﻳﺎ ﻲﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ : ﺯ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻳ ﻥﺎ
، ﻣ ﻦﺌﻤﻄﻣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻛ ﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻪ ﻳ ﻭ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻥﺎ ﺑ
ﺕﺍﺭﺮـﻘﻣ ﺐـﺟﻮﻤ ﻲﻧﺪـﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ
ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ،
ﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻭ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺪﺣ ﻲ
ﺎﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﺯﺍ ﻳ
ﻥﺍﺮـﺒﺟ ﺪ ﺪـﻨﻛ
ـﻟﻭ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﺽﻮـﻋ ﺭﺩ
ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻬﺟﺍﻮﻣ ﺮﻄﺧ ﻲ
ﻏﻴ ﻞﺑﺎﻗﺮ ﭘﻴ ﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ ﻲ ﺖﺨﺳ ﻭ ﮔﻴ ﻪﻧﺍﺮ ﻧﻮﺼﻣ ﺮﺗ ﻴ ﻣ ﺖ ﻲ ﻳ ﺪﺑﺎ . ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺎـﻳﺯ ، ﻩﺪـﻳﺩ
،ﺰﻴﻧ ﻣ ﻲ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻣﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺭﺍﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ
ﻴ ﺒﺴﻧ ﻢ ﻲ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﻤﻃﺍ ﻴ ﻞـﺻﺎﺣ ﻥﺎـﻨ ﻛ
ﺪـﻨ
،
ﻥﺁ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻛ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﻪ ، ﻭﺭ ﻪﻤﻫﺍﻭ ﻳ ﻭﺭﺎ ﻲﻳ ﺎﺑ ﻚﻳ ﻭ ﻪﻬﺟﻮﻣ ﺖﻠﻋ ﻳ
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻊﻓﺍﺭ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺎ ﻴ
ﺖ ﻧﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ـﻛ ﻪ
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﺣﻼﺻ ﻴ ﺍﺪﺘﺑﺍ ﺖ ﻲﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ، ﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻭﺍ ﻴ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﺎ .
ﻧﺎﺒﻣ ﻲ
ﻥﺯﺍﻮﺗ ﻑﺎﻄﻌﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻴﻌﻃﺎﻗ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻦﻴﺑ ﺮﻳﺬﭘ
ﻱ
ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻴ
ﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻦ ﺮﻳ ﺯﺎﺑ
، ﻑﺎﻄﻌﻧﺍ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻭﺩ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻌﻃﺎﻗ ﻭ1
ﻴ
2ﺖ ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﻗﻮـﻘﺣ ﺞ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﺯﺍ
ﻳ ﻮﺳ ﻚ ﺐﺣﺎﺻ ، ـﻀﺘﻘﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺍﺮـﺘﺣﺍ ﻡﻭﺰﻟ ﺮﺑ ﻥﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﻴ
ﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻑﺎـﺼﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺖﻟﺍﺪـﻋ ﺕﺎ ﻱ
ﻠﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ـﻴ ﻞ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ
ﻣﺰﺟ ﻲ ﻦﺸﺧ ﻭ ﻚﺸﺧ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺎﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﺍﺮـﺷ ﻦﺘﻓﺮـﮔ ﻳ
ﻪـﺑ ﺍﻮـﻋﺩ ﺮـﻫ ﺹﺎـﺧ ﻂ
ﻌﺗ ﻡﺎﮕﻨﻫ ﻴﻴ ﺣﻼﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺖ ﻛﺎﺗ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻴ ﻣ ﺪ ﻲ ﻮﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻱ
ﺩﻳ ﺮـﮕ
، ﺎـﻀﻗ ﺩﺍﺪﺒﺘـﺳﺍ ﻲﻳ
ﺍ ﻭ ﻳ ﻋﻮـﻧ ﺩﺎـﺠ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻲ ﻃﺎﺒﻀﻧﺍ ﻲ ﻌﻄﻗ ﺕﺎﻓﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻲ
ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻗ ﺮﮔ ﻳﺰ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﺘﻓﺁ ﻲ ﺮﻣﺁ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﻛ ﻳ
ﺎﻜ ، ﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ـﭘ ﻥﺮﻗ ﻢ ﻴ ﻝﺎـﺒﻧﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﺶ
ﺖــﺳﺩ ــﺸﻛ ﻴ ﺘﻨــﺳ ﺪــﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺪ ﻲ
ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻛﺬــﻣ ﻴﻧﺎ
ــﻴ ﺮﻣﺁ ﻕﻮــﻘﺣ ﻪــﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻝﻭﺍ ﻪ ﻳ
3ﺎــﻜ ﻭﺮﮔ ﻭ ــﻳ ﻪــﺑ ﻥﺪ
ﻭﺭ ﻳ ﺎﻫﺩﺮﻜ ﻱ ﺘﻧﻴ ﻪﺠ ﻠﺤﺗ ﻭ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻴ ﻞ ﺩ ﺭﻮـﺤﻣ ﺑ ﺭ ﻴ ﺎـﺟ ﻭ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻪـﻧﺎ ﻳ
ﺰﮕ ﻳﻨ ﻲ ﺎـﺟ ﻪـﺑ ﺎﻫﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧﺎﺘـﺳﺍ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ
ﺎﺟ ﻪﺑ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻱ
ﻋﻴ ﻨﻴ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺕﺎ )
4ﺩﺭ
، 2001 ، 879 ( ﻪـﻤﻫ ﺩﻮـﺟﻭ ﺎـﺑ ﻭ ﻱ
ﺵﻼـﺗ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ
ﻭﺭ ﺝﺍﺮﺨﺘﺳﺍ ﻳﻪ
ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﭘﻴ ﺶ ﺑﻴﻨ ﻲ ) ﺮﻟﺪﺳ ﻭ ﺕﺮﺑﺍﺭ
،5
2008 ﺹ ، 630 ( ﺎﻫﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ،ﺰـﻴﻧ ﺎـﺗ ﻥﻮﻨﻛ
ﻩﺪﻧﺎﻣ ﻡﺎﻛﺎﻧ ،
ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺍ ﻱ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ ﻪﻛ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺩﻧﺍ ﻮـﺼﺗ ﺕﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻳ
ﺑ ﺐ ﻴﻧﺎ ـﻴ ﻪ ﻱ ﻪـﺑ ﺖـﺸﮔﺯﺎﺑ ﻭ ﻡﻮـﺳ
ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻪﺘـﺷﺬﮔ ﺪـﻨﻣ
ﻱ ــﻣ ﻦﺨـﺳ ﻲ ﻮﮔ ﻳ ﺪـﻨ ) ـﺳ ﻴ
6ﺰﻧﻮﻤ
، 2009 ﺹ ، 2 .(
ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﻴ
ﻦ ، ﻪﻨﺤــﺻ ﻱ
ﮔﺭﺩ ﻴﺮ ﻱ ﻣ ﻢﺋﺍﺩ ﻴ ﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻳ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺍﺮـﺘﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﺣﺍﺰﺘﻣ ﺖﺤﻠﺼﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻦ ﻱ
ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻭﺩ ،
ﻪـﺻﺮﻋ ﺎـﻬﻨﺗ ﺍ
ﻱ
ﺍ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻳ ﻗﺭ ﻭﺩ ﻦ ﻴ ﺩ ﺐ ﻳﺮ ﻳ ﻪﻨ
، ﻦﻤـﺿ ﻭ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﻢﻫ ﺭﺎﻨﻛ ﺭﺩ ﺍﻳ
ﺎـﺘﻧ ﺩﺎـﺠ ﻳ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﺞ ـﭘﻴ ﺶ ﺑﻴ ـﻨ ﻲ ﻭ
ﻑﺎﻔﺷ ، ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺮـﻛ
ﺨـﺸﺗ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﻴ
ﻓﺮـﻃ ﺺ ﻴ ﺯﺍ ﻦ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻳﺮـﺗ ﻭ ﺐـﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﻦ
ﺭﺎﮔﺯﺎﺳ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺷ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺹﺎﺧ ﻂ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮﺧﺮﺑ .
ﺒـﺳﺎﻨﺗ ﻲ ـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻲ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ـﻳ
ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﺭﻭﺁﺩﺎ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺮﺑ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖ ،ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻱ
ﺍ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻳ ﻌﻣ ﺎﺑ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺎﻫﺭﺎ ﻱ ﻫﺫ ﻨ ﻲ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎـﻨﭼ ؛ ﻪـﻛ
ﺧﺮﺑ ﻲ ﻮﻧ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨﺴ ﻨﻫﺫ ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ
7ﻲ ، ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﺭﻮﺌﺗ ﻚ ﻱ ﺕﺎﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺩﺎ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺪـﻧﺍ
)
8ﻥﺎﻣ ، 1950 ﺹ ، 60 .(
1. Flexibility 2. Cetainty
3. The first restatement of law 4. Reed
5.Robert A. & Sedler 6. Symeonides
7. Subjective proper law 8. Mann
ﻢﻫ ﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﻲ ﻪﻔﺴﻠﻓ ﺎﺑ ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ
ﻩﺯﻮﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲﻳﺎـﻫ ﻓﺮـﻃ ﻪـﻛ ﻴ ﻦ ﻲـﻣ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻟﺎـﻜﺗ ﻭ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻴ
ﻮـﺧ ﻒ ﻳ ﻌﺗ ﻪـﻧﺍﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺍﺭ ﺶ ﻴـﻴ
ﻦ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﻭ
ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﺕﺎﻋﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﮕﺘﺴﺑﺍﻭ ﺯﺍ
ﻲ ﻢﻛ ﺗ ﻱﺮ ﻣﻮﻤﻋ ﻢﻈﻧ ﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﻭ ﻳ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﺩﺭﻮـﺧﺮﺑ ﺚـﻟﺎﺛ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﺎ
،
ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻱ
ﺍﻮـﻋﺩ ﻱ ،ﻲﻧﺪـﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ ـﻀﺘﻘﻣ
ﻲ ﺬـﭘ ﻳ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﺵﺮ ـﻴ
ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ ﻱ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﺕﺎﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺑ ﻪﻨﺤﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ .ﻟ ﻴ ﺴﻟﺍﺮﺒ ﻴ ـﺳﻼﻛ ﻢ ﻴ ـﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻚ ﻲ
ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻪـﺑ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻩﺍﺭ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﻳ
، ﺯﻮﭘ ﻳ ﻮﺘ ﻳ ﻗﻮـﻘﺣ ﻢـﺴ ﻲ
ﻋﺪـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻲ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻭ ﻕﻮـﻔﺗ ــﻴ
ﺖ
ﺭﺎﺼﺤﻧﺍ ﻱ ﺖﻣﻮﻜﺣ ﺖﺳﺎﻫ ، ﻒﺻ ﺍﺭﺁ ﻲﻳ ﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺍﺮﺑ ﻳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﻦ ، ﻟﺩ ﻥﺎﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ـﻠ ﻲ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻪـﻛ ﻱ ﻓﺮـﻃ ﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻦ
ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﺐﺴﻧ
، ﺟﻭﺯ ﻴ ﺖ ، ﮔﺪﻧﺍﻮﺧﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﻲ
ﻏ ﻭ ﻴ ﻣ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻩﺮ ﻲ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ
، ﻟﺩ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ـﻴ
ﻞ ، ﺭﺩ
ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﻳ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺪﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﺮﮕ ﻴ
ﻧﺪﻣ ﺖ ،ﻲ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻡﺍﺮﺘﺣﺍ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ؛
ﻪﭼ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ،
ﻍﺭﺎـﻓ
ﻠﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻞ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺍﺮﮔ ﻳ ﻠﻋ ﻭ ﻥﺎ ﻲ ﺬﭘ ﻢﻏﺭ ﻳ ﺕﺮﺜﻛ ﺵﺮ ﺍﺮﮔ
ﻲﻳ ﺒﺴﻧ ﻲ ﻧﺎـﺒﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲ ـﺑ ﻪ ﺭﺪـﺗ ﻳ ﺪﻧﺍ ﺞ ﻳ ﻪـﺸ
ﻮﺑ ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﻳ
ﺯ ﻉﻮـﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﺪـﻌﺑ ﻩﮋ ـﻳ
ﻥﺎ ، ﺎـﺟ ﻱ ﺰـﮔ ﻳ ﺪﻧﺍ ﻦ ﻳ ﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ ﻪـﺸ ﻴ
ﺖ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﻩﺎـﮕﻧ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﻪﺒﻠﻏ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﻪﺘﻓﺎﻳ
ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﻪﺑ ﺍ ﻱ ﻛ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ
،ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ـﻫ ﻓﺪ ﻲ ﻭ ﻊﻓﺎـﻨﻣ ﺖـﺸﮔﺯﺎﺑ ﺰـﺟ
ﺖﺳﺩﺯﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻤﻧ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻭﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺭ
ﻲ ﮔﻴ ﺩﺮ . ﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ،ﻭﺭ ﻦﻴ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ـﻛ
ﺮـﺳ ﺮـﺑ ﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻭﺍ ﻪ
ﺍﻳ ﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻦ ﻛ
ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺮﺑ ﻢ ﺯ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﺑ
ﻳ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻪﻠﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻥﺎ ﻳﺪ
. ﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ـﻛ ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎـﺧ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻪ
ﺎﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻳ ﻥﺁ ﺎﺑ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﻣ ﻞ ،
ﺣ ﻭ ﻪﻌﻣﺎﺟ ﻊﻓﺎﻨﻣ ﻴ
ﻋﺎﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺕﺎ ﻲ
ﺤﺘﺳﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻜ ﺍﻭﺭ ﻡﺎ ـﺟﻭﺯ ﻂـﺑ ﻴ
ﻥﺎـﺸﻧﺍﺪﻧﺯﺮﻓ ﻭ ﻦ ،
ﻟﺩ ﻦﺒﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺭﻮﺧ ﻩﺮﮔ ﻴ
ﻞ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﻫﻴ ﺘﻟﻭﺩ ﭻ ﻲ ﻤﻧ ﻲ ﺎﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻛ
ﻤﻴ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺖ ﻛ
ﺩ ﺭﻮـﺸ ﻳ ﺮـﮕ ، ﺎـﺑ
ﮕﻨﻫﺮﻓ ﺖﻓﺎﺑ ﻲ
ﺷﺯﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲ ﺎﻐﻣ ﻳﺮ ، ﮔﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ،ﻲ
ﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﺖﺳﺍﻮﺧ ﻑﺮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻙ
ﻓﺮـﻃ ﻴ ﻦ ،
ﺎﻤﻧ ﺖﻘﻓﺍﻮﻣ ﻳﺪ
. ﻛ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸ ﻳ
ﻣﺯ ﻦ ﻴ ﻪﻨ
، ﺳﻴ ﺖﺳﺎ ﺑﺍﺪﺗ ﻭ ﺎﻫ ﻴ ﻭ ﺮ ﻳ ﻩﮋ ﺍ ﻱ ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ـﻛ ﻞـﺣ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺐـﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪ
ﻧﺎﺠﻨﮔ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻴ
ﻄﺨﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺪ ﻲ
ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻳ ﺎﻐﻣ ﺍﺭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺮ ﻳ ﻧﺎـﺒﻣ ﻦ ﻲ ـﻣ ﻲ ﺪﻨـﺳﺎﻨﺷ . ﻝﺎـﺜﻣ ﺭﻮـﻃ ﻪـﺑ ،
ﻪﻧﺍﺮﻣﺁ ﺭ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻪﻄﺑﺎﺿ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻳ
ﻩﺩﺍﻮﻧﺎﺧ ﺮﺑ ﺮﻫﻮﺷ ﺖﺳﺎ ﻮﻫﺎـﻣ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ
،ﻱ ﻣﺯ ﻴ ﻪـﻨ ﻞـﺣ ﻩﺪـﻋﺎﻗ ﺯﺎـﺳ
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺝﺭﺪﻨﻣ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ 964
ﻭ 963 ﻧﺪﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ
،ﻲ ﺩﺮﮔ ﻳ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻩﺪ .
ﮕﻨﻫﺎﻤﻫ ﻲ ﻭﺭ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺩﺮﻜ ﻲﻳ
ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ
ﻭﺭ ﻳ ﺍﺮﮔﺭﺍﺰﺑﺍ ﺩﺮﻜ
1ﻲﻳ ﺭﺪﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻳ ﻮـﺑ ﻭ ﺞ ﻳ ـﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋ ﻴ ﻪﺘـﺷﺬﮔ ﻥﺮـﻗ ﻢ
، ﺮـﺜﻛﺍ ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﻞـﺣ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺭﺩ
ﻪﺘﺷﻮﻧﺎﻧ ﻞﺻﺍ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺬﮔ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﺍ
ﻱ ـﻣ ﻪـﻛ ﻩﺩﻮﻤﻧ ﻖﻠﺧ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ، ﻌﺗ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻴـﻴ
ﻦ
1. Instrumentalism
ﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎـﻛ
1ﻱ ﺣﻼــﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺭﺍﺩ ـﻳ ﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺩﺎ )ﺩ ﻱ ﺮﺋﻮــﺑ ،2
2007 ﺹ ، 21 (.
ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻳ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﻦ ،
ﺖﻟﺍﺪــﻋ
ﻮﻫﺎﻣ
3ﻱ ﺍﺮﻓ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺕﺎﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺪﻨ ،
ﺎﺟ ﻱ ﺰﮔ ﻳ ﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﺖﻟﺍﺪﻋ ﻦ
4ﻲ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺭﺍﺬﮔ ﻪـﺑ ﺪﻧﺩﺪـﺻﺭﺩ ﻥﺍ
ﺎﺟ ﻱ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻞﻘﺛ ﺰﻛﺮﻣ ﻒﺸﻛ ﻱ
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻴ ﺖ ، ﻓﺍﺮﻐﺟ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﻪﺑ ﻴﺎ
ﻲﻳ ﺩﺰﻧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻭ ﻳ
ﻚ ﻌﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺑ ﺮﺗ ﻴ
ﺎـﻫﺭﺎ ﻱ
ﻋﻴ ﻨ ،ﻲ ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ ﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻳ ﺳ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺪﻨﻨ ﻴ
ﺖﺳﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﻭ ـﻳ ﻋﺎـﻤﺘﺟﺍ ﺎ ﻲ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﮕﻨﻫﺎـﻤﻫ ﻲ ﺶﻴـﺑ ﻱﺮـﺗ
ﺪﻧﺭﺍﺩ ) ﺳﻴ ﺰﻧﻮﻤ
، 2001 ﺹ ، 10 (.
ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ
ﻴ ﻧﺪـﻣ ﺖ ،ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲ ﺎـﻫﺩﺮﻛﺭﺎﻛ ﻱ
ﺩﺎـﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺪـﻌﺘﻣ ،ﻱ
ﻌﺗ ﻴ ﺼﺨﺷ ﺕﺎﻨ ﻲ
ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﻌﺗ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﻨ ﻲ
، ﻣ ﻡﺪﻘﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺯﺎﺳ . ﺖـﺳﺩ ـﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﺪﻨﻣﺩﻮـﺳ ﻪـﺑ ﻱ
ﺍﺭﺎـﻛ ﻭ ﻲﻳ
ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻱ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻝﺪﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺳﻮﺑ ﻩﺪﺷ
ﻴ ﻪﻠ ﺮﻟﺩﺍ / ﻫ ﻜﻴ
5ﺲ ﺎـﺳ ﺭﺩ ﺰـﺟ ﻳ
ﺰﻫ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻪ ﻳ
ﻪـﻨ ﺎـﻫ
، ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ ﺬـﭘ ﻳﺮ
ﻧﻴ ﻌﺗ ﻭ ﺖﺴ ﻴﻴ ﻦ ﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻪ
ﺳﻭ ﻴ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻪﻠ ﻴ ﻦ
، ﺳﻭ ﻴ ﻪﻠ ﻱﺮﺛﺆﻣ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺰﻫ ﺶﻫﺎـﻛ ﻳ
ﻪـﻨ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﻪـﺳ ﮔ ﻪـﻧﺎ ﻱﺍ
ﺮﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﻳ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻚ ،ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻱ ﻣ ﺯﻭﺮﺑ
ﻲ ﺪﻨﻛ .
،ﺍﺮﻳﺯ ﺰﻫ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻪـﻨ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ
ﻠﺻﺍ ﻲ ) ﺰﻫ ﻳ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﻤﺤﺗ ﻑﺩﺎﺼﺗ ﺮﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻞ ﻳ
ﺰﻫ ﺎ ﻳ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻲﻳ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ﻪـﻛ ﺯ
ـﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺎ
ﺭﻮﻈﻨﻣ ﺶﻴﭘ ﻱﺮﻴﮔ ﻭ ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺖﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣ
، ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺭﻮﺒﺠﻣ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳ ( ﻌﺗ ﻴـﻴ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻦ ،
ﮕﻧﺍ ـﻴ ﻩﺰ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ
ﺭﺎﺘﻓﺭ ﻱ ﺘﺳﺭﺩ ﻲ ﺘﺧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻓﺮﻃ ﺭﺎ ﻴ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻦ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﻣ ﻲ ﻣ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮـﺧ ﺩﺮﻜﻠﻤﻋ ﺪﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ ـﻴ
ﻭ ﻥﺍﺰ
ﺘﺣﺍ ﺢﻄﺳ ﻴ ﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻁﺎ ﻴ
ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺯﺎ
، ﻮﺑ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺩ ﻕﺎﺒﻄﻧﺍ ﻳ
ﻟﺎﻌﻓ ﻩﮋ ﻴ ﺩﺎﺼﺘﻗﺍ ﻦ ﻱ ﺩﻮـﺑ ﺪـﻨﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺭﺩﺎـﻗ
ﺯﺭﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳﺑﺎ ﻲ ﺩﻗ ﻴ ﺰﻫ ﻖ ﻳ ﻪﻨ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ﺎﻘﻣ ﻭ ﺖﺒﻗﺍﺮﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻳ
ﺰﻫ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻪﺴ ﻳ
ﻪﻨ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ـﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﺖ ، ﺖـﺳﺩ
ﻩﺩﺯ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻪﺑ ،
ﻮـﮕﻟﺍ ﻱ ﻢـﻛ ﺰﻫ ﻳ ﻪـﻨ ﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﺮـﺗ ﻳ
ﺪـﻨﻨ . ﺰﻫ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻪـﻨ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﻮﻧﺎـﺛ ﻱ ) ـﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ﺑ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻪـﻤ
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻴ ﺖ ( ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ ﻣ ﻭ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﻴ
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻴ
ﺖ ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ،ﻲ ﺑ ﻖـﺣ ﺖـﺧﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﻊﻧﺎﻣ ﻴ
ﻪـﻤ
ﻓﺎﺿﺍ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ ﺎﻬﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻳ ﺖ
، ﺰﻫ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻪـﻨ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﻡﻮـﺳ ﻪﺘـﺳﺩ )
ـﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ـﺳﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﺎـﻀﻗ ﻲﻳ (
ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ
، ﺴﺑ ﺡﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻴ
ﺭﺎ ﻱ ﻭﺎـﻋﺩ ﺯﺍ ﻱ ـﻫﺍﻭ ﻲ
، ﮔﻮـﻠﺟ ﻴﺮ ﻱ ﺰﻫ ﻭ ﻩﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﻳ
ﻪـﻨ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ـﺷﺎﻧ ﻲ ﺯﺍ
ﺺﺨﺸﻣﺎﻧ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ
ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻳ ﺻﻮﺗ ﺎ ﻴ ﻭ ﻒ ﻳ ﺰﺠﺗ ﺎ ﻳﻪ
، ﺩﺍﺩ ﺪـﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﺶﻫﺎﻛ ﺍﺭ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ) .
ﻣﻴ ﺎـﺸ ﻴﻳ
6ﻞ ،
2005 ﺹ ، 12 .(
ﺍﺮﺷ ﻳ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻭ ﻂ ﺎﺣ
ﻛ ﻤﻴ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ
ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﻱ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻦ ﻱ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻴ ﺖ ﺣﻼـﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﻧ ﻖـﻠﻄﻣ ﻴ ﻠﺑ ﺖـﺴ ـﻜ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻪ
1. Principle of functional allocation 2. De boer
3. Material Justice 4. Conflict Justice 5. Kodler/Hicks 6. Michaels
ﺎﺣ ﻛ ﻤﻴ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ
، ﻘﻣ ﻴ ﺍﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺪ ﻳ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﻪﺑ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﻭ ﻂ ﻱ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺺﺨﺸﻣ .
ﺍﺮﺷ ﻳ ﻂ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺎﻜ ، ﺑ ﺕﻮﻜﺳ ﻴﻧﺎ ﻴﻪ ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺩﻭﺪﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻪﺴﺳﺆﻣ ﻡﻭﺩ ﻱ ﻴ
ﺩﻮـﺟﻮﻣ ﻦ ﺹﻮـﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ
ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻴ ﻏ ﺕﺎﺿﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ ﻴ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗﺮ ،ﻱ ﻭ ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ـﻳ
ﺍﺮـﺷ ﺎ ﻳ ﺍ ﻂ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﺒﻗﻴ ﻮﺑ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻞ ﻳ
ﺯ ﻞﻌﻓ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﻩﮋ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﺭﺎـﺑ ، ـﻧﺍﻭﺍﺮﻓ ﺖﺘـﺸﺗ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ـﻴ ﺍﺭﺁ ﻥﺎ ـﻳ ﮔﺩﺍﺪ ﻩﺎ ﺎـﻫ ﺪﻫﺎـﺷ
ﺷﺎﺑ ﻴﻢ )ﻫ ﻴ
1ﻥﻮﺘﻠ ، 2006 ﺹ ، 10 (.
ﻢﻛﺎﺤﻣ ﺐﻟﺎﻏ
، ﺵﻭﺭ ﺮﺑ ﺰﻛﺮﻤﺗ ﺎﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺴﻔﺗ ﻴﺮ ، ﺍ ﻁﺮﺷ ﺎﻬﻨﺗ ـﻳ
ﺒﻗ ﻦ ـﻴ ﻞ
ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺮﺻ ﺖﻟﻻﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻳ
ﻥﺁ ﻝﻮﻤﺷ ﺮﺑ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻅﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺢ
، ﻠﻛ ﻪﺑ ﺖﺒﺴﻧ ﻴﻪ
ﻦـﻜﻤﻣ ﺕﺎـﻓﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻱ ﺯﺍ ﻉﻮـﻗﻮﻟﺍ
ﺮﻬﻗ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻪﻠﻤﺟ ﻱ
ﺴﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻴ
ﺍ ﻒﺸﻛ ﺮ ﻳ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻦ
، ﺎﻬﻧ ﻳ ﺖﺨﺳ ﺖ ﮔﻴ
ﺮ ﻱ ـﻣ ﻝﺎـﻤﻋﺍ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﺪـﻨ
) ﺳﻴ ﺰﻧﻮﻤ ، 2003 ﺹ ، 67 .(
ﺖﺨﺳ ﮔﻴ ﺮ ﻱ ﺍ ﻱ ﻣ ﻪﻛ ﻲ ﺒﻃ ﺶﻨﻛﺍﻭ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ
ـﻌ ﻲ ـﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻩﺎ ﺎـﻫ ﻥﺍﺪـﻘﻓ ﻪـﺑ
ﺸﻣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺯﺮﻃ ﺍﺮﺷ ﻭ ﺺﺨ
ﻳ ﻭ ﻂ ﻳ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻩﮋ ﻱ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺚـﻟﺎﺛ ﺹﺎﺨﺷﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻆﻔﺣ ـﻳ
ﺒﻗ ﻦ ـﻴ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺕﺎـﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻞ
ﻀﺗ ﺚﻋﺎﺑ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻴﻴ
ﺑ ﻖ ﻴ ﺖـﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎـﺧ ﺕﺎـﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﻼﻘﺘـﺳﺍ ﺪﺣ ﺯﺍ ﺶ )
ـﺳ ﻴ
2ﺰﻧﻮﻤ ،
2010 ﺹ ، 545 .(
ﺍﻳ ﺭﺎﺗ ﻪﺑﺮﺠﺗ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺨ
،ﻲ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻴﻳ ﻩﺩﺎـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻥﺎ ﻱ
14 ﺍﺮـﺷ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﻳﻄ
ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻱ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺪﻨﻨﻛ ﻊﺿ
.
ﻣ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻴ
ﻓﺮﻃ ﻥﺎ ﻴ ﻦ
ﺿﺍﺮﺗ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﻪﭼ ﻥﺁ ﻲ
ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﻦ
، ﺍﻮـﻋﺩ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻝﺎـﻤﻋﺍ ﺮﺳ ﺮﺑ ﻱ
،ﻲﻧﺪـﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻪﺑﺎﺜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺩ ﻱ
ﻳ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﮕ ،
ﻜـﺸﺗ ﻴ ﻞ ، ـﺼﺨﺸﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻊﺑﺎـﺗ ﻥﺁ ﻝﻼـﺤﻧﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎـﺛﺁ ﻲ
ﻌﺗ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺑ ﺪﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻴﻴ
ﻥﺁ ﻦ ، ﺮﻣﺍ ﻱ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺯﺍ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻴ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻦ . ﻮـﺑ ﻳ ﻞـﺒﻗ ﺕﺎـﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻩﮋ
ﺯ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ، ﻃﺮﺷ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻝﻮﻤﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻲ
ﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻲ ﺰﺟ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻪﻛ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻲـﻳ
ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﻚ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﺮﺘﮔﺭﺰﺑ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
ﻩﻮﺤﻧ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻌﺗ ﻱ
ﻴﻴ ﺍ ﻦ ـﻳ ﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻦ ،
ﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻭﺩ ـﻴ
ﻮﻧ ﻥﺎ ﻳ ﻥﺎﮔﺪﻨـﺴ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ
،ﻲ ـﺳﺭﺮﺑ ﻦﻤﺿ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ﻲ
ﺮـﻫ ـﻳ ﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻚ ـﻴ ﻮـﺧ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻥﺎ ﻳ
ـﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﺶ ﺐ
ﻡﻮـﺳ ﻞـﺣ ﻩﺍﺭ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺯﺍﺩﺮﭘ ﻳﻢ :
1 . ﺮﻈﻧ ﻳ ﺖﺴﺨﻧ ﻪ
، ﻌﺗ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﻴﻴ
ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ
، ﻗﻮـﻘﺣ ﻙﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻖﺑﺎﻄﻣ ﻲ
ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪﻓﺮﻃ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺪﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ
ﻱ ﺣﻼـﺻ ﻴ ﺖ ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﻞـﺣ ﺪـﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ
ﺭﺎﺟ ﻱ ﻞﻤﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ
، ﺘﻧﻴ ﻪﺠ ﺍ ﻮﻣ ﺕﺎـﻓﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﺱﺎـﻜﻌﻧﺍ ﻭ ءﺍﺭﺁ ﺖﺘﺸﺗ ﺰﺟ ﻱ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮـﺟ
1. Hylton 2. Symeonides
ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ
، ﺑ ﻪﺻﺮﻋ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻪﺘـﺷﺭ ﻭ ﻪـﺘﻓﺎﺑ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﻥﺩﻮـﻤﻧ ﺎـﻫ
ﻱ ﻡﻭﺭ ﻭﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺪـﻧ . ﻪـﺘﻔﮔﺎﻧ ﺎـﻣﺍ
ﭘﻴ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺖﺳﺍﺪ ﻳ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻞﻤﻋ ﻚ ﻲ
ﺭﺩ ﻸـﺧ ـﻤﻧ ﻞﻜـﺷ ﻲ
ﮔ ـﻴ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻜﺗﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺮ ژﺭ ﻚـﻳ
ـﻳ ﻢ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻲ
، ﺮﻣﺍ ﻱ ﺏﺎﻨﺘﺟﺍ ﺬـﭘﺎﻧ ﻳ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮ . ﺍ ﺯﺍ ـﻳ ﻭﺭ ﻦ
، ﺍ ﻥﺍﺭﺍﺪـﻓﺮﻃ ـﻳ
ﺰﮔﺮﺑ ﺪـﻧﺪﻘﺘﻌﻣ ﺮـﻈﻧ ﻦ ـﻳ
ﻝﻮـﺻﺍ ﻥﺪ
ﻗﻮﻘﺣ ﻙﺮﺘﺸﻣ ﻲ
ﺩﺎﺤﺗﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺐﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻪ
، ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﺍ
ﻱ ﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﻭ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﺯﺎﺳ
ﻱ ﺍ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﺒﻗﻴ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻞ
، ﻩﺮﮔ ﺖﺳﺎﺸﮔ )ﻣ ﻴ ﺎﺸ ﻴﻳ ﻞ
، 2008 ﺹ ، 197 (.
ﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦ
، ـﻣ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﺖـﻔﮔ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ـﻳ
ﻚ
ﻮﺼﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻮﺳ ﻳ
ﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﺐ ﻴ
ﻡﻭﺭ ﻥﻮ ـﻳ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻭ ﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻥﺎـﻤﻟﺭﺎﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻚ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺪـﺷﺍﺮﺟﻻﺍ
ﻱ
ﺯﺍ ﻮﻀﻋ ﻝﺎﺳ 2008 ﻣﻴ ﺩﻼ ،ﻱ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻥﻮﻨﻛﺍ ﻢﻫ ﺑ ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ
ﺕﺭﻮـﺼ ﻳ ﻪـﭼﺭﺎﭙﻜ
ﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻲﻳ ﻮـﺳ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﻪﺘﺳﺎﻛ ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺖﺘﺸﺗ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻣﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺮﺟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻱ
ﺩﻳ ﺮـﮕ
، ﺭﺩ
ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻲﻳ
ﻠﻋ ﻲ ﺵﻼـﺗ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﻢﻏﺭ ﺎـﻫ
ﻱ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﺍ ﻭ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻳ
ﻪـﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺩﺎـﺠ ﺎـﻫ
ﻲﻳ ﻝﻮـﺻﺍ ﻥﻮـﭼ
ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻲﻳ ﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ
1ﺎ ﻭ ﻳ ﺎ ،DCFR
ﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﺕﺭﺍﺮﻘﻣ ﻥﺎﻨﭽﻤﻫ ﻱ
ﻠﻜﺸﻟﺍﺪﺤﺘﻣ ﻲ
ﺎـﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻴ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺪﻣﺎ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﻊﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ
، ﺗﻭﺎﻀﻗ ﻲ ﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻲ ـﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﺪـﻧﺭﺍﺪﻧ ) . ﻥﻮﺘـﺳﺍ
،2
2006 ،
ﺹ 330 (
ﺮﻈﻧ ﻳﻪ ﺩﻳ ﺮﮕ
، ﻪﻛ ﻭﺭ ﺯﺍ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﺑ ﻳ
ﺩ ﻪ ـﻳ ﺮﺘـﺴﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺍﻮ ﻱ
ﺎـﭘﻭﺭﺍ ـﺴﻔﺗ ﺭﺩ3
ﻴ ﻩﺩﺎـﻣ ﺮ ﻱ 17 ـﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻴ ﻥﻮ
ﻞﺴﻛﻭﺮﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ . ﻮﻣ ﻪﺑ ﺍ ﺐﺟ ﻳ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻦ
، ﻓﺮﻃ ﻴ ﺎـﻀﻗ ﻊـﺟﺮﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻲﻳ
ﺍﺮـﺑ ﺢﻟﺎـﺻ ﻱ
ـﺳﺭ ﻴ ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﻪـﺑ
ﺪﻧﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ .
ﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﻪﻄﺑﺎﺿ ﻦ ،ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻖﺑﺎﺳ ﺚﺣﺎﺒﻣ ﺣ ﺯﺍ
ﻴ ﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺚ ـﻳ
ﺒﻗ ﻦ ـﻴ ﻞ
ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ
، ﻋﻴ ﻥﺁ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﺡﺮﻄﻣ ًَﺎﻨ
، ﺩﻳ ﻥﺍﻮ ، ﻣﻴ ﺎـﺳ ﺎﺑ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻞﺻﺍ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻳ
ﻥﺁ ﻕﻮﻘـﺷ ﺮ
، ﻪـﺑ ﻞـﺋﺎﻗ
ﻜﻔﺗ ﻴ ﺕﺍﺮﻈﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻚ ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ
، ﻡﻼﻋﺍ ﺮﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺩﺮﻛ ﻁﺮـﺷ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺕﻭﺎـﻀﻗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ
) ﻁﺮـﺷ
ﻌﺗ ﻴﻴ ﺣﻼﺻ ﻊﺟﺮﻣ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺭﺍﺩ ( ﺎﺑﻳ ﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻦﺘﻓﺮﮔﺮﻈﻧﺭﺩ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ ًﻼﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﺪ ﻱ
ﻭ ـﻳ ﻠﻜـﺷ ﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺩ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ
ﺎﻨﺒﻣ ﺮﺑ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻱ
ﺍﺮﺷ ﻳ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻂ ﻱ
17 ﺁ ﻞـﻤﻋ ﻪـﺑ ـﻳ
ﻟﺎـﺣ ﺭﺩ ﺪ ﻲ ﺎـﺳ ﻪـﻛ ﻳ ﺮ
ﻞﺋﺎﺴﻣ ، ﻮﺑ ﻳ ﺴﻔﺗ ﻩﮋ ﻴ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮ ﻪﺑ
ـﻠﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻲ
ﺣﻼـﺻ ﻴ ﺖ ـﺑ ﻕﻮـﻘﺣ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻴ
ﻦ ﻞـﻠﻤﻟﺍ
ﺻﻮﺼﺧ ﻲ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﻘﻣ ،
ﻣ ﻞﺼﻓ ﻭ ﻞﺣ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﺷ )ﺩ ﻜﻳ
4ﻥﻮﺴﻨ ، 2009 ﺹ ، 548 .(
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ـﻳ ﺩ ﻦ ـﻳ ﻩﺎﮔﺪ
، ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗ
ﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻴﻴ
ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﺰـﻴﻧ ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ
ﺩﻮـﺧ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﺭﺩ ،
ﺎـﻬﻨﺗ ، ﺍﺮـﺷ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﻊﺑﺎـﺗ ﻳ
ﻂ
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻱ
14 ﺎﺳ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻳ ﻉﻭﺮﻓ ﺮ ، ﻼﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﺣ
ﻴ ﺖ ﻠﻛ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲ
ﺽﺭﺎـﻌﺗ ﻞـﺣ
ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﻘﻣ ﺭﺩ
، ﺯﺭﺍ ﻳﺑﺎ ﻲ ﻤﻧ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻲ
ﻫ ﻪﺑ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ ﻪـﺟﻭ ﭻ ، ﻘﻓﺍﻮـﺗ ﻲ ﺍﺮـﺷ ﻡﺎـﻤﺗ ﻪـﻛ ﻳ
ﺭﺩ ﺭﺮـﻘﻣ ﻂ
1. principles of European contract law 2. Stone
3. ECJ 4. Dickinson
ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻦﺘﻣ ﺍ
ﺖﺳ ، ﻏ ﻑﺮﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﻥﺁ ﻥﺩﻮﺑﺮﺒﺘﻌﻣﺮ
، ﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻱ
ﺣﻼﺻ ﻴ ﺖ ﺭﺍﺩ ، ﺩﺭﺎﻤﺷ ﺩﻭﺩﺮﻣ .
ﺍ ﺪﻘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻳ
ﺑ ﻭ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻡﻮﺳ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻥﺎ ،ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻣ ﻲ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻻﺩ ﻪﺑ ﺎﻨﺑ ﺖﻔﮔ ﻳ
ﺮـﻳﺯ ﻞ ، ﺎـﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ
ﻉﻮـﺿﻮﻣ
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻱ 14 ﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ﻪﺒﻨﺟ ﻭ ﺩﺎﻌﺑﺍ ﺎﻫ
ﻱ ﺩﻮﺧ ، ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻊﺑﺎﺗ ﻴ ﻮﻫﺎﻣ ﻦ ﻱ ﺎﻫﺭﻮـﺸﻛ ﻲﻳ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮـﺑ ﻪـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻡﻭﺭ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻳ
ﻚ ، ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ
ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺣﻼﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻴ
ﺖ ﻣ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ :
ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻱ 17 ﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻴ ﻞـﺴﻛﻭﺮﺑ ﻥﻮ ،
ﻠﻜـﺷ ﺕﺎـﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺕﺍﺭﺮـﻘﻣ ﻲ
ﻗﺩ ﻴ ـﻘ ﻲ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ
ﺢﻟﺎﺻ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ
، ﻌﻣ ﻴ ﻤﻫ ﻪﻛ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻦ ﻴ
ﻭﺭ ﺯﺎﺳﺮﺘﺴﺑ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺩ ﺩﺮﻜ ـﻳ ﺬـﭘ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮ ﻳ
ﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﺵﺮ ﻱ
ﻭ ﻞﻘﺘـﺴﻣ
ﻏﻴ ﻜﺘﻣﺮ ﻲ ﻠﺧﺍﺩ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺮﺑ ﻲ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﺎﻫﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻱ
ﺯﺭﺍ ـﻳ ﺑﺎ ﻲ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺤـﺻ ﻦـﻳﺍ
ﻪـﻧﻮﮔ ﻩﺪـﺷ ﺕﺎـﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ،
ﺭﺩ
ﻟﺎﺣ ﻲ ﻨﭼ ﻪﻛ ﻴ ﺰﺟ ﻦ ﻴﻳ ﺗﺎ ﻲ ﺑ ﻪ ﻫﻴ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻥﺍﻮﻨﻋ ﭻ ﻱ
14 ﻤﻧ ﻪﻈﺣﻼﻣ ﻲ
ﺩﺩﺮﮔ .
ﺏ ( ﺐــﺟﻮﻣ ﻪــﺑ ﻩﺩﺎــﻣ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺪــﻨﺑ
ﻚــﻳ ﻡﻭﺭ ــﻳ ﻚ ، ــﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﻮــﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺹﺎﺨــﺷﺍ ﺕﺎــﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻩﺎ
ﻱﺎــﻫ
ﺳﺭ ﻴ ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﻩﺪﻨﻨﻛ ، ﺍ ﻭﺮﻤﻠﻗ ﺯﺍ ًﺎﺘﺣﺍﺮﺻ ﻳ
ﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻦ ﻴ ﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺎﻨﺜﺘﺳﺍ ﻥﻮ ﻲ
ﻨﭼ ﻪﻛ ﻴ ﻪﻄﺑﺎـﺿ ﻦ ﺍ
ﻱ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ
ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻱ ﻁﻮﺑﺮﻣ ﻌﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻴﻴ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﺮﻬﻗ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ
ﻱ ـﻤﻧ ﻩﺪﻫﺎـﺸﻣ ﻲ
ﺩﻮـﺷ . ـﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻭﺭ ﻦ ،
ﻣ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻉﻮﺿﻮ
ﻱ 14
، ﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻢـﻋﺍ ـﻳ ﻁﺮـﺷ ﺐـﻟﺎﻗ ﺭﺩ ﻪـﻛ ﻦ ـﻳ
ﻞﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺎ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﺭﻮﻬﻇ ﻳ ﺪﻨ ،ﺑ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮﻛﺬﻣ ﺽﺭﺎﻌﺗ ﻞﺣ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﺐﺟﻮﻤ ﻳ
ﻌﺗ ﻚ ﻴﻴ ﻣ ﻦ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﺍ ﻪﺑ ـﻳ ﻪـﻛ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻦ
ﺍﻳ ﻦ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻪﻧﻮﮔ ﺎﻫ
ﺣ ﺯﺍ ﻴ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﺚ ﻱ
ﺖﺸﻫ ـﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻴ ﻡﻭﺭ ﻥﻮ ـﻳ ﻚ ، ـﻠﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻊﺑﺎـﺗ ﻲ
ﺿﻭﺮﻔﻣ ﻲ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺖﺤﺻ ﺽﺮﻓ ﺮﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ـﻣ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﻥﺁ ﺮﺑ
ﻲ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺷ
» ﻝﺎـﻤﻋﺍ ﻞـﺑﺎﻗ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ
ﺿﺮﻓ ﻲ « ﺒﻌﺗ ﻴ ﻣ ﺮ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﺩ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻳ ﺎـﻜﻣ ﻪﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺎﺑ ﻥﺁ ﻡﺎﻜﺣﺍ ﻭ ﺭﺎﺛﺁ ﺮﮕ ﺰﻴﻧ
ﻡ ﺶﻴـﭘ ﻲـﻨﻴﺑ ﺪـﻨﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪـﺷ 1
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻱ ﻪﺳ ﺴﻧﺍﻮﻨﻛ ﻴ ﻡﻭﺭ ﻥﻮ ﻳ ﻚ ) ﺎﻜﻣ ﺰﻴﻧ ﭘ ﻡ ﻴ ﮕﺘﺳﻮ ﻲ ﻋﺮﻓ ﻲ ( ﻣ ﻲ ﻥﺍﻮـﺗ ﻥﺁ ﺍﺭ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻥﺎـﻤﻫ ﻊﺑﺎـﺗ
ﻓﺮﻃ ﺮﻈﻧ ﻴ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻦ .
ﺩ ﺕﺭﺎﺒﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻳ
ﺮﮕ
، ﭼﺮﮔ ﻓﺮـﻃ ﺪـﺼﻗ ﻖـﻠﻌﺘﻣ ﻪ ﻴ
ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻦ
، ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱ ﺕﺎـﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ
ﺮﻬﻗ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ
، ﻣ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻲ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻨﻤﺿ ﺭﻮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺍﺭ
ﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﺩ ﻱ ﭘﻴ ﮕﺘﺳﻮ ﻲ ﻓﺎﻛ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﻭ ﻲ
ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﺎﺑ
ﺘﻧ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻴ ﻤﻌﺗ ﻞﺑﺎﻗ ﻪﺠ ﻴ
ﺎﺳ ﻪﺑ ﻢ ﻳ ﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﺮ ﻱ ﺖﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ .
ﻠﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻲ
ﺪﺣﺍﻭ
ﺮﻣﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺎﻜ ، ﺮﻃ ﺯﺍ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﻳ
ﺩ ﺝﺍﺭﺪﻧﺍ ﻁﺮﺷ ﻖ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺭ
ﺟﻮﺗ1
ﻴ ﻣ ﻪ ﻲ ـﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻴ
ﻦ
ﻭﺭ
، ﻫﻴ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﭻ ﻳﺘ
ﻲ ﺍﻮﺘﺤﻣ ﻅﺎﺤﻟ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﻁﺮﺷ
، ﻓﺮﻃ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﻴ
ﺑ ﺪﻧﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻪ
ﺎـﺟ ﻱ ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﻴ ـﻠﻣ ﻦ ،ﻲ
ﻭ ﻝﻮﺻﺍ ﻳ ﻑﺮﻋ ﺎ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﺭﺎﺠﺗ ﻱ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻠﻠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻪﻄﺑﺍﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻢﻛﺎﺣ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻱ
ﻳ ﺪـﻨ ) ﺎـﻧ
2 ﻳﮋ
، 1999 ﺹ ، 57 .(
ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻝﺎﺣ ﻦ
، ﺬﭘ ﻳ ﺍ ﺵﺮ ﻳ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻑﻼﺘﺧﺍ ﻞﺤﻣ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﻉﻮﺿﻮﻣ ﻦ ﻩﺩﺎـﻣ ﺮﻫﺎﻇ ﻑﻼﺧ
ﻱ 14 ﻩﺩﺎﻔﺘـﺳﺍ ﻭ
1. Incorporation by reference 2. Nygh
ﺎﺟ ﺭﺩ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻪﻤﻠﻛ ﺯﺍ ﻱ
ﺎﺟ ﻱ ﺍﻳ ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻦ
، ﺮﻗ ﻳ ﻪﻨ ﺯﺭﺎﺑ ﻱ ﻱ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺭ ﺮﺑ .
ﺕﺍﺮﻛﺍﺬـﻣ ﺡﻭﺮـﺸﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻤﻛ ﺭﺩ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻴ
ﺴ ﻴ ﺎﭘﻭﺭﺍ ﻥﻮ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻟﻮﻗ ﻣﺆ ﻳ ﺪﺤﺗ ﺪ ﻳ ﺍﺩ ﺪ ﻳ ﻩﺮ ﺿﺍﺮﺗ ﻱ ﻲ ﻧﺍﻮـﻗ ﺏﻮﭼﺭﺎـﭼ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ـﻠﻣ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺍ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻳ ﻪﻤﻫ ﻦ ، ﻫﻴ ﺩﻭﺪﺤﻣ ﭻ ﻳﺘ
ﻲ ﻠﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ـﻣ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻭ ﻪﺘﺷﺍﺪ ﻲ
ﺮـﻫ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺗ
ﻧﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ ﻏ ﺪﻨﭼ ﺮﻫ ﺍﺭ ﺮﻴ
ﺑ ﻭ ﻥﺭﺪﻣ ﻴ ﻪﺑ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺎﺑ ﻪﻧﺎﮕ ﻪﻟﺰﻨﻣ
ﺣﻼﺻ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻴ
ﺖ ﺭﺍﺩ
، ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﺪـﻨﻨﻛ . ﺮـﺑ ﻩﻭﻼـﻋ
ﺍﻳ ﻦ
، ﺎﺑﻳ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻝﻼﻘﺘﺳﺍ ﺖﺷﺍﺩ ﻪﺟﻮﺗ ﺪ ﻴ
ﻪﻤﻫ ﺭﺍﺪﻣ ﺮﺑ ﻦ ﻫ ﺎﻳ
ﻴ ـﻌﺒﺗ ﻥﺎـﻜﻣﺍ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺍﻮﺘﺳﺍ ﭻ ﻴ
ﺭﺩ ﺾ
ﺍﺰﺟﺍ ﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ ﺩﻮﺟﻭ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ .
ﻭﺭ ﻳ ﻠﻛ ﺩﺮﻜ ﻲ ﺰﺠﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﻳﻪ
ﺬﭘﺎﻧ ﻳﺮ ﻱ ﻤﻛﺎﺣ ﻭ ﺍﻮـﻋﺩ ـﻴ
ﺪـﺣﺍﻭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺖ
،
ﺍ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺁ ﻥﺎﻛﺭﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺗ ﺮﺑ ﻳ
ﻪﻄﺑﺎﺿ ﻦ
، ﺣﻼﺻ ﺄﺸﻨﻣ ﻴ
ﺑ ﺖ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ )
ﮓـﻧﺎﭼ ،1
2008 ﺹ ،
94 .(
ﺍﻳ ﻟﺎﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻦ ﻲ ﻪﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻲﺧﺮﺑ ﺮﻣﺍ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﺭﺩ ﻳ
ﺎﻜ
، ﻣ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺮﻫ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻡﺍﺰﺘﻟﺍ ﺪﻋﺍﻮﻗ ﻥﺎ ﺎـﺑ ﺭﺎـﺘﻓﺭ ﻩﺪـﻨﻫﺩ
ﺯﻮﺗ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻇﺎﻧ ﺕﺍﺭﺮﻘﻣ ﻳ
ﺕﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﻊ
، ﻜﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞﺋﺎﻗ ﻴ
ﻋﺍ ﻭ ﻩﺪﺷ ﻚ ﻧﺍﻮﻗ ﻝﺎﻤ
ﻴ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻞﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻦ ﻱ
ﺮـﻫ ـﻳ ﺯﺍ ﻚ
ﺍﻳ ﻣ ﻪﺘﺳﺩ ﻭﺩ ﻦ ﻲ
ﺬﭘ ﻳ ﺪﻧﺮ ) ﺳﻴ ﺰﻧﻮﻤ ، 2009 ، ﺹ 14 .(
ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﻛﺍﺬﻣ
ﺪﻨﺑ ﻡﻭﺩ ﺖﻤﺴﻗ ﻳ
ﻩﺩﺎﻣ ﻚ 14 ، ﻡﺎﺠﻧﺍ ﻤﺤﺗ ﺯﺍ ﺭﻭﺪﺑ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺕﺍﺮﻛﺍﺬﻣ ﻴ
ﺹﺎـﺧ ﺕﺭﻮـﺻ ﻪﺑ ﻪﻛ ﺍﺭ ﻞ
،
ﺪﺷﺎﺑ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻪﺑ ﻑﻮﻄﻌﻣ ،
ﻪﻣﺯﻻ ﺯ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺯﺍ ﻞﺒﻗ ﺕﺎﻘﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﺭﺎﺒﺘﻋﺍ ﻱ ـﻳ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻪﺘـﺴﻧﺍﺩ ﻥﺎ .
ـﺑ ﺍ ﻪ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﺎﻨﻌﻣ ﻛ ﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻪ ﻩﺎ ﺎﻫ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻥﺁ ـﻛ ﻧﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺪـﻨﻧﺍﻮﺘﺑ ﻪ ﻲ
ﺮﺘـﺸﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍﻮﺧ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻪـﺑ ﺍﺭ ﻙ
ﺏﻮـﺴﻨﻣ ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻭﺩ
ﻪﺘﺧﺎﺳ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻭ ﻱ ﻲﻧﺪﻣ ﺖﻴﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﺎﺣ
ﻛ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻢ ﻳ ﺪﻨ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ، ﻑﺮـﻃ ﻭﺩ ﺮـﻫ
ﻮـﺑ ﻳ ﻩﮋ ﻥﺎـﻳﺯ ،ﻩﺪـﻳﺩ ﺎـﺑ
ﻫﺎﮔﺁ ﻲ ﺘﺧﺍ ﻭ ﻴ ﺭﺎ
،ﺍ ﻳ ﺬﭘ ﺍﺭ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻦ ﻳ
ﺯ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ، ﻝﺎﻤﺟﺍ ﻛ ، ﻠ ﻲ ﻮـﮔ ﻲﻳ ﻭ ـﻳ ﻌﻗﻮﻣ ﺎ ـﻴ ﻟﺎـﻣ ﺖ ﻲ ﺮﺑ ﺮـﺗ
ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ
، ﺳﻭ ﻴ ﻪﻠ ﺍ ﻱ ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﻤﺤﺗ ﻴ ﻮﻨﻣ ﻞ ﻳ ﻮﺧ ﺕﺎ ﻳ ﻞـﺑﺎﻘﻣ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻪﺑ ﺶ
، ﻭ ﺪـﻫﺪﻧ ﺭﺍﺮـﻗ ﺍ ﺹﻮـﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ
ـﻳ ﻦ
ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ، ﻣﻴ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻥﺎ ﻴ ﻦ
، ﺍﺬﻣ ﻛ ﺿﺍﺮﺗ ﻭ ﻩﺮ ﻲ
ﻤﻠﺴﻣ
،ﻲ ـﺷ ﻜ ﺪـﺷﺎﺑ ﻪـﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﻞ )
ـﺳﺍ ﻭﺩﺭﻭﻮـﺷﺍﺭ ﻜ
2ﺕﺎ ، 2008 ،
ﺹ 274 .(
ﺫ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺯﻻ ﻪـﺘﺒﻟﺍ ـﻛ
ﺖـﺳﺍ ﺮ ، ﺪـﻨﭼ ﺮـﻫ ﻡﺎـﺠﻧﺍ
ﺍﺬـﻣ ﻛ ﺩﺍﺯﺁ ﺕﺍﺮ ، ﺭﻭﺮـﺿ ﻁﺮـﺷ ﻱ
ﻭ ﺭﺎـﺒﺘﻋﺍ
ﺎﺣ ﻛ ﻤﻴ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﺖ ﺍ ﺎﻫ ﺖﺳ ، ﺷ ﺎﻣﺍ ﻜ ﺑ ﻞ ﻴ ﺍ ﻥﺎ ﻳ ﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻦ ، ﻧ ﻢﻬﻣ ﻥﺍﺪﻨﭼ ﻴ
ﺖـﺴ . ﺢﻟﺎـﺻ ﻩﺎـﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺏﺎـﺨﺘﻧﺍ ﻼﺜـﻣ
ﺍﺮﺑ ﻱ ﺳﺭ ﻴ ﮔﺪ ﻲ ﺳﻮﺑ ﻴ ﻓﺮﻃ ﻪﻠ ﻴ ﻦ ، ﻣ ﻲ ﺎﺿﺭ ﻪﻧﺎﺸﻧ ﺪﻧﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ
ﺖ ﻥﺁ ﺎﻫ ﺣ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻜ
ﻮﻫﺎـﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺖـﻣﻮ ﻱ
ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﺮﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻥﺁ ﺮﻘﻣ ﻱ
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻴ ﺖ
، ﻘﻠﺗ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ . ﻪﭼ ، ـﻟﻭﺍ ﻥﺍﻮـﻨﻋ ﻪﺑ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏ ﻴ
ﺰﮔ ﻦ ﻳ ﻪـﻨ
ﺳﻮﺑ ﻴ ﻠﺤﻣ ﺕﺎﻀﻗ ﻪﻠ ،ﻲ
ﻭ ﻪﺘﻓﺮﮔ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺮﻈﻧ ﺢﻤﻄﻣ ﻑﺍﺮﺤﻧﺍ
ﻥﺁ ﺯﺍ
،ﻧ ﻴ ﻻﺩ ﺪـﻨﻣﺯﺎ ﻳ
ـﻠ ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ ـﻛ ﺎـﺑ ﺰـﺟ ﻪ
ﺍﻳ ﻓﺮﻃ ﺩﺍﺮ ﻴ ﺕﺪﻋﺎﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻦ ﻥﺁ
ﺎﻫ ﺟﺭﺎﺧ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﺕﺎﺒﺛﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻲ
ﺣﻼﺻ ﻴ ﺖ ﺭﺍﺩ
، ﻤﻣ ـﻜ ـﻤﻧ ﻦ ﻲ ﺩﻮـﺷ )ﺩ ﻳ ـﺴ ﻲ ﻭ
1. Chong
2. Rushworth and Scott
ﺭﻮﻣ ﻳ
1ﺲ ، 2008 ﺹ ، 98 .(
ﻤﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻭ ﻴ ﻟﺩ ﻦ ﻴ ـﺳ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﻞ ﻜ
ﺕﻮ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﺎﺣ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﻛ
ﻤ ـﻴ ﺍ ﺖ ـﻳ ﻦ
ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ) ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺮﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ (
ﻣ ﻲ ﺍ ﻥﺍﻮﺗ ﻳ ﻦ ﺳ ﻜ ﺭﺎـﻣﺍ ﺍﺭ ﺕﻮ ﻩ
ﻱﺍ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱ ﺎـﺿﺭ ﻱ ﻓﺮـﻃ ﻴ ﻪـﺑ ﺖﺒـﺴﻧ ﺍﻮـﻋﺩ ﻦ
ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﻘﻠﺗ ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺯﺍ ﺝﺭﺎﺧ ﺕﺎﻣﺍﺰﻟﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻕﻮﻓ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻲ
ﺩﻮﻤﻧ . ﻤﻫ ﻴ ﻝﻻﺪﺘﺳﺍ ﻦ
، ﻌﻗﺍﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﻲ ـﻛ ﻩﺪـﻧﺍﻮﺧ ﻪ
ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ، ﺍ ﻥﻭﺪﺑ ﻳ ﺣﻼﺻ ﻪﺑ ﺩﺍﺮ ﻴ
ﺎﻀﻗ ﺖ ﻲﻳ ﻭ ﻩﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻳ ﻩﺎـﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﺮـﻘﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺎ
، ﻮﻫﺎـﻣ ﻉﺎـﻓﺩ ﻪـﺑ ﻡﺍﺪـﻗﺍ ﻱ
ﺭﺩ
ﻫﺎﮔﺩﺍﺩ ﻲ ﻣ ﻲ ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﺪ ﻛ ﺳﻮﺑ ﻪ ﻴ ﺍ ﻥﺎﻫﺍﻮﺧ ﻪﻠ ﻩﺪﺷ ﺏﺎﺨﺘﻧ
، ﺖﺳﺍ ﻕﺩﺎﺻ .
ﺚﻟﺎﺛ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻆﻔﺣ ﺍﻳ ﻁﺮﺷ ﻦ
، ﺒﺴﻧ ﻞﺻﺍ ﺕﺎﺋﺎﻀﺘﻗﺍ ﺯﺍ ﻪﻛ ﻲ
ﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻥﺩﻮﺑ ﺎﻫ
ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻳ
ﺎﺟ ﻦ ،ﺰﻴﻧ ﺭﺎـﺟ ﻱ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺖـﺳﺍ
ﻥﺁ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺮﺛﺍ
، ﺎﺘﻧ ﻳ ﺠ ﻲ ﺡﺮﺷ ﻪﺑ ﺮﻳﺯ ﻣ ﻞﺻﺎﺣ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ :
ﻒﻟﺍ ( ﻣ ﺮﮔﺍ ﻴ ﺍﻮﻋﺩ ﻑﺮﻃ ﻭﺩ ﻥﺎ
، ﻌﻣ ﺭﻮﺸﻛ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ ﻝﺎﻤﻋﺍ ﺹﻮﺼﺧ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ـﻨ
،ﻲ ﺩﻮـﺷ ﻞـﺻﺎﺣ ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗ
،
ﺍﻳ ﺿﺍﺮﺗ ﻦ ﻲ ﻫ ﻪﺑ ﻴ ﺟﻭ ﭻ ﺸﻘﻧ ﻪ ﻲ ﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻴـﻴ ﺍﻮـﻋﺩ ﺮـﺑ ﻢﻛﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﻦ ﻱ
ﻘﺘـﺴﻣ ﻴ ﻢ ﻳ ـﻜ ﻲ ﺯﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﻠﻋ ـﻴ ﻪ
ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ﺮﮔ ﺩﻳ ﺮﮕ ﻱ ﺩﺭﺍﺪﻧ . ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ﺮﮔ ﺎﺑ ﺖﺳﺍ ﺭﺩﺎﻗ ﻩﺭﺍﻮﻤﻫ ﺿﺍﺮﺗ ﺩﺭ
،ﻲ ﻧﻮﻧﺎـﻗ ﺩﻭﺪﺣ ﺭﺩ ًﺎﻓﺮﺻ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻲ
ﻪـﻛ
ﺍ ﻥﺍﺪﻘﻓ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ـﻳ
ﻌﻣ ﻭ ﻞـﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﺐـﺟﻮﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻖـﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻦ ﻴ
ﺎـﻫﺭﺎ ﻱ ﻋﻴ ـﻨ ﻲ ﻌﺗ ﻭﺩ ﻡﻭﺭ ﺭﺩ ﺝﺭﺪـﻨﻣ ﻴـﻴ
ﻦ
ﻣ ﻲ ﺩﺩﺮﮔ
، ﻝﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻭ ﻩﺩﺮﻤﺷ ﻥﺎﻨﭼ
ﻪﭼ ﺐﺨﺘﻨﻣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎﻗ
، ﻥﺎﻤﺿ ـﺳﻭ ﻴﻊ ﺮـﺗ ﻱ ﺍﺮـﺑ ﻱ ﺯ ﻞـﻣﺎﻋ ـﻳ ﺮﻌﺗ ﻥﺎ ـﻳ ﻒ
ﺎﻤﻧ ﻳ ﺭﺍﺩﺩﻮﺧ ﻥﺁ ﺩﺍﺯﺎﻣ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﺯﺍ ﺪ ﻱ
ﺪﻨﻛ . ﺒﻌﺗ ﺮﻫ ﻪﭼ ﻴﺮ
ﻱ ﺍ ﻑﻼـﺧ ﺮـﺑ ـﻳ
ﻦ ، ﺎـﻨﻌﻣ ﻪـﺑ ﻱ ﺮـﺴﺗ ﻱ ﺁ ﺭﺎـﺛ
ﻣ ﻪﻠﺻﺎﺣ ﻖﻓﺍﻮﺗ ﻴ
ﻥﺎ ﻥﺎﻳﺯ ﻩﺪﻳﺩ ﺯ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻪـﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻪـﻤﻴﺑ ﺮـﮔ ﻥﺍ ﻥﺁ ﺎـﻫ ﻓﺎـﻨﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻲ ﺎـﺑ ﺒـﺴﻧ ﻞـﺻﺍ ﻲ
ﻥﺩﻮـﺑ
ﺎﻫﺩﺍﺩﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﻢﻠﺴﻣ ﻕﻮﻘﺣ ﻭ
ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ﺮﮔ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻥﺍ .
ﺑ ﺍﺮ ﻱ ﺿﻮﺗ ﻴ ﺢ ﺶﻴﺑ ﺮﺗ ﺩﺭﻮـﻣ ﺭﺩ ﺍ ـﻳ
ﺮـﺛﺍ ﻦ
، ﻣ ﺖـﺳﺍ ﻡﺯﻻ ـﻴ
ﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻴ ﻪـﻤ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ ﻴ ﺖ ﺑ ﻭ ﻴ ﻪـﻤ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ
ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﺧ ، ﺎﻗﻳ ﻔﺗ ﻪﺑ ﻞ ﻚﻴﻜ ﺪﺷ . ﺑ ﺭﺩ ﻴ ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻪﻤ ﻴ ﺖ ، ﺽﺮﻓ ﻣ ﻲ ﺯ ﻞﻣﺎﻋ ﺩﻮﺷ ﻳ
ﺑ ﻪـﺑ ﻪـﻌﺟﺍﺮﻣ ﺎـﺑ ﻥﺎ ﻴ
ﻪـﻤ ،
ﻟﻮﺌﺴﻣ ﻴ ﺖ ﻟﺎﻤﺘﺣﺍ ﻲ ﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻳ ﺍﺭ ﻩﺪﻨ ﺍﺯﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻱ ﻐﻠﺒﻣ ﺖﺣﺍﺩﺮﭘ ،ﻲ
ﺑﻴ ﻪـﻤ ﻩﺩﺮـﻛ ﺖـﺳﺍ . ﺍ ﺭﺩ ـﻳ ﺍﺮـﺷ ﻦ ﻳ ﻂ ،
ﺪﺑ ﻳﻬ ﻲ ﻣ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻴ ﺍﺰ ﻖﺣ ﻥ ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ﻛ ﻱﺍ ﻌﺗ ﻪ ﻴﻴ ﻣ ﻦ ﻲ ﺩﻮﺷ ، ﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻁﺎﺒﺗﺭﺍ ﺭﺩ ﻴ
ﻣ ﺎﺑ ﻢ ﻴ ﻟﻮﺌـﺴﻣ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻴﺘ
ﻲ ﺖـﺳﺍ ـﻛ ﻪ
ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ،ﺮﮔ ﺯ ﻪﺤﻧﺎﺳ ﻉﻮﻗﻭ ﺕﺭﻮﺻ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺭ ﺩﻮﺧ ﻳ
ﻥﺎ ﺁ ﺭﺩ ﺭﺎﺑ ﻳ ﻩﺪﻨ ، ﻣ ﻜ ﻣ ﺶﺷﻮﭘ ﻪﺑ ﻒﻠ ﻲ
ﺑﻴ ﺪـﻨ . ﻌﺗ ﺭﺩ ﻭﺍ ﻴـﻴ ﻦ
ﺑ ﻖﺣ ﻴ ﻪﻤ ، ﺩﺪﻌﺘﻣ ﻞﻣﺍﻮﻋ ﻱ
ﻣ ﺭﺍﺮﻗ ﺶﺠﻨﺳ ﺩﺭﻮﻣ ﺍﺭ ﻲ
ﺪﻫﺩ . ﻠﻣﺍﻮـﻋ ﻲ ﺪـﻨﻧﺎﻣ ﭘﻴ ـﺸ ﻴ ﻪﻨ ﻪـﻤﻴﺑ ،ﺭﺍﺰـﮔ ﺕﺪـﻣ
ﺑﻴ ﻪﻤ ، ﺷﻮﭘ ﻒﻘﺳ ﻪﻤﻫ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺶ
ﻢﻬﻣ ،ﺮﺗ ﻣﻴ ﻧﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﻉﻮﻧ ﻭ ﻥﺍﺰ ﻲ
ﻛ ﺖﺳﺍ ﻣ ﻪ ﻲ ﺎﺑ ﺪﻳ ﺱﺎﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﺎـﺣ ﻥﻮﻧﺎـﻗ
ﻛ ﻢ
ﮔ ﻩﺪـﻬﻋ ﺮﺑ ﺕﺍﺭﺎﺴﺧ ﻥﺍﺮﺒﺟ ﺮﺑ ـﻴ
ﺩﺮ . ﻲـﻜﻳ ،ﻦﻳﺍﺮﺑﺎـﻨﺑ ﺯﺍ
ﻪـﻔﻟﺆﻣ ﺎـﻫ ﻱ ـﻣ ﺆ ﺍ ﺭﺩ ﺮﺛ ـﻳ ﺒﻗ ﻦ ـﻴ ﺑ ﻞ ﻴ ﻪـﻤ ﺎـﻫ ،
ﺶﻴﭘ ﻲﻨﻴﺑ ﺎﻫ ﻱ ﻓﺭﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﻭ ﻝﻮﻘﻌﻣ ﻲ
ﺖﺳﺍ ﻛ ﻪ ﻪﻤﻴﺑ ﺮﮔ ـﺳ ﺱﺎـﺳﺍ ﺮﺑ ﻴ
ـﺑ ﻭ ﻪﺘـﺷﺬﮔ ﺭﺩ ﺭﻮـﻣﺍ ﻑﺭﺎـﻌﺘﻣ ﺮ ﻪ
1. Dicey and Morris
