OPTIMIZATION OF KELIAFRIKA {Clarias gariepnus) HYDROLYSATE PRODUCTION BY ALCALASE: EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE
UMI AMIRAH MOHAMAD
Final Year Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Food Science and Technology in the Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA
This Final Year Project Report entitled "Optimization of 'Keli Afrika' (Clarias gariepinus) Hydrolysate Production by Alcalase: Effect of pH and temperature"
was submitted by Umi Amirah Mohamad, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Science (Hons.) Food Science and Technology, in the Faculty of Applied Sciences, and was approved by
Dr. Normah Ismail Supervisor
B.Sc. (Hons.) Food Science and Technology Faculty of Applied Sciences
Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam
Selangor
Zfr
Pn. Azizah Othman Project Coordinator
B.Sc. (Hons.) Food Science and Technology
Faculty of Applied Sciences Universiti Teknologi MARA 40450 Shah Alam
Selangor
Prof. Madya Dr. Noriham Abdullah Head of Programmed
B.Sc. (Hons.) Food Science and Technology
Faculty of Applied Science Universiti Teknologi MARA
40450 Shah Alam Selangor
Date: 3 ^ - ,
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Asslamulaikum w.r.t.
In the name of Allah, the most Merciful, praise to Allah, The Lord of Universal and May the Blessing and Peace of God are Upon His Messengers.
Thanks to Allah for giving the opportunity to do and complete this final project successfully.
Firstly, we would like to take this opportunity to extend our warmest gratitude and most sincere thanks to our supervisor, Dr. Normah Ismail for her advice guidance and assistance. And not forget to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zainal Samicho and Dr. Zaibunnisha.
We would also like to show our greatest appreciation to Pn. Azizah as a Project Coordinator of BSC (H) Food Science and Technology, all lecturers and friends for their valuable advice and assistance.
Umi Amirah Bt. Mohamad
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLE vi LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii
ABSTARCT x ABSTRAK xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Significance of Study 3 1.4 Objectives of Study 3
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Hydrolysate 4 2.1.1 Hydrolysis 4
2.1.1.1 Acid hydrolysis 5 2.1.1.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis 6
2.2 Fish Protein Hydrolysate 6
2.3 Enzymes 8 2.3.1 Enzymes preparation 10
2.3.2 Alcalase (Bacillus licheniformis) 11 2.4 'Ikan Keli Afrika' or Africa catfish (Clarias gariepinus) 12
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials 15 3.2 Methods 15
3.2.1 Experimental design for optimization 15 3.2.2 Production of 'Keli' hydrolysate 16
3.2.2.1 Determination of the effect of pH on percent 16 nitrogen recovery (%NR)
3.2.3.2 Determination of the effect of temperature on %NR 17
3.2.4 Determination of Nitrogen Recovery (% NR) 17 3.2.5 Determination of Degree of Hydrolysis (%DH) 18
iv
ABSTRACT
OPTIMIZATION OF 'KELIAFRIKA' {Clarias gariepinus) HYDROLYSATE PRODUCTION BY ALCALASE: EFFECT OF pH AND TEMPERATURE
Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) was produced from 'Keli' an African catfish {Clarias gariepinus) which is one of the types of freshwater fish widely farm in Malaysia. The production for this hydrolysate was using Alcalase which is one of the protease enzymes. Hydrolysis conditions for preparing hydrolysate from the fish protein were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) by employing a factorial design.
The smaller and less time consuming experimental design could generally suffice for the optimization of many processes. The model equations were proposed with regard to the effects of temperature (T) and pH on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and degree of nitrogen recovery (NR). An enzyme to substrate level of 2% (v/w), hydrolysis times of 2 hours with temperature and pH that have bear suggested by RSM were found to be the maximum condition to obtain a higher degree of hydrolysis at 78.28°C and pH 7 was 8.425% and for degree of nitrogen recovery at 70°C and pH 4 was 0.898%. In the optimization of 'Keli Afrika' hydrolysate production by Alcalase, there is no significant (p > 0.05) effect of temperature and pH on percentage of degree of hydrolysis and percentage of nitrogen recovery.
